Hydrogen, an atom composed of a single proton and electron, is the fundamental and most abundant element in the universe.
          Hydrogen composes approximately 90% of the visible universe. As we all know there are different types of energies linked with proton –electron system due to the fundamental forces in any atom such as Kinetic energy, Electrostatic energy,Gravitational energy etc. In quantum framework, Gravity is a very weak force and it’s equivalence with other forces were once thought impossible. I strongly believe that all energies are one or the other forms of a single energy and to prove that all energies are a fraction or part of rest mass energy mec^2. In this paper, I’ve tried to define a new equation unifying all the
          energies of a hydrogen atom

Sreesankar, V.

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 Research Journal of Physical Sciences ______________________________________________E-ISSN 2320–4796  Vol. 4(1), 1-3, February (2016)            Res. J. Physical Sci.   International Science Community Association        1 The element Hydrogen: Energy-Energy Equivalence Sreesankar V. Pattirethu Lekshmi Nivas, Cheravally, Kayamkulam, P.O, Alleppey, Kerala.690502 srsnkr007@gmail.com Available online at: www.isca.in Received 23rd December 2015, revised 15th January 2016, accepted 1st February 2016    Abstract Hydrogen, an atom composed of a single proton and electron, is the fundamental and most abundant element in the universe. Hydrogen composes approximately 90% of the visible universe. As we all know there are different types of energies linked with proton –electron system due to the fundamental forces in any atom such as Kinetic energy, Electrostatic energy, Gravitational energy etc. In quantum framework, Gravity is a very weak force and it’s equivalence with other forces were once thought impossible. I strongly believe that all energies are one or the other forms of a single energy and to prove that all energies are a fraction or part of rest mass energy mec2. In this paper, I’ve tried to define a new equation unifying all the energies of a hydrogen atom.  Keywords: Hydrogen Atom, Fundamental Forces, Fine Structure Constant, Rest Mass Energy, Gravitation, Electrostatics.  Introduction Hydrogen, an atom composed of a single proton and electron, is the fundamental and most abundant element in the universe1-3. Hydrogen composes approximately 90% of the visible universe. As we all know there are different types of energies linked with proton –electron system due to the fundamental forces in any atom such as Kinetic energy, Electrostatic energy, Gravitational energy etc.  It is illogical to consider different forms of energy distinct rather consider it to be a part of its rest mass energy. Each and every form of energy has a specific reason to be of that particular value maybe due to particle’s relative velocity with respect to C, speed of light in vacuum. In this paper, I’ve tried to show the relation between: i. forms of energy such as Gravitational, Electrostatic, Kinetic energies as a function of Rest mass energy. ii. My sole contribution to the equation is the relation between Gravitational Energy and Rest mass Energy while others are just  rearrangement of the existing equations but shown in a different way. iii.  A hypothetical but possible relation between the three famous constants: Fine structure constant (α) , pi( ௄) and Euler’s constant (e).  It’s a necessary and sufficient condition that my first scientific paper should be a reader interactive one. So the readers can or should check the validity of the equations and get them verified yourselves with your own calculators as each and every constants and symbols used in the equation have specific values assigned by CODATA and stored on your calculator4.  Energy-Energy Equivalence Equation The interactions in physical systems that cannot be reduced to more simpler interactions are known as Fundamental interactions or fundamental forces. Gravitational, Electromagnetic, Strong Nuclear and Weak Nuclear are four conventionally accepted fundamental interactions. There are different energies associated with the physical system due to these fundamental forces such as Gravitational energy, Kinetic Energy, Electrostatic potential energy etc5.  The equation unifying all the energies are:  mୣcଶ = hݒ = ൤ 2αଶ൨ቆmୣvୣଶ2 ቇ = ൤ 1αଶ൨ ቆ 14πε଴ qଶa଴ቇ=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎡ 1αଶ+ e൮ ଵαమି୫౦ొఽ୑ౌπ ൲⎦⎥⎥⎥⎤൬Gm୮mୣa଴ ൰  Where, me  - Mass of Electron in kg, c – Speed of Light in Vacuum in m/s, h-Planck’s Constant in Js, ߴ -Frequency in Hz, α -  Fine Structure Constant, vୣ– Velocity of Electron in first orbit in m/s , q- Elementary Charge in C, ܽ଴   - Bohr radius in m, ߝ଴ - vacuum permittivity in C2/Jm, mp  - mass of proton in kg, NA    - Avogadro number, G – Gravitational constant in Jm/kg2, e – Euler’s number/base of natural logarithm, ௄- pi, M୔-Planck Mass in kg, M୔ = ට୦ୡୋ   Gravity is the weakest of the four fundamental forces, yet it is the dominant force in the universe for shaping the large scale structure of galaxies, stars etc. Like Coulomb’s law, Gravity is also an inverse square law force which depends upon the product of the two interacting sources6. So, unification of fundamental forces is a great area of research.  Research Journal of Physical Sciences ___________________________________________________________E-ISSN 2320–4796 Vol. 4(1), 1-3, February (2016)                 Res. J. Physical Sci.  International Science Community Association             2 mୣcଶ =⎣⎢⎢⎢⎡ 1αଶ+ e൮ ଵαమି୫౦ొఽ୑ౌπ ൲⎦⎥⎥⎥⎤൬Gm୮mୣa଴ ൰=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎡ 1αଶ+ e൮ ଵαమି୫౦ొఽ୑ౌπ ൲⎦⎥⎥⎥⎤  Eୋ  Fine Structure Constant, ߙ The fine-structure constant, also known as Sommerfeld's constant, commonly denoted α , is a fundamental physical constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles. It is related to the elementary charge (the electromagnetic coupling constant) e, which characterizes the strength of the coupling of an elementary charged particle with the electromagnetic field7. α , π and e are the most common constants  that occur naturally in many cases. A hypothetical relation but possible relation connecting all three are: √α ≈πe100  Results and Discussion An equation unifying all the energies related to electron-proton system has been found out and the equation is8-9:  mୣcଶ = hݒ = ൤ 2αଶ൨ቆmୣvୣଶ2 ቇ = ൤ 1αଶ൨ ቆ 14πε଴ qଶa଴ቇ=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎡ 1αଶ+ e൮ ଵαమି୫౦ొఽ୑ౌπ ൲⎦⎥⎥⎥⎤൬Gm୮mୣa଴ ൰  Relation between weak Gravitational Energy to the other forms of energy is still unknown. Here is my contribution to the Physical Science. Through my equation, I’ve equated Gravitational Energy to other forms of energy.  mୣcଶ =⎣⎢⎢⎢⎡ 1αଶ+ e൮ ଵαమି୫౦ొఽ୑ౌπ ൲⎦⎥⎥⎥⎤൬Gm୮mୣa଴ ൰=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎡ 1αଶ+ e൮ ଵαమି୫౦ొఽ୑ౌπ ൲⎦⎥⎥⎥⎤  Eୋ  A hypothetical but possible relation between Fine Structure Constant, Euler’s number and pi. √α ≈πe100  Conclusion In physical theories prior to that of special relativity, mass and energy were viewed as distinct entities. Each body of rest mass me possesses  rest mass energy  which potentially is available for conversion to other forms of energy10.  It is illogical to consider different forms of energy distinct rather consider it to be a part of its rest mass energy.  mୣcଶ = hݒ = ൤ 2αଶ൨ቆmୣvୣଶ2 ቇ = ൤ 1αଶ൨ ቆ 14πε଴ qଶa଴ቇ=⎣⎢⎢⎢⎡ 1αଶ+ e൮ ଵαమି୫౦ొఽ୑ౌπ ൲⎦⎥⎥⎥⎤൬Gm୮mୣa଴ ൰  This equation shows that all energies are a fraction or part of rest mass energy mec2. Thus, each and every forms of energy has a specific reason to be of that particular value maybe due to its relative velocity with respect to C, speed of light in vacuum. The equations prove that energies can be equated with the help of Fine Structure Constant. Almost all of the nuclear matter in our Universe is composed of Hydrogen and Helium. So these equations can help us to know more about Black holes and to predict the beginning of Universe.  References 1. Palmer D. (1997). Hydrogen in the Universe. NASA. Retrieved5 February 2008. 2. Niels Bohr (1913). On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part I. Philosophical Magazine 26(151), 1–24. doi:10.1080/14786441308634955 3. Niels Bohr (1913). On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part II Systems Containing Only a Single Nucleus" (PDF). Philosophical Magazine 26 (153), 476–502.doi:10.1080/14786441308634993 4. Codata (2015). Codata Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2014. NIST. 5. Georgi H. and Glashow S.L. (1974). Unity of All Elementary Particle Forces. Physical Review Letters, 32, 438–441. Bibcode:1974PhRvL..32..438G 6. Newton, Sir Isaac (1729). The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy II.  7. Tatsumi Aoyama, Masashi Hayakawa, Toichiro Kinoshita, Makiko Nio (2012). Tenth-Order QED Contribution to the Research Journal of Physical Sciences ___________________________________________________________E-ISSN 2320–4796 Vol. 4(1), 1-3, February (2016)                 Res. J. Physical Sci.  International Science Community Association             3 Electron g-2 and an Improved Value of the Fine Structure Constant. Physical Review Letters 109 (11), 111807. arXiv:1205.5368v2.Bibcode:2012PhRvL.109k1807A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.11180 Ross, G. (1984).  8. Grand Unified Theories. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8053-6968-7. 9. Stephen W. Hawking (2006). The Theory of Everything: The Origin and Fate of the Universe. Phoenix Books; Special Anniv. ISBN 978-1-59777-508-3 (28 February 2006) 10. Albert Einstein (2001). Relativity: The Special and the General Theory (Reprint of 1920 translation by Robert W. Lawson ed.). Routledge. p. 48. ISBN 0-415-25384-5. 

THE ELEMENT HYDROGEN:ENERGY-ENERGY EQQUIVALENCE

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THE ELEMENT HYDROGEN:ENERGY-ENERGY EQQUIVALENCE

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