Dairying is one of largest agricultural industries in Australia. This paper reviews the on-farm energy use in various dairy operations. It is found that the total direct on-farm energy needed to produce one kilogram of milk varies between 0.41-0.83 MJ/kg milk in Australia. This is in comparison with 0.19-2.47 MJ/kg milk overseas. The differences in energy uses are mainly due to different farming systems and technologies adopted and also different analysis methods employed. The large variation of energy uses indicates the significant opportunities for reducing energy use
