Research activities in fruit and berry cultivation technique at FiB

Friedli, Michael

Organic Eprints

Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau FiBLinfo.suisse@fibl.org, www.fibl.orgResearch activities in fruit and berry cultivationtechnique at FiBLWebinar, 10th June 2020Cross Visit LIVESEEDDr. Michael Friedli (michael.friedli@fibl.org)www.fibl.orgOutline of the presentation• FiBL• Pip fruit• Apple• Stone fruits• Cherries• Apricots• Plums• Berries• Raspberries• Strawberries• Time for questions2www.fibl.orgFiBL Switzerland at a glance• Founded in 1973, private foundation • 200 employees• 80 interns, B.A./Master/PhD students, apprentices• Research on over 200 Swiss organic farms310 June 2020www.fibl.orgFiBL sitesFiBL EuropeFiBL SwitzerlandFiBL GermanyFiBL AustriaFiBL FranceFiBL Central Eastern Europe (ÖMKi Hungary)10 June 2020 4www.fibl.orgDepartments of FiBL SwitzerlandSoil Sciences Crop Sciences Livestock SciencesSocioeconomicsExtension, Training & CommunicationInternational Cooperation10 June 2020 5www.fibl.orgDepartment of Crop Sciences10 June 2020 6Cultivation technique fruit and wine cropsCultivation techniquevegetable cropsCrop protection –phytopathologyPlant breedingEntomology &agroecologywww.fibl.orgGroup of fruit and berry cultivation technique7Michael FriedliClémence BoutryFabian BaumgartnerAndreas HäseliPatrick Stefaniwww.fibl.orgActivities in fruit and berry cultivation technique• Pip fruits• Apples• Pears• Stone fruits• Cherries• Apricots• Plums• Berries• Strawberries• Raspberries8www.fibl.orgPip fruits - Research areas at FiBL• Variety testing• 25 apple varieties/breedingnr.• 13 pear varieties/breedingnr.• Plant protection• Main focus on scab, sooty blotch, Marssonina• Testing of new substances/products• Optimisation of cultivation technique• Flower thinning• Increase pip fruit cultivation for juice production• Increase in production area & productivity• Improve crop protection• Expand consulting services9www.fibl.orgExpectations for pip fruit varieties for organic farming?low overall plant protection requirements compatibility toorganic plant protectionfew physiologicaldiseasesgood tree health and vitality little alternatebearinghigh customeracceptanceregular, good yields10 Full assortment coveragewww.fibl.orgApple variety testing at FiBL2 management systems: 1. Standard organic plant protection and cultivation measures                          agronomic potential2. Reduced plant protection (scab: coverage of the ascospore phase) and minimal cultivation measures (no flower thinning)                                 genetic potential regarding diseases, pests and biennial bearing 11Apple (25 varieties/breedingnr.)Rustica ACW 19258 ACW 15714 (2018)A587 AQ84 CPRO 037 (2018)Natyra 203/08 Delcored (2019)Galant A321 Kalei® (2019)Ladina PoC 1403 (2017) CIV-I3D7-123 (2019)A180 R22 T034 PoC 1405 (2017) ACW 14886 (2020)Apple 95 Apple 101 (2017) ACW 16981 (2020)ACW 17220 Bonita (2017)ACW 17244 ACW 15596 (2018)www.fibl.orgCollectsinformationPip fruit variety testing concept at FiBL12BreedersworldwidePotentiallyorganic-suitablevarietiesVariety testersworldwide«Organic varietyteam»Expansion of the variety in productionOrganic-Variety-testingat FiBL(16 trees)ifOrganic storage& saleTest plantingson organic farms(1500-3000 trees)ififwww.fibl.orgObjective of the “Organic variety team”Strengthening and expansion of the organic pip fruit market with a coordinated, qualitative and ecological improvement of the range of varieties across the entire chain from breeders to retailers:• Collecting experiences, needs and ideas  Developing a common strategy  Joint selection of varieties for practical test phase  If there are positive experiences in cultivation, storage and sales: cooperative production and sales structure• Cooperation between breeders/license holders  variety testers nurserymen  pioneer producers  storage keepers researchers/consultants retailers and consumers • Achieving an ideally complementary, ecologically exemplary range of varieties per sales period and flavour group (holistic range design)13www.fibl.orgApple - Flavour Group ConceptProduction ConsumersRetailerskeep diversity, simplify informationx varietiesAT-GoldenAT-JonagoldAT-IdaredAT-CoxAT-BoskoopAT-Gravenstein6 Archetypesmildto sweetspicy, slightly acidicpredominantly acidic3 Taste groups, 3 Label colours14www.fibl.orgList of recommended pip fruit varieties for organic cultivation 2020 (www.fibl.org/shop)13www.fibl.orgCherries – Current situation• Strong increase in production area (CH: doubling in last 5 years) of table cherryproduction but still below market demand  direct marketing• Production under weather protection and insect net is necessary forproduction of large table fruits• Weather protection and insect net also reduces key problems• Aphids remain main problem• High yield security possible• High demand, price (8.5 CHF/kg ~7,3 €/kg) and profitability16BlossomblightBrownrotBitter rotShothole diseaseCherryLeafspotCherry fruit flyAphids Drosophila suzukiiwww.fibl.orgCherries - Research areas at FiBL• Variety testing (>30 varieties) at FiBL but also in collaboration withfarmers and other research institutes• Plant protection• Primary focus on aphids (Black cherry aphid (Myzus cerasi)) Direct plant protection, release of selected beneficial insect species, flower strips• Cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis cerasi) and spotted wing drosophila(Drosophila suzukii) with full netting (over > 15 years)• Testing of leaf fertilizer• Profitability (yield and expense surveys on farms)17www.fibl.orgblack cherry aphid (Myzus cerasi)• Main pest in modern organic table cherry production with installed rain protection and insect nets• Strong aphid populations can build up  large yield losses and tree damages:• Favourable microclimate • Less aphid antagonists (e.g. hover flies, lacewings or ladybirds)• Control of stem mothers essential18www.fibl.orgblack cherry aphid (Myzus cerasi)• Possible stages for successful regulation• Oil products before the hatching of the fundatrices in spring at sprouting• Contact insecticides after the hatching of the aphids but before curling ofthe leaves caused by the sucking activity of the aphids• During return flight of the winged aphids from secondary hosts to thecherry trees but before laying of eggs• Current recommendation• 1-2 treatments with paraffin oil at sprouting• Pyrethrum + Natural (soap) after flowering• NeemAzal T/S after flowering (slow effect) Old trees: leaf damages possible, prevention of strong deformations of shoots and fruit contaminations Young trees: strong aphid damages due to slow mode of action additional early treatment with fast effect important19www.fibl.orgExperimental design trial 201820Trial with paraffin oil• Trees of varieties Kordia (2017 and 2013) and Christiana (2017)• Treatments• «early»: paraffin oil 02.04.2018• «early + late»: paraffin oil 02. & 06.04.2018• control (untreated)• Number of aphid colonies assessed on the 13.04.2018Trial with pyrethrum + soap• Trees of varieties Kordia (2017 and 2013) and Christiana (2017)• Treatments• Pyrethrum (Pyrethrum FS) + soap (Natural)• Control (untreated)• Number of aphid colonies assessed on the 24.04.2018www.fibl.orgResults trial 2018 – paraffin oil• For young trees very good effect with the two treatments «early» and«early + late»• For older, voluminous trees only good effect with two applications in thetreatment «early + late»• Insufficient effect for older trees with only one application21ACCABCBCC00.511.522.533.54control(untreated)paraffin oil(early + late)paraffin oil(early)control(untreated)paraffin oil(early + late)paraffin oil(early)paraffin oil(late)young trees old treesnumber of aphid colonies/tree (±SD)www.fibl.orgResults trial 2018  - pyrethrum + soap• Non-significant partial reduction of 82% on the young trees• No effect on the older, voluminous trees22BCCAB A0123456control (untreated) pyrethrum + soap control (untreated) pyrethrum + soapyoung trees old treesnumber of aphid colonies/tree (±SD)www.fibl.orgConclusions and outlook• Application technique (wetting) crucial for success!• Paraffin oil at sprouting• Most important treatment  Reduction of the stem mothers• With 2 treatments or already with 1 treatment up to 100 % effect • Effect still present after hatching of aphids• Pyrethrum + soap• Treatments end of flowering before the leaves curl up• Very good application necessary (in 2 passes with high water volume) • Only with very good wetting (young trees) certain, but insufficient effect• Neem preparations• 2-3 treatments from leaf development after flowering• Good effect with good application and slow aphid development• Insufficient effect on young trees and strong growth• Indirect regulation of aphids in cherry orchards with flower strips and or releaseof beneficial insects23www.fibl.orgApricots – Current situation• Market demand from trade and direct marketing very high• Yields are too low/unsecure with current cultivation systems• Strong fluctuations in yield from year to year• Stagnant production, no area expansion• Only small production outside of  Valais• Key problems: Monilia and Pseudomonas2436.4 39.643.436.3 36.0 36.0 36.50255075100area/ quantityFläche (ha) Menge (Tonnen)area (ha) quantity (ton s)www.fibl.org 25Project ”Development of a yield-safe production of organic apricots in Switzerland”• Increased yield reliability and economic efficiency robust varieties, rootstocks, cultivation systems• Developing organic apricot cultivation for all of switzerland• Increase in domestic production of organic apricots for trade and direct marketingwww.fibl.org• Variety testing in 3 different «environments»:• All-season weather protection (tunnel)• Temporary weather/rain protection• Without weather protection• Effect of normal/high grafting and interstem on Pseudomonas• Plant protection• Search for effective biological treatments to control flower Monilia• Profitability (yield and expense surveys on farms)Apricots - Research areas at FiBL26www.fibl.org27All-season rain protection• Rootstock: Wavit• Interstem: Greengage• Grafting height: 60-70 cm• 6 trees per varietyEarly Blush Mia (ACW 4477)Précoce de Millet Valla mustLilly Cot VertigeOrangerubis Lady CotSamourai BergeronElsa (ACW 4353) HarogemFlopria ACW 4527GoldrichSeasonal rain protection• Rootstock: Wavit• Grafting height: 20 cm & 60-70 cm• 2 trees per variety & grafting heightLilly Cot ApribangWondercot Mia (ACW 4477) Samourai BergarougeElsa (ACW 4353) BergeronFlopria HarogemOrangerubis FarelyWithout rain protection• Rootstock: Wavit• Grafting height: 60-70 cm• 4 trees per varietyLilly Cot Mia (ACW 4477)Samourai BergarougeElsa (ACW 4353) BergeronFlopria HarogemOrangerubis FarelyApribang WondercotApricots - Research areas at FiBLwww.fibl.orgPlums - Research areas at FiBL28• Experimental site at Breitenhof (Agroscope stone fruit centre)• 10 varieties with and without weather protection• Can the key problems (monilia and plum fruit moth) be solved?• Profitabilitywww.fibl.orgPlums at Breitenhof - yield 2016-201929024681012+WS -WS +WS -WS +WS -WS +WS -WS +WS -WS +WS -WS +WS -WS +WS -WS +WS -WS +WS -WSCacaksFruchtbareCacaksSchöneDabrovice Fellenberg Jojo Katinka Presenta Tegera Tophit plus ToptasteYield(kg/m2)2016 2017 2018 2019www.fibl.orgPlums at Breitenhof – single fruit weightSingle fruit weight (mean of 20 fruits)3090.076.769.2 67.352.955.8 58.147.455.148.754.848.854.143.949.340.1 42.643.536.632.50102030405060708090100+WS -WS +WS -WS +WS -WS +WS -WS +WS -WS +WS -WS +WS -WS +WS -WS +WS -WS +WS -WSTophit plus Jojo Dabrovice Toptaste Tegera CacaksSchöneCacaksFruchtbareFellenberg Presenta KatinkaFruitweight(g)www.fibl.orgPlums at Breitenhof – storability(37 fruits per variety & treatment)311341272 2017117610513 3281554 4312820252210461283242942353 3202313523121320189813191353323511717161514760510152025303540+WS -WS +WS -WS +WS -WS +WS -WS +WS -WS +WS -WS +WS -WS +WS -WS +WS -WS +WS -WSDabrovice Fellenberg Jojo Katinka Presenta Tegera Tophit Plus Toptaste CacaksSchöneCacaksFruchtbareNumberoffruitswithmoniliaMoniliafrüchte nach 3 Tagen Moniliafrüchte nach 7 Tagen Moniliafrüchte nach 10 Tagen Moniliafrüchte totalFru ts with monilia after 3 d Fruits with mo ilia after 7 d Fruits with mo ilia after 10 d T tal fruits with moniliawww.fibl.orgRaspberries – Current situation• Until recently very low production of organic summer raspberries. CurrentlyStrong increase in production area of raspberries (CH: + 50 % in last 3 years)• Cultivation more and more under weather protection• Shorter duration of cultures (Plant health, yield, fruit size, harvestperformance)• Increase of «terminated» cultivation (Long canes)32www.fibl.orgRaspberries – Research areas at FiBL• Variety testing• Cultivation systems• Comparison with/without weather protection• Long canes cultivation under weather protection• Testing the suitability of different substrates (peat-free) for raspberry fruit production• Plant protection• Regulation of the raspberry leaf and bud mite (Phyllocoptes gracilis)• Improving production (Substrate, fertilisation, plant protection, ..) oforganic young plants in collaboration with nurseries• Profitability (yield and expense surveys on farms)33www.fibl.orgRaspberries: use of substrate in fruit production –summer raspberries (Long Canes)34• Difficulties:• (fine) root formation• irrigation• Fertilization?• heat28.06.19 31.07.1926.04.19 07.06.19Begin of harvest: 22.07.2019www.fibl.orgRaspberries – Fruit quality, shelf-lifeAssessment of fruits on the plant• With weather protection (+WP): no botrytis infestation• Without weather protection (-WP): 5% botrytis infestation (dry weather)Storage trial – shelf life• 2 days in the fridge (4°C), thereafter 2 days at room temperature (22°C)• Clear longer shelf life of fruits produced +WP than -WP35+ WP - WPwww.fibl.orgStrawberries – Current situation (I)• Strong increase in production area (CH: + 50 % in last 5 years)• Cultivation under weather protection is gaining in importance (yieldsafety, fruit quality, …)36From the «classical» field cultivation with fresh plants to..…more and more weather protected cultivationwww.fibl.orgStrawberries – Current situation (II)37Summer Autumn• Production in tunnel: combination of vegetables and beerieswww.fibl.orgStrawberries – Current situation (III)• Prolonging the period of fruit production: early or late production• Late/early location, early/late varieties, harvest earliness• «60 day culture» with harvest ~ 8 weeks after planting• Everbearers with late harvest38Frigo-plants Tray-plants everbearerswww.fibl.orgStrawberries – Research areas at FiBL• Shifting supply peaks of strawberry production: «terminated» culture, varieties,  everbearers (late production)• Variety testing• Improving cultivation systems• Testing the suitability of different substrates (peat-free) for strawberry fruit production• Improving production of runners: comparison of different cultivationsystems (soil culture, dam culture, ground independent production) in collaboration with nursery• Improving production of organic plants in collaboration with nurseries: time of potting, substrate, fertilization, .. • Testing of plant performance of young plants• Profitability (yield and expense surveys on farms)39www.fibl.orgProduction of organic plants – strawberries (Tray / Minitray)40TrayMinitrayAlginin – Eco-Xtra 1 – controlAlgininAlgininEco-Xtra1Eco-Xtra1controlwww.fibl.orgStrawberry variety testing at FiBL• At FiBL• On farm• Experience of producers• Exchange with other research institutions41www.fibl.orgVariety lists, berry bulletins, individual advisory service, …42www.shop.fibl.orgwww.bioaktuell.ch/pflanzenbau/obstbau/pflanzenschutz-obst/obstbulletins/biobeerenbulletin.htmlwww.fibl.orgFind us online10. Juni 2020 43www.fibl.org www.bioaktuell.chwww.fibl.orgFiBL on social media• youtube.com/fiblfilm• twitter.com/fiblorg• facebook.com/FiBLnews• linkedin.com/company/fibl-en10. Juni 2020 44www.fibl.org 45Thank you for your attention

Research activities in fruit and berry cultivation technique at FiBL

https://orgprints.org/39460/1/Friedli-2020-Liveseed_cross_visit_10062020_final.pdf

Research activities in fruit and berry cultivation technique at FiBL

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