Brown, D.J.F.

Coiro, M.I.

Horizon / Pleins textes

The status of  some plants as hosts for four populations 
of Xiphinema index (Nematoda : Dorylaimida) (l) 
Maria 1. COIRO and Derek J.F. BROWN 
Ist i tuto  di   Nematologia  Agraria,   C.N.R.,  70126 Bari, I taly  
and Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, U . K .  
SUMMARY 
In  small  pot (25 ml)  tests  with single females of Xiph inema   index  from  populations  from  France,  Israel,  Italy 
and U.S.A. Loliuln  perenne,  Ribes  nigrum cv. Ben Lomond  and Rubus   i daeus  cv. Malling Jewel were found  not  to 
be  hosts  whereas Fragaria x ananassa cv.  Cambridge Favourite, Ficus  carica,   Petunia  hybrida,   Solanum  demissuln 
and Lycopersicon  esculenturn cv.  Moneymaker  were hosts. L. esculentum cv. Haubners Vollendung was  a  better  host 
for X .  index from  France  and the USA than for nematodes  from  Israel  and  Italy. Also, significantly  fewer X.  index 
from the  Israel  than  from  the  French  population  survived  and  produced  progeny on F. x ananassa host  plants. 
Reproduction  and  developmcnt of progeny from  females from  the  four  populations  was slower on F .  x ananassa 
than on F.  carica plants.  Furthermore  nematodes  from the four  populations completed their life cycle on P. carica 
in less than  twelve weelrs a t  180, but  took longer  on F. x ananassa. 
R ~ S U M É  
Statut  de  quelques  plantes  hôtes  vis-à-vis de quatre  populations  de Siphinema  index 
(Nemaloda:   Dorylaimida)  
Des tests en pot (25 ml),  avec  une seule femelle de Xiph inema   index  provenant de populations de France,  Israel, 
Italie et  USA, ont  montré  que Lolium  perenne,   Ribes   nigrum cv. Ben Lomond e t  Rubus   idaeus  cv. Malling Jewel 
ne sont pas hôtes pour cette espèce, à l’inverse de Fragaria x ananassa cv. Cambridge Favourite, Ficus carica,  
Petunia  hybrida,   Solanum  demissuln et Lycopersicon  esculentum cv. Moneymaker. L. esculentum cv. Haubners 
Vollendung s’est  montré meilleur hôte pour les populations  venant  de  France  et  des USA que  d’Israël et  d’Italie. 
De plus, la survie et  la  reproduction  sont  plus faibles, sur F.  x ananassa, pour la population  venant  d’Israël  que 
pour celle venant  de  France.  La  reproduction e t  le développement  de la descendance était  plus faible, chez les quatre 
populations, sur F .  x ananassa que sur F. carica. Enfin, pour les quatre populations, le nématode complète son 
cycle en moins de douze semaines, à 180, sur F.  carica, mais ce temps  est  plus long sur F.  x ananassa. 
The geographical distribution of X i p h i n e m a   i n d e x  
Thorne & Allen, 1950 is  related t o  tha t  of V i t i s  
uinifera L.  which is its principal  plant  host.  Several 
other plant species have been reported to be hosts 
for the  nematode  but  some of these  reports  contain 
inconsistencies  concerning the  ability of some of the 
plants  to  act  as  hosts for X .  index  : only  two of three 
collections of Parthenocissus  tricuspidata (Sieb. et 
Zucc.)  Planch. and one of two collections of A m p e -  
lopsis  aconitifolia Hort. €rom California, USA were 
hosts for X .  index  from California (Weiner & Raski, 
1966) ; several species of V i t i s  were reported  not  to 
be hosts for X. i ndex  from the USA (Kunde, Lider 
& Schmitt,  1968)  and  France  (Bouquet,  1981) 
although  species of V i t i s  are  generally  excellent  hosts 
for the  nematode ; Lycopersicon esculenturn Mill. cv. 
Moneymalrer was a  host for X .  index  from the USA 
(Cotton,  1973)  but L. esculentum cv.  Haubners 
Volendung was not a host for A-. i ndex  from Italy 
(Wyss, 1978) ; Citrus aurarztiurn L. was reported to 
be  a  host for X .  index  from  Israel  (Cohn & Mordechai, 
1969) but was not a host for nematodes from Italy 
(Coiro,  Lamberti & Agostinelli,  1980). 
Materials and methods 
Therefore,  several  plant  species  and  two  cultivars 
of L. esculentum were examined  as  hosts  for  individual 
female X .  index  from  four  geographically  isolated 
populations. 
The plant species examined were Ficus  car ica  L., 
Fragar ia  x ananassa L. cv. Cambridge Favourite, 
Lol ium perenne  L., Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. CV. 
(1) This  study  was  supported  by the  British Council, Great  Britain  and  the Consiglio Nazionale  delle Recerche, 
Italy,  as  part of a  Bilateral  Agreement. 
Revue Nèmatol. 7 ( 3 )  : 283-286 (1984) 283 
M.I.  Coiro & D.J.P. Brown 
Moneymaker  and  cv.  Haubners  Vollendung, P e t u n i a  
hybr ida  Vilm., R i b e s   n i g r u m  L.  cv.  Ben  Lomond, 
Rubus   i daeus  L.  cv. Malling Jewel,  and S o l a n u m  
demis sum L.  Depending  on  their  growth,  plant 
species were used  as  two or four week-old seedlings, 
except F.  x ananassa which were produced  by  plant 
tissue  culture  techniques  (Boxus,  1974). X .  i n d e s  
populations  kept  on  cultures  on F.  carica host  plants 
in  a  heated  glasshouse at  the  Scottish Crop Research 
Institute, were originally obtained from stock cul- 
tures  kept  on 17. uinifera host  plants  from  California, 
USA (supplied  by Prof.  D.J.  Raski, USA, via 
Dr. J.J.M. Flegg, U.K.) ; Bari, Italy (Prof. F. Lam- 
berti) ; Bordeaux,  France  (Dr. A. Dalmasso)  and 
Bet  Dagan,  Israel  (Prof. E. Cohn). 
Laborat.ory methods developed at  the SCRI for 
studying reproduction of longidorids and transmis- 
sion of plant  viruses  by  nematodes  were  used  in  the 
study (McElroy, Brown & Boag,  1977 ; Brown & 
Coiro, 1983). X. index  were extracted  from soi1 using 
the method of McElroy, Brown and Boag (1977), 
modified by  replacing  the 125 Pm aperture sieve with 
one of 250 Pm aperture  and  by  collecting  the  nema- 
todes  from  Baermann  funnels  after  only  4 h. Indivi- 
dual  fourth  stage  juvenile  (54) X .  indes  were placed 
in a series of 25 ml plastic pots, without drainage 
holes, to which were added  plant  seedlings.  Ten  pots 
were used for each  plant  species or cultivar  and were 
placed in a temperature controlled cabinet (Taylor 
& Brown,  1974)  which  maintained  a  temperahre of 
18 f 10. Supplementary  mercury  vapour  lamps 
provided a minimum 16 h day length. After twelve 
weeks al1 nematodes were extracted from t.he pots 
and  counted  differentiating  the  developmental  stages, 
root galls caused by nematodes feeding were  also 
counted. 
Table 1 
The number  (from 10 replicates) of female Xiph inema   indez  from four  populations  surviving 
and  reproducing on five host-plant species 
Host 
Pragaria x ananassa 
Petunia  hybrida 
Solanum  demissum 
Ficus  carica 
Lycopersicon  esculentum 
cv. Moneymaker 
cv. Haubners Vollendung 
X. index populations 
Females  reproducingl  Progeny  (means) 
females  suruiving 
France  Israel  I taly USA France  Israel  I taly USA 
818 213 617 416 12 12 7 10 
616 515 9/10 717 23 9 12 6 
8/9 819 819 617 12 14 10 5 
9/10 818 10/10 818 63 44 114 69 
7/9 9/10 819 617 19 21 17 14 
9 /9 216 315 9/10 8 1.5 2 14 
Significance  levels of m a i n  eflects and  interactions 
(analysis of deviance  using  non  orthogonal  analysis of logged data  for  progeny) 
A11 plants L. esculentum only 
Populations allowing for hosts 
Hosts allowing for populations 
Hosts/populations  interaction 
NS : Not significant. 
NS NS 
0.1 y. 1 %  
NS 5 Y0 
284 Reoue  Nématol .  7 ( 3 )  : 283-286 (1984) 
Hosts o f  Xiphinema  indes 
~~~ ~ 
Results 
Two  females  from  the  French  population  produced 
one  and  three J1 respectively  on L. perenne. No 
reproduction  occurred  and  none of the  original  juve- 
niles were recovered from the remaining pots with 
L. perenne, R. nigrurn and R. ideaus plants. Signifi- 
cantly ( P  < 0.05) fewer of the  original X .  index  from 
the Israel population, than from the French popu- 
lation,  survived  and  produced  progeny  on the 
F.  x ananassa plants. Generally, the  mean  numbers 
O €  progeny  varied  considerably  between  the  popula- 
tions  and  between  the  hosts  with  the  largest  numbers 
being produced on the F .  carica plants. Also, the 
mean numbers of progeny were correlated  with  the 
numbers of females producing  progency  on  the 
different host plants and this accounted for 39% of 
the variability of the recorded data (Tab. 1). 
The X. index  progeny recovered from F .  x ana- 
nassa  plants were predominantly J1, 52 and 53 with 
only an occasional 54 and no new adults were re- 
covered (Tab. 2). However, the numbers of al1 four 
juvenile  stages  and  adults  recovered  from  the P. 
carica plants were similar.  Seinhorst  (1975)  suggested 
that two parameters might be used to characterise 
host  status of plants : ((the  maximum  rate of multi- 
plication  (occurring a t  low  densities)  and  the equili- 
brium  density  (the  highest  density  that  can  be 
sustained by the host) )). In the present study the 
maximum  rate of multiplication differed between 
F .  carica and F .  x ananassa the  difference being  the 
result of slower reproduction  and  development of 
X .  index  on F.  x ananassa. 
Significant differences were  recorded  in  the  number 
of progeny produced by nematodes from the four 
populations  when  two  cultivars of L. esculenturn 
were used as host plants. The principal differences 
occurred  in  the  mean  numbers of progeny  produced 
by  nematodes  from  Israel  and  Italy  on L. esculentum 
cvs  Moneymaker  and  Haubners  Vollendung  (Tab. 1). 
Discussion 
In  the  present  study R. nigruln  cv.  Ben  Lomond, 
L. perenne and R. idaeus cv. Malling Jewel were 
found  not  to  be  hosts  forX. index  from four populations 
although previously R. nigrurn had been reported 
as a host for X .  index  (Fritzsche & Thiele, 1979). 
Cotten (1973) listed several Solanurn spp. as being 
hosts for X. index  and that list increased with the 
inclusion of S. demissuln which,  together  with 
F.  x ananassa  cv.  Cambridge  Favourite, P. hydr ida ,  
F .  carica and L. esculenturn cv. Moneymaker, were 
found to be  hosts  for X. index.  The  results  obtained 
with the two L. esculentum cultivars and X. i ndex ,  
from the  four  populations, confirm the  results 
reported  by  Gotten  (1973)  and  Wyss  (1978).  The 
differences in reproduction between the populations 
of X .  index  when  the  two  cultivars of L. esculenturn 
were  used as host-plants also  confirms the  report 
by  Taylor  and  Brown  (1981)  that  physiological 
differences occur between populations of X. index. 
Table 2 
Percentage means of remales and juvenile stages, produced in 12 weeks by individual female S iph inema  index  
from  four  populations,  present on Ficus  carica and Fragaria x ananassa 
Nematode 
population 
Ficus  carica  Frsgaria x anancssa 
J 1   5 2   J 3   J 4  fernale J 1   5 2   J 3  54 female 
France 26  25 28  12 9  54 39 7 O O 
Israel 18 35 24 9 14 67 21 12 O O 
Italy 25  24 20 10 21 80 17 3 O O 
USA 21 25 29 10 15 55 30 12 3 O 
Grand  means 24  26 24  10 16 63 28 8 1 O 
~~ 
Revue  Nérnatol.  7 (3 )  : 253-286 (1984) 285 
M.I .  Coiro dl- D.J.F.  Brown 
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286 Revue Nirnatol .  7 (3) : 283-286 (1984) 


The status of some plants as hosts four populations of Xiphinema index (Nematoda : Dorylaimida)

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