Bhattacharya, D.

Goswami, B.K.

Horizon / Pleins textes

Comparative efficacy of neem and groundnut oil-cakes 
with aldicarb against MeZuidugyne incognita in tomato 
Dolly  BHATTACHARYA and Bijoy K. GOSWAMI 
Division of Nentatology, Indian Agricultural Research  Imstitute, New Delhi-110 012, India. 
SUMMARV 
Investigations  were  carried  out  on  tomato  plants to  evaluate  the  efficacy of  neem and  groundnut cakes in comparison  with  aldicarb 
on  plant  growth  parameters,  penetration,  development  and  population  build up of M. incognita juveniles.  Growth  response  of  plants 
to neem  and  aldicarb  was  better  than  groundnut  cake  and  unamended  control.  In  the  early  period  of  plant  growth,  neem  and  aldicarb 
treatments  were at par but at the  later  phase,  neem  superseded  aldicarb.  Similarly,  groundnut  showed  improvement  over  control 
which  were  earlier at par.  In  root  and  soil  populations,  least  nematode  number  was  recorded  in  aldicarb  followed  by  neem,  groundnut 
and  control.  Different  treatments  showed  differential  rates of  development  with  fastest in control  followed  by  groundnut,  aldicarb 
and  neem.  Treatments  also  affected  fecundity of the  females  and  hatching of eggs. 
RÈSUME 
~omparaison de  I’efficacitédes tourteaux de neem et  d’arachide  avec  celle  de  l’aldicarbe  contre Meloidogyne  incognita sur tomate. 
Les  recherches  relatées  ont visé à évaluer  l’efficacité  des  tourteaux  de  neem  et  d’arachide,  en  comparaison  avec  celle  de  l’aldicarbe, 
sur les  paramètres  liés à la  croissance  de  la  plante  et sur la  pénétration,  le  développement et la  constitution  des  populations  de 
Meloidogyne incognita. La  réponsê  de  la  plante à l’application  de  tourteaux  de  neem ou d’aldicarbe  a  été  meilleure que dans  le  cas 
des  tourteaux  d‘arachide ou chez  les  témoins,  non  traités. En début  de  croissance  de  la  plante, les traitements  neem  et  aldicarbe 
sont  équivalents,  mais  en  fin  de  croissance  les  résultats  donnés  par  le  neem  sont  meilleurs.  De  même  le  traitement  arachide  est 
en  fin  de  croissance  supérieur.au  témoin,  alors  qu’il  était  équivalent  au  début  de  celle-ci.  Les  populations  dans le sol  et  les  racines 
sont  les  plus  faibles  dans  le  cas du traitement  aldicarbe,  suivi  des  traitements  neem,  arachide  et  enfin du témoin.  La  vitesse  de 
developpement  des  nématodes  varie  également : il  est  le  plus  rapide  chez  le  témoin,  suivi  par  les  traitements  arachide,  aldicarbe 
et neem.  Les  différents  traitements  affectent  également  la  fécondité  des  femelles et l’éclosion  des  œufs. 
Among  the various soil amendments  evaluated 
against nematode populations, oil cakes, particularly 
neem (Azadirachta indica) and groundnut have been 
found  to  be very promising (Singh & Sitaramaiah, 1966, 
1973; Goswami & Swarup,  1971;  Khan, Khan 
& Saxena, 1973; Mishra & Prasad,  1974;  Goswami 
& Vijayalakshmi, 1981). Although  reports  are available 
about comparative efficacy of neem and groundnut 
cakes with halogenated nematicides (Alam & Khan, 
1974; Gowda, 1978; Desai et d., 1979), there is no 
information available on  their efficacy in comparison to 
systemic  nematicides like aldicarb. Such  a  comparison 
is reported  here  against root-hot nematode, Meloido- 
gyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood, a serious 
Pest in India,  particularly  on  vegetable crops. 
Materials  and  methods 
Present investigation was carried out  in two phases 
namely, (a)  penetration  studies, (b) developmental  stu- 
Revue Nématol. 10 (4) : 467-470 (1987) 
dies, population  build-up  and plant growth  characters. 
Calculated  amounts of finely powdered oil-cakes - 4 O/o 
neem  and 1 O h  groundnut - WlW, as obtained optimum 
in earlier dosage trial of wide range from 0.25 O/o to 
10.0 O/o WlW (Bhattacharya & Goswami, 1986) were 
added to small 5 cm plastic cups (penetration  studies) 
and 10 cm Clay pots  (developmental  studies)  containing 
50 and 500 g respectively of dried  autoclaved Sand-soi1 
(1 : 3)  mixture. The  cups and  pots were watered regu- 
larly so as to allow the cakes to decompose. At the  end 
of three weeks (Singh & Sitaramaiah, 1973) just  before 
transplantation,  another  treatment  with  required 
amount of aldicarb l’O G (2 kg a.i./ha) was mixed with 
soil. Three weeks old  healthy  tomato seedlings (cv. Pusa 
Ruby) raised in autoclaved soil, were then transplanted 
singly in each of the treated cups and pots including 
control. After seven days of transplantation when the 
seedlings  established  each of them was inoculated  with 
two juveniles per gram of soil. Five replications were 
maintained  for  each  treatment  including  control f both 
the  experiments. 
467 
D. Bhattachaya & B. K. Goswami 
Observations  on juvenile penetration  inside  the  roots 
were recorded after 24, 48, 96, 144 and 160 hours of 
inoculation by taking five seedlings at each time  interval. 
Similarly, for  studies on nematode  development,  popu- 
lation  build-up and  plant growth  characters,  pots were 
harvested after 15, 25 and 35 days and observations 
recorded on length and weight of shoots and roots 
along with gall count. Roots were then stained (Byrd, 
Kirkpatrick & Barker, 1983) and  number of juveniles in. 
different stages of developement, adult females and  egg 
masses were counted. In the last harvest, taken after 
35 days of inoculation, soil  was also washed to  count  the 
second stage juvenile population  and males in soil. 
Before  staining the root  material of plants of the  last 
observation,  three mature egg masses from each repli- 
cate of  al1 the  treatments were picked randomly and  kept 
in small  Petri  dishes  containing 20 ml of sterilized water. 
Daily observations on hatching of larvae were recorded 
by drawing out  the entire  suspension followed by fresh 
addition of sterilized distilled water. Finally, they were 
crushed and stained with Cotton blue-lactophenol to 
determine  the number of unhatched  full eggs. 
Results 
In general,  plant  growth  response towards neem  and 
aldicarb was significantly  more as compared  to  ground- 
nut  and control.  Initially,  neem  and  aldicarb  treatments 
were at par but later on, between second and third 
phases of observations,  neem  treatment showed signifi- 
cant  improvement  over  aldicarb  which was  also observed 
in case of groundnut over control  (Fig. 1). Generally, the 
number of juveniles penetrating  the  root  system 
increased significantly with time and decreased with 
::[ 15th  DAY 25th DAY 32th OAY 
LOOOt 0 SOlL POPULATION U 
5ooo G -  GROUNDNUT A-ALDICARB 
N-  NEEM C-CONTROL 
Fig. 1. Effect of groundnut  and  neem  cakes in comparison to 
aldicarb,  in M. incognita, inoculated  and  uninoculated  treat- 
ments,  on  tomato  shoot-lcngth  and  root-knot  nematode popu- 
lation in roots  and  soil, at different  time  intervals. 
treatment, with least penetration is aldicarb treatment 
followed by neem, groundnut  and  control. Besides the 
number of juveniles penetrated, the duration which 
favoured  significant increase in  penetration varied with 
treatment, being maximum between 48-144 hours in 
case of groundnut and  control,  between 96 and 
144 hours  in  neem  and  between 144-168 hours in 
aldicarb  (Fig. 2). 
20.0 - x- 
P 
6 
œ 5 16.0- 
z w a 
ul 
12.0 - 
z 
'1 8.0 - 
3 
7 
IL L . 0 -  
O 
2.0 
= 1.2 / / '  
./' 
0.8 - 
0.L'- 
O .O 
*A.-' - _A. -.--x/ x- ' 
2 4  48 9 6  ILL  168 
TlME I HOURS 1 
Fig. 2. Penetration of larvae in tomato  roots -as influenced  by 
groundnut,  neem  and  aldicarb  treatments. 
Highest  total  root  population was observed in control 
followed by groundnut,  neem  and  aldicarb. In soil 
population also a similar trend was recorded. When 
individual juvenile stages and adult females with and 
without  egg sacs  were counted  in al1 the  three  phases of 
observations,  differential  rates of development of nema- 
todes,  under the influence of different  reatments, 
besides the reduction of root and soil population of 
nematodes was observed (Fig. 1). 
In  the hatching  studies of egg  masses  collected from 
each  treatment of above experiment,  total recovery 
obtained  by  counting  hatched larvae of each day, was 
significantly more in control over aldicarb, neem and 
groundnut which were at  the  same level of significance. 
Fecundity of females was reduced in case of treatments. 
The  number of unhatched eggs found  after  crushing  the 
egg  masses was maximum in case of groundnut followed 
by neem  and  aldicarb  and  least in case of control  (Fig. 3). 
Discussion 
Among the treatments, groundnut cake which  contai- 
ned 6.3 O/O nitrogen was found  to  be  least  effective while 
468 Revue Nématol. 10 (4) : 467-470  (1987) 
Efficacy of oil-cakes against Meloidogyne  incognita 
700 i- 
CONTROL 
UNHATCHED 
mT] HATCHEO ( TOTAL ) 
HATCHED t AFTER 8 DAYS) 
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
ALDICARB NEEM GROUNDNUT 
. . . . . .. . . . 
Fig. 3. Hatchability of eggs obtained from treated and un- 
treated pots. 
neem cake containing 7.0 Oh1 N was found to be at  par 
with aldicarb. Alam, Khan and Saxena (1980) also 
obtained less penetration of M. incognita juveniles in 
tomato, raised in soil amended  with  neem,  groundnut 
and other oil-cakes. This,  they  attributed  to  increased 
phenolic contents of plants growing in amended soil 
with oil-cakes. The efficacy of neem over groundnut 
cake could  be due  to  the  nature  and  amount of different 
chemicals released as these Vary with the type of oil- 
cakes, beside the prevailing microenvironment in soil. 
While Egunjobi and Afolami (1976) demonstrated that 
the active compounds  in  neem  are  not liposoluble and 
remain  in the oil-cakes and are  soluble  in water, Prot  and 
Kornprobst (1983) showed a relatively increased inhi- 
bition of penetration by M. javanica juveniles previously 
exposed to  delipidified seed extracts of neem  than by the 
ones exposed to the crude extract. Recently, Devaku- 
mar,  Goswami and Mukerjee (1985) tested  the  effects 
of neem  fractions on larval mortality  and egg hatching. 
In  both cases pure oil  was inactive while limonoids were 
highly active. Among the several chemical  constituents 
present in neem kernels,. the limonoids which are com- 
pounds  belonging to B-furano-triterpenoids alone have 
been found  to be  nematotoxic. However, there is no  such 
active nematicidal  principle so far reported  from 
groundnut. 
Neem cake contains  high amount of nitrogen  and is 
used as a  manure  in field. So the increase in plant  growth 
is expected as has been reported by several workers 
(Singh & Sitaramaiah,  1971;  Gowda, 1972; Khan, 
Mashkoor & Ahmad, 1974). In  the present investigation, 
though initially groundnut cake did  not give good 
response, its performance improved during the later 
phase of plant growth. This could be due to delay in 
nitrification (release of nitrogen from oil-cakes) while 
Revue Nématol. 10 (4) : 467-470 (1987j 
during  the earlier  phase of plant growth, when nitrifi- 
cation was not complete, partial decomposition may 
have released excess amount of fatty  acids  and  aldehydes 
which are considered not favourable for plant growth 
and  may  also  cause phytotoxicity (Singh & Sitaramaiah, 
1973). 
Aldicarb  being  a systemic nematicide  could have 
protected the plant by killing nematode larvae in soil 
before their invasion in roots by contact action or by 
accumulating  in  the  roots as metabolites  and killing the 
larvae which  gained access inside  the  root  system. 
Hough  and  Thomason (1975) and Vovlas and  Lamberti 
(1976) also observed prevention of root-knot juvenile 
invasion by aldicarb. Further, Mateille and Netscher 
(1985) found reduction in penetration, retardation in 
development and lesser number of egg masses with 
relatively lower dosages of aldicarb which could be 
attributed to the change in host. In case of oil-cake 
amended soil, on  the  other  hand,  microbial activity in 
soil leads to release of a wide variety of chemically 
different substances which may be directly toxic to 
larvae or reduce the capacity of larvae to  penetrate the 
root  system  thereby  reducing  the  inoculum  density  or 
inoculum  capacity. The decomposing oil-cakes may 
reduce the proneness of the  hosts as also proposed by 
Singh and Sitaramaiah (1973) by loss of attraction or 
change in root physiology under  the  influence of organic 
acids and other chemicals released during decompo- 
sition. 
The total larval recovery as  well as the total number 
of eggs per  female was much less in the treatments, in 
respective  order of neem,  aldicarb, groundnut  and 
control. However, when  the  egg masses obtained from 
the  different  treatments were kept for hatching,  egg sac 
from the groundnut as well as neem cake treatments 
gave least  hatch followed by aldicarb. This indicates that 
in neem and  groundnut  not only the egg laying capacity 
of female was affected but to some extent  there was a 
delayed and retarded  hatching.  Similar  results have also 
been  observed by Goswami  and Vijayalakshmi (1983) in 
case of Shorea robusta and Calophyllum  inophyllum 
oil-caltes. This delayed or arrested development has 
implication on population  build-up of juveniles in soil 
and  reduced  inoculum  for  the  next  generation. 
Experimental  evidence based on  present  studies  indi- 
cates the feasibility of neem cake as a  potential  nemati- 
cide  which  can  be  exploited  for  nematode  management 
practices. 
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470 Revue Nématol. 10 (4) : 467-470  (1987) 


Comparative efficacy of neem and groundnut oil-cakes with aldicarb against Meloidogyne incognita in tomato

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