Prasad, J.S.

Rao, A.V.S.

Rao, Y.S.

Horizon / Pleins textes

Interaction of the cyst and  root-knot 
nematodes in rsots of rice 
Y. Seshagiri RAO, J. Satyanarayana PRASAD and A.V. Surya RAO 
Central  Rice  Research  Institute,  Cuttack-753006,  Inde. 
SUMMARY 
Interspecific interaction between the endoparasitic stages of the cyst nematode (Heterodera oryzicola, Rao 
& Jayaprakash,  1978),  and  the  root-knot  nematode (Meloidogyne graminicola, Golden & Birchfeld, 1968) in  roots 
of rice cv. Sattari was  investigated  under artificial  inoculations. With  the increase  in  initial density of .each nematode 
in  the  inoculum,  there  was corresponding  significant  increase in final density a t  35 days.  When  inoculated in combi- 
nation to the same  plant, a t   the  same  time or the cyst  nematode  first  and  root-knot  nematode  a week later or vice 
versa,  the  root-knot  nematode  was  found to multiply more rapidly  and  was  better  adapted.  The  buildup of the  cyst 
nematode  was  partly  inhibited  in  the  competition for food and  space  in  roots. 
R É S U M ~  
Interaction  entre un Heterodera et un Meloidogyne dans les racines du   r i z  
L’interaction  entre  les  stades  endoparasites d’Heterodera oryzicola Rao & Jayaprakash, 1978 et  de Meloidogyne 
graminicola Golden & Birchfield, 1968 dans  les  racines  du riz cv. Sattari  a  été  étudiée  par  inoculation artificielle. 
A l’augmentation de la population initiale (inoculum) de chaque nématode a correspondu une augmentation de 
sa population finale aprbs 35 jours.  Quand  les  deux  parasites  étaient inoculés à la même plante  au même moment 
oh l’un  d’entre  eux  une  semaine  avant  l’autre, Meloidogyne  graminicola se multipliait  plus  rapidement  et  apparaît 
donc  mieux  adapté. Le  développement d’Heterodera  oryzicola apparaissait  partiellement  inhibé  dans  la  compétition 
pour  l’espace et la nourriture à l’intérieur  des  racines. 
The root-lmot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola 
(Mg) is established  as  a  Pest of rice in  upland  and well 
drained soils causing losses of up to 17% in grain 
yield  (Biswas & Rao, 1971)  due  to ill-filling of kernels 
(Ra0 & Biswas,  1973). The  cyst  nematode Heterodera 
oryzicola (Ho) is restricted to a few areas in Kerala, 
Orissa but  inflicts  yield losses of up  to 41.9 % (Usha 
& Kuriyan, 1981).  Juveniles of both  pests  penetrate 
through cortex to the vascular tissue of roots and 
invade phloem. With Mg, phloem parenchymatous 
cells form multinucleate coenocytes on the 4th day 
of invasion  (Jena & Rao, 1977)  while with Ho, 
coalescence of cells to form syncytium occurs but 
without hyperplasia of xylem as in Mg infestation 
(Jayaprakash & Rao, 1981). Mg completes its life 
cycle in 24  (male) to 27  days  (female) while Ho takes 
14 to 20 days respectively. As reported above, both 
the  pests  compete  for  phloem  and  hence it was 
designed to  investigate the influence of one  over the 
other  inoculated  conditions  during 1980-81. 
Material and methods 
Pure  cultures of both  nematodes were maintained 
on susceptible rice cv. Sattari .  Egg masses of root- 
knot nematode and cysts with egg sacs of the cyst 
Revue  Nématol .  7 (2 )  : 117-120 (1984) 
nematode  were  drawn  from  cultures  for  tests.  Inocu- 
lations  were  given to ten days old plants of cv. 
Sattari growing individually in sterilised soil (1 kg) 
filled in  pots  by placing the inocula in soil near  the 
root zone. Seven inoculum levels viz. 6 Ho - 5 Ho 
4 Mg - 1 Ho + 5 Mg and 6 Mg were  given  in  four 
combinations viz. ( i )  Ho alone, (i i)  Ho and Mg 
together, (iii) Ho first and Mg a weelc later  and (iu) 
Mg first and Ho a week later. Al1 treatments were 
replicated  three  times. A t  35 days  ,after  inoculation 
the  total  number of the  nematodes  in  the  root  tissue 
was enumerated after staining in Cotton blue lacto- 
phenol and soil population was estimated by wet 
sieving and extkaction of the entire soil from each 
pot  (Ra0 & Israel,  1972).  The log values of the  popu- 
lations  in  the  three replicates were analysed as  ran- 
domised block design for comparing the buildup in 
the  inoculations. 
Results and discussion 
FINAL POPULATIONS 
+ ~ M ~ - ~ H o + ~ M ~ - ~ H o + ~ M ~ - ~ H o  + 
With  the increase in  the  density of Ho cysts  from 
one to  sis   in  the inoculum,  there  was  an  increase  in 
the total number of nematodes in the root tissue 
117 
Y.S. Rao,  J.S. Prasad & A.V.S. Rao 
irrespective of the inoculum combinations (Tab. 1). But ,   a t  levels of three  to five egg  masses  alone in  the 
However, the invading larvae of Ho were signifi- inoculum,  the final populations were on  par.  Inocula- 
cantly  more  numerous  when  Ho  alone  was  inoculated tion of Mg to plants inoculated earlier with Ho did 
followed by inoculations  given  along  with Mg. There not affect the  ndoparasitic  populations  though 
was  increase in final populations of  Mg also due  to  the inoculations  with Mg in  combination  with Ho showed 
increase in  the  number of egg masses in  the  inoculum. a  slight  reduction. 
TABLE 1 
Influence of concomitant  inoculation of Heterodera  oryzicola (Ho) and Meloidogyne  graminicola (Mg)  in  rice 
Inoculum  combination C.D. 0.05% 
Inoculum H o  H o   a n d   M g H o  first M g  first M g   I n o c u l u m   I n o c u l u m  
levels  alone togetlzer and M g  a n d   H o  alone  Mean levels  combinations  Interaction 
Ho-Il.lg a week  later a week  later
(1) ( 2 )  (3) ( 4 )  (5) ( 6 )  (7) ( 8 )  ( 9 )  (10) 
Heterodera oryzicola 
1-5 39 40 
2-4 95 77 
3-3 145 122 
4-2 192 166 
5- 1 255 194 
Mean  122  105 
Mean  416 
6-0 478 
1-5 18 12 
2-4 27 12 
3-3 48 40 
4-2 55 57 
5-1 66 55 
Mean 39 28 
Mean 43 
6-0  78 
Meloidogyne  graminicola 
5-1 78 
4-2  158 
3-3 252 
2-4  399 
1-5 518 
Mean  230 
Mean 
0-6 
5-1 19 
4-2 20 
3-3  59 
2-4 136 
1-5 1 O 8  
Mean 51 
Mean 
0-6 
a)  Final population 
62 32 
99 57 
158  90 
235 147 
376 233 
153  89 
b) Cysts and eggmasses 
2  2 
9  4 
21 9 
21 13 
49 20 
13 6 
a) Final population 
124  108 
189  164 
308 6 836 
488 503 
633 685 
296  290 
b) Eggmasses 
7 14 
12 26 
19  56 
79 89 
90 143 
26 40 
134 
324 
358 
596 
765 
372 
821 
424 
17 
19 
49 
107 
143 
47 
185 
59 
43 
81 
126 
183 
25  7 
6 
10 
25 
31 
44 
1 O9 
198 
31 1 
493 
645 
13 
11 
42 
1 O0 
118 
0.15 0.49 0.23 
0.40 NS .NS 
0.29 0.33 0.67 
0.31 ' NS NS 
0.12 0.06  0.27 
0.40 NS  NS 
0.61 NS 0.26 
0.52 
118 R e v u e  Nérnatol. '7 (2) : 11'7-120 (1984) 
Interaction of the  cyst  and root-knot nematodes i n  roots of rice 
ADULTS IN THE FINAL POPULATION 
H.  oryzicola : Significant reduction  in  the  final 
population of Ho was  observed in  inoculations  made 
along  with Mg either  concurrently or a  week later  at 
al1 levels of Ho and Mg (Tab. 1) over  the  individual 
inoculations of Ho. 
M .  gra~ninicola : Inoculations with Mg alone or 
along  with Ho were at   par  and significantly  superior 
to  those  given  with Ho first and Mg a  week later or 
Mg first and Ho a week later indicating a certain 
amount of competition  between  both  (Tab. 1). 
BUILDUP INDEX 
H. oryzicola : Inoculation with Ho alone showed 
significantly higher buildup a t  al1 levels than when 
inoculated  in  combination  (Fig. 1). Inoculations  with 
Mg first followed by Ho showed least  buildup  which 
was  due  to  the ill-effects of competition  between  both. 
A t  low  inoculum  densities, H .  schaclztii and H .  oryzae 
were reported to produce higher per cent females. 
Increase  in  inoculum size resulted  in  on-avail- 
ability of “living  space”  and  destruction of the  imma- 
ture stages (Kerstan, 1969). Such behaviour of H .  
oryzicola in  roots of rice a t  levels of 120 eggs /g soi1 
were identified earlier (Jayaprakash, 1979). 
M .  grarninicola : With  the increase in  the  number 
of egg  masses in  the inocula,  there  was  a  correspond- 
ing  increase  in  the  buildup of the final  population  in 
al1 combinations  (Fig. 1). Irrespective of whether 
inoculations were  given  with Mg alone or in  combina- 
tion  with Ho, the increasing trend of final population 
was same confirming earlier reports of Mg develop- 
ment  in  roots  at  graded levels of 1 to 32 egg  masses 
in  inoculum  (Ra0 & Israel,  1972). H .  oryzae does not 
cause  true  giant cells (Berdon-  B. & Merny,  1964) but  
areas of disintegration of ce11 wall wjthin  stele were 
found. In the barnyard grass (Eclzinochloa colonum) 
affected by H .  graminophila neither giant cells nor 
galls  were  found, but  only  slight  enlargment of 
phloem  occurred  (Birchfield,  1973). H .  oryzicola 
appears  to  depend  on  the  syncytial  development for 
nutrition and hence the cornpetition with Mg. The 
root-knol  seemed  to  be  the  aggressive  Pest  since  the 
final  populations  and  the  buildup of Ho were  reduced 
when inoculation were given with both the pests. 
Even  at   an equal  level of 3 Ho + 3 Mg inoculum,  the 
buildup of Mg was  higher. 
In   an  earlier trial, it was observed that  larvae of 
Mg hatched  and  established  earlier  in  rice  roots  than 
Ho larvae (Ra0 & Prasad, 1982) when  inoculated 
together.  These  observations confirm the earlier 
reports on  M .  incognita and H .  zeae inoculations 
simultaneously in maize where the former did not 
interfere  with  the  penetration of the  later. Also it was 
Revue  Nhnatol. 7 ( 2 )  : 117-120 (1984) 
stated  t.hat  in  general  prior  establishment of any of 
the species,  signifioantly  reduced the invasion of the 
other species (Kaul & Sethi, 1982). This differential 
behaviour  may  be  due  to  the  dominance of Mg over 
Ho in rice in  the  present  investigation. 
I /5 2/4 3/3 4/2 5/1 6/0 
lnocuturn tevels ( H O / M ~ )  
o--O HO alone or M &  alone 
O----+ Ho first and M& aweek later O----+ Ho and Mg together 
W Mg first and Ho aweek later- 
O 
511 412 313 214 1 )  5 016 
lnoculum levels (HO/ M t )  
Fig. 1. Interaction of cyst and root-knot nema- 
todes in rice  roots. 
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120 Revue  Nématol .  7 ( 2 )  : 117-120 (1984) 


Interaction of the cyst and root-knot nematodes in roots of rice

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