Verdejo-Lucas, S.

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Table 2 : Frequency of occurrence of the more common phytopha-
gous nematodes associated with sugarcane on the four plantation sites
of the Ivory Coast.
Ferké 1 Ferké 2 Borotou Zuenoula
Ca/oosia 21.9 11.3 3.1 0
other criconematids' 40.6 38.6 15.6 23.3
He/icoly/enchus 100 100 96.9 93.3
Hele rode ra 18.7 4.5 0 0
hoplolaimidsb 34.4 38.6 31.3 6.7
longidorids' 40.6 15.9 3.1 16.7
Me/oidogyne 84.4 50.0 46.9 43.3
Pararrichodorus 3.1 2.3 0 40.0
Paraly/enchus 53.1 47.7 9.4 30.3
Praly/enchus 96.9 93.2 93.8 93.3
ROly/enchu/us 28.1 13.6 6.3 0
Triversus 18.75 45.5 0 0
belonolaimids 71.9 72.7 100 100
a : other criconematids = Criconema, Criconeme/la and Hemicricone-
moides.
b ; hoplolaimids = Hop/o/aimus and Scure/lonema.
c : longidorids = Xiphinema and Longidorus.
d : belonolaimids = Para rroph urus, Trichory/enchus, Trophurus and
Ty/enchorhynchus.
chus and sorne tylenchorhynchids were found frequently
in the sugarcane plantations in the Ivory Coast.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank M. Patrick Topart for his help to the first
author in collecting the samples and the entire staff of the
Laboratory of Nematology ORSTOM, Ivory Coast, for their
technical assistance.
References
CADET, P. (1986a). Évolution des nématodes ectoparasites
dans la rhizosphére de la canne à sucre au Burkina Faso.
Revue Écol. & Biol. Sol, 23 : 205-213.
CADET, P. (1986 b). Étude du développement des nématodes
dans les racines de la canne à sucre au Burkina Faso et en
Côte d'Ivoire. Revue Écol. & Biol. 501,23 : 287-297.
CADET, P. & MERNY, G. (1978). Premiers essais de traitements
chimiques contre les nématodes parasites de la canne à sucre
en Haute-Volta. Revue Nématol., 1 : 53-62.
CADET, P. & SrAULL, V. W. (1985). Studies on the relationship
between nematodes and sugarcane in South and West
Africa : Plant Cane. Revue Némacol., 8 : 131-142.
FORT UN ER, R. (1981). Les nématodes associés au riz pluvial en
Côte d'Ivoire. Agron. trop., Nogent, 36 : 70-77.
NETSCHER, C. & SEINHORST, ]. W. (1969). Propionic acid
better than acetic acid for killing nematodes. Nemacologica,
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SEIN HORST, J. W. (1950). De betekenis van de toestand van de
grond voor het optreden van aantasting door het stengelaa~e
(Ditylenchus dipsaci [KühnJ Filipjev). Tijdschr. P/Ziekt, 56 :
291-349.
SEIN HORST ]. W. (1962). Modifications of the elutriation
method for extracting nematodes from soil. NemalOlogica,
8 : 117-128.
SEINHORST ]. W. (1966). Killing nematodes for taxonomie
study with hot F.A.4.1. NemalOlogica, 12 : 178.
SrAuLL, V. W. & CADET, P. (1990). Nematode Parasites of
Sugarcane. In : Luc, M., Sikora, R. A. & Bridge, J. (Eds).
Plane Parasùic Nemalodes in Sublropical and Tropical
AgrieullUre, Wallingford, CAB International: 461-491.
ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE" MEDITERRANEAN BIOTYPE"
OF TYLENCHULUS SEMIPENETRANS IN SPAIN
Soledad VERDEjO-LuCAS
DeparlamenlO Palologia Vegelal, IRTA, Crea. de Cabrils s/n, 08348 Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain.
Accepted for publication 9 September 1991.
Key-words : Tylenchulus, Spain, nematodes.
Tylenchulus semipenelrans Cobb, present in ail regions
of the world where citrus is grown, also occurs in ail
citrus growing regions of Spain (Ortuiio Martinez el al.,
1969; Bello el al., 1986; Martinez Beringola el al., 1987).
Populations of T semipenelrans have been defined as
biotypes according ta the host status of several indicator
plants species (lnserra el al., 1980). Three T semipene-
lrans biotypes have been idenùfied to date, the" Citrus
biotype" infects Citrus spp., Carrizo and Troyer ci-
trange, olive, grape and persimmon. The" Mediterra-
Vol. 15, nO 5 - 1992
nean biotype" is very close to the" Citrus biotype" but
does not reproduce on olive. The " Poncirus biotype"
reproduces on Citrus spp., Poncirus lrijoliala, their
hybrids, and grape but not on olive. The occurrence of
biotypes of the nematode is of rdevance to rootstock
breeding programs, the choice of rootstock to be
planted, and other management pracùces.
In this paper, the results of a differential host test
carried out to identify the biotype of four Spanish
populations of T semipenelrans are reported.
475
Materials and methods
The indicator plants included sour orange (Citrus
aurantium), trifoliate orange (P lrifoliala Rubidoux?),
Carrizo citrange, C. macrophila, grape (Vitis rupeslris),
and olive (Olea europea var" Arvequina ").
Soil infested by T semipenelrans was collected from
around sour orange rootstock at four locations in the
provinces of Barcelona, Tarragona (two locations) and
Valencia. The infested soil from each location was
screened and mixed with a substrate in such a pro-
portion as to give 4-5 nematodes/cm 3 substrate. The
substrate consisted of a mixture 1: 1 (v/v) of steam
sterilized sand and peat moss with the addition of
superphosphate at a rate of 1.5 g/dm3 (pH adjusted to
6.5 with CaCO,). Populations were tested separately and
each treatment was replicated five times. Plants were
maintained under shading for 7 months.
Fibrous roots were cut into 0.5 cm sections and
juvenile and male nematodes were extracted from 3 g by
root incubation for 36 h at 24 "c (Tarjan, 1972). Mature
females were removed from roots by blender maceration
for 30 sand centrifugation-sugar flotation (McSoriey el
al., 1984). Nematodes were collected on a 45 llm-pore
screen.
Data for T semipenelrans females/g root were trans-
formed to log (x + 1) and subjected to analysis of
variance. Means were compared by the LSD Test
(P = 0.05).
Results and discussion
The four populations of T semipenelrans completed
their life cycle (mature females on roots) on the Citrus
species and the hybrid Carrizo but failed on trifoliate
orange and olive (Table 1). Sorne juveniles and males
were recovered from P. Trifoliata and olive inoculated
with the Barcelona and Tarragona populations
(Table 1). These nematodes probably remained from the
inoculum since they lacked body contend and were
apparently dead.
Ali populations tested can be classified as belonging to
the " Mediterranean biotype " which is present in all
citrus producing countries of the mediterranean region
and South Africa (Inserra el al., 1980; Gottlieb el al.,
1986; Lamberti el al., 1976). Its occurrence in Spain had
not been previously reported. The olive variety " Arve-
quina " had not been tested before as an indicator plant
for the citrus nematode but no variety specification on
the host status of olive to T semipenelrans has been
found in the literature.
Vitis rupeslris was a host of three of the T semipene-
lrans populations but females of the Barcelona popula-
tion were only recovered from one replicated plant
(Table 1). An Italian nematode population from olive
classified as the" Citrus biotype" did not infect V ru-
peslris. Vitis vinifera has been reported as a host of the
"Poncirus" and" Citrus" biotypes (Baines el al., 1974;
Inserra el al., 1980). Italian populations from citrus
groves differed in their response to grape Kober 5 BB
(V berlandieri + V riparia ) (Lamberti el al, 1976).
Israeli populations reacted similarly to one another on
" Richter 110 " but differed on " Paulsen 1103 " grape
rootstock (V berlandieri x V rupeslris) (Gottlieb el al.,
1986). Vitis species and their hybrids may differ in their
reaction to T semipenelrans as suggested by the results
reported here and by other workers.
The populations studied originated from sour orange
rootstock, the most widespread citrus rootstock used in
Spain. The possible occurrence of additional biotypes of
T semipenelrans in Spanish citrus groves, however,
cannot be discounted due to the limited number of
populations tested.
Table 1. Numbers of juvenile + male and of female Ty/enchu/us semipenelranslg fibrous root recovered 7 monrhs after inoculation.
Plant host
Poncirus lrifoliaw
Cilrus auramium
Cilrus macrophi/a
Carrizo Citrange
O/ea europea " Arvequina "
Vilis rupeslris
Populations
Barcelona Tarragona-I Tarragona-2 Valencia
J + dd ~~ J + dO' ~~ J + do ~~ J + dd ~~
41 Oa 17 Oa 37 Oa 0 3 a
36 10 b 16 8 ab 260 189 c 13 26 b
607 413 c
64 24 c 14 5 ab 48 38 b
2 Oa 0 Oa 3 Oa 0 o a
6 3 ab 61 8 b 107 31 b 8 16 b
- : Not tested; Values in the same column sharing the same lener are not statistically significant according ta the LSD Test CP = 0.05).
476 Fundam. appl. NemalOl.
Acknowledgments
The author thanks Dr. Pinochet for suggesting this study
and Dr. Inserra for useful procedure suggestions. Thanks are
also given to Mrs. Casanovas for typing this manuscript.
References
BAINES, R. c., CAMERON, ]. W. & SOOST, R. K. (1974). Four
biotypes of Tylenchulus semipenelrans in Califomia ident-
ified, and their importance in the development of resistant
citrus root-stocks. J. NemalOl, 6 : 63-66.
BELLO, A, NAvAs, A., BELART, C. & ALV1RA, P. (1986). Los
nemalodos de los cilncas. Monografia. Excelentisimo Ayun-
tamiento de Castellon de la Plana, 222 p.
GOTTLIEB, Y., COHN, E. & SPIEGEL-Roy, P. (1986). Biotypes of
the citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenelrans Cobb) in
Israel. PhylOparasitica, 14 : 193-198.
INsERRA, R. N., VOVLAS, N. & O'BANNON, ]. H. (1980). A
classification of Tylenchulus semipenelrans biotypes. J.
NemalOl., 12 : 283-287.
LAMBERT!, F., VOVLAS, N. & TIRRO, A (1976). An Italian
biotype of the citrus nematode. Nemalol. medit., 4 : 117-120.
MARTINEZ BERINGOLA, M. L., CARCELES, A & GUTIERREZ,
M. P. (1987). Ensayos de nematicidas contra el nematodo de
los agrios, Tylenchulus semipenelrans. Boln San id. Vegel.
Plagas, 13 : 261-271.
MCSORLEY, R., PARRADO,]. L. & DANKERs, W. H. (1984). A
quantitative comparison of sorne methods for the extraction
of nematodes from roots. Nemalropica, 14 : 72-84.
ORTUNO MARTINEZ, A, GOMEZ GOMEZ, ]. & CANOVAS CAN-
DEL, F. (1969). Poblaciones nematol6gicas fitoparasitas en
los suelos de la huerta de Murcia. An. Edafol. Agrobiol., 28 :
389-398.
T ARJAN, A C. (1972). Observations on extracting citrus nema-
todes, Tylenchulus semipenelrans, from citrus roots. PI. Dis.
Replr, 56 : 186-188.
A NEMATODE FEEDING MITE, TYROPHAGUS PUTRESCENTIAE
(SARCOPTIFORMIS : ACARIDAE)
Anwar L. BILGRAMI * and Qudsia TAHSEEN *
• Section of NemalOlogy, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India.
Accepted for publication 14 october 1991.
Key-words : Tyrophagus, Acaridae, nematodes.
There are few reports confirming nematodes as the
diet of soil mites. Linford and Oliviera (1938) observed
mites feeding on root knot nematodes. Murphy and
Doncaster (1957) reported injury of Helerodera cysts by
a mite. The most definite association came from the
work of Rodriguez el al. (1962) who observed that when
given equal choice, the adult mite Macrocheles muscae-
domesticae preferred house fly eggs over nematodes
while proto- and deutonymph under same conditions
preferred nematodes. An oribatid mite Pergalumna sp.,
fed upon Pelodera lambdiense and Tylenchorhynchus
martini in large numbers (Rocken & Woodring, 1965).
Muraoka and Ishibishi (1976) described feeding by
many species of mites which were identified as nema-
tode predators. Recently, Imbriani and Mankau (1983)
observed feeding of a neostigmatid mite, Lasioseius
scapulatus on Aphelenchus avenae and Cephalobus sp.
In the present work observations were made on the
predatory behaviour of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Sar-
coptiformis : Acridae) using nematodes as prey.
Materials and methods
Prey catching and feeding mechanisms were studied
in culture dishes and special observation chambers. A
Vol. 15, nO 5 - 1992
plastic ring (1 cm high; 2 cm diam.) glued to a coverslip
at one end, was fixed in the middle of a metallic slide.
The chamber, thus formed, was filled with 1 % water
agar. The mites and prey nematodes were then inocu-
lated and the ring was sealed with another coverslip to
prevent air drying and escape of mites. Predation was
observed on Rhabditis sp., Cephalobus sp., Hirschman-
niella oryzae and Tylenchorhynchus mashhoodi. The rate
of predation by T putrescentiae was determined by using
five adult mites against 50 individuals of prey. The effect
of prey density on the rate of predation by T putrescen-
tiae was observed by placing 25,50,75, 100, 125, 150,
175 and 200 individuals of H. oryzae separately with five
predators. The number of individuals killed or con-
sumed by the mites was recorded after 24 h. Ali exper-
iments were carried out at 28 ± 2 "c and replicated five
times.
Predatory behaviour
T putrescentiae feed on nematodes and other micro-
organisms in culture dishes. During routine observ-
ations the cultures of saprophagous species of nema-
todes viz., Acrobeloides, Cephalobus, Rhabditis, Pana-
grellus and predaceous nematodes viz., Mononchus
477


On the occurrence of the "mediterranean biotype" of Tylenchulus semipenetrans in Spain

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