Dix-sept espèces de nématodes phytoparasites ont été récoltées dans les champs de soja des Gouvernorats de Menia, Assiut et Sohag, en Haute Egypte. Les espèces #Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus, Longidorus pisi, Pratylenchoides ritteri, P. variabilis, rotylenchulus parvus$ et #Tylenchorhynchus annulatus$ sont signalées pour la première fois en Egypte. #Merlinius brevidens$ est rencontré avec une fréquence relativement élevée tandis que #Pratylenchus zeae$ est présent en populations assez denses. #Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita, Pratylenchus zeae, H. pseudorobustus, R. parvus$ et #Xiphinema$ sp. pourraient également avoir une grande importance dans les champs de soja de Haute Egypte. Les populations de #Meloidogyne javanica$ et #M. incognita$ sont plus élevées dans les sols sableux que dans les sols sablo-argileux ou argileux. #Pratylenchus zeae$ et #M. brevidens$ sont présents en populations élevées dans les trois types de sol, et plus particulièrement dans les sols sableux. Les populations de #H. pseudorobustus$ sont relativement élevées dans les sols argileux, tandis que pour #R. parvus$ les sols sablo-argileux sont plus favorables. (Résumé d'auteur

El-Morshedy, M.M.F.

El-Zawahry, A.M.

Salem, A.A.

Horizon / Pleins textes

Fundam. appl. NemalOl., 1994, 17 (5), 401-404
Nematodes associated with soybean (Glycine max)
in upper Egypt
Abmed A. SALEM*, Mohamed M. F. EL-MoRSHEDY**
and Aida M. EL-ZAWAHRY***
* Faculty oJ Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, £"'g)'Pt.
** Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
*** Faculty oJ Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Eg)'Pt.
Accepted for publication 2 November 1993.
Summary - Seventeen plant parasitic nematode species were recovered from soybean fields in Menia, Assiut and Sohag Governor-
ates, Egypt. The species Helieolylemhus pseudorobuslUs, Longidoms pisi, Pralylemhoides ri!!eTl~ P. variabilis, ROlylemhulus paruus and
Tylemhorhynehus annulams are new records for the Egyptian nematode fauna. iVferlinius brevidens was found in relatively high
percentage of occurrence, while Pralylenehus zeae was found in relatively high population densities. Meloidogyne javaniea, M. in-
eognila, Pralylemhus zeae, H. pseudorobuslUs, R. paruus, Hoplolaimus seinhors!l~ Helerodera sp. and Xiphinema sp. may also be of great
importance in the fields of soybean in Upper-Egypt. M. javaniea, M. imognila were detected with higher population density in sandy
soil than in the sandy loam and loamy soils. Pralylenehus zeae and M. brevidens were noted with relatively high population density in
three soil types especially in sandy loam. H. pseudorobusms was found in relatively high population density in loamy soils. High
numbers of R. paruus were found in sandy loam soil.
Resume - Nematodes associes au soja (Glycine max) en Haute Egypte - Dix-sept especes de nematodes phytoparasites ont
ete recoltees dans les champs de soja des Gouvernorats de Menia, Assiut et Sohag, en Haute Egypte. Les especes Helicolylenehus
pseudorobusms, Longidoms pisi, Pralyleru;hoides Tl·ueTl~ P. variabilis, ROlylenehulus paruus et Tylenehorhynehus annulams sont signalees
pour la premiere fois en Egypte. Merlinius brevidens est rencontre avec une frequence relativement elevee tandis que Pralylenehus
zeae est present en populations assez denses. Mewidogyne javanica, M. imognila, Pralylenehus zeae, H. pseudorobuslUs, R. paruus et
Xiphinema sp. pourraient egalement avoir une grande importance dans les champs de soja de Haute Egypte. Les populations de
Mewidogynejavaniea et M. ineognila sont plus elevees dans les sols sableux que dans les sols sablo-argileux ou argileux. Pralylenehus
zeae et M. brevidens sont presents en populations elevees dans les trois types de sol, et plus particulierement dans les sols sableux. Les
populations de H. pseudorobusms sont relativement elevees dans les sols argiJeux, tandis que pour R. paruus les sols sablo-argileux
sont plus favorables.
Key-words: Nematodes, survey, soybean, Egypt.
In Egypt, great interest has been directed towards the
cultivation of soybean due to the increasing shortage of
dietary protein. Menia, Assiut and Sohag governorates
have the greatest area (50.3 %, 10450 ha) and tonnage
(50.5 %, 29766 ton) of soybean production in Egypt
(Anon., 1993). Soybean is a host of a large number of
plant parasitic nematodes. More than 100 nematodes
species have been found in association with soybean
(Goodey et al., 1965; Good, 1973; Robbins, 1982).
Some nematode species are often reported to reduce
soybean production and inhibit nitrogen fixation by the
associated Rhizobium japonicum (Rebois & Golden,
1978).
The root-knot nematodes, A1eloidogyne javanica and
M. incognita were reported in peanut, broadbean, cow-
pea and many leguminous crops cultivated in sandy or
lighter soils of newly reclaimed areas in Egypt, that
caused great losses to those crops (Ibrahim & El-Saedy,
1976; Allam, 1980; El-Shinnawy el al., 1981). The reni-
ISSN 1164-5571/94/05 $ 4.00/ © Gawhier-Villars - ORSTOM
form nematode, ROlylenchulus remforrnis, was reported
in silty or heavier soils from the old Nile valley of Egypt,
causes great losses of many vegetable and field crops
(Oteifa & Salem, 1972; Farahat, 1979). However, no
surveys of the nematodes associated with soybean in
Egypt have been reported.
The present work aims to describe the distribution
and population density of plant parasitic nematodes in
soybean fields in different soil types in three Governor-
ates representing Upper Egypt.
Materials and methods
A total of 300 soil and root samples were collected
from more than 80 different soybean localities in Assiut,
Mema and Sohag Governorates. These localities were;
Sahel Salim and Sedfa (Assiut); Mema and Maghagha
(Menia) and Ekhmeem and Tema (Sohag). Each soil
401
A. A. Salem et a1.
Table 1. Population densities (P.D.) /250 g and frequency ofoccurrence (F. O. %) ofplant parasitic nematode species associated with soybean
fields in upper Egypt.
Assiut Menia Sohag
Mean
Nematode species Sahelseler Sedfa Mean Menia Maghagha Mean Ekhmeem Tema Mean
F.O. P.D, FO, PD, F.O, P,D FO P.D. F,O, P,D, FO PD F.O. PO F,O. P,D, FO, P,D. FO PO
He/icOly/eru;hlls pseudorobuslus 44 19,7 96 27,2 70 23.5 40 6,5 96 32.9 63 19.7 88 85,6 80 17,1 84 51.4 72.3 31.5
Hererodera sp, 64 59,9 60 13.0 72 36.5 40 6.3 68 14.7 54 10,5 40 7.1 64 17.9 52 12.5 59.3 19,8
Hoplo/aimus seinhomi 60 6,8 80 16,0 70 11.4 40 8.7 84 22J 62 15,5 48 8,7 56 13.4 52 11.1 61.3 12,7
Longidorus /ea-<JicapiWlUl 92 40 0 0.0 46 2.0 0 0,0 84 4.3 42 2.2 72 2,2 32 11.5 52 6.9 46.7 3.7
LJngJdorus pisi 0 0,0 84 3.8 41 1.9 88 6.7 0 0,0 44 3.4 24 4.8 76 6,9 50 5.9 45.0 3.7
MelOldogyne incog7lila 72 8,0 73 11.4 72 9.7 60 33.9 72 13.0 66 23.5 64 9.4 72 8.3 68 8.9 68.7 14.0
M.jac:anica 80 19,9 84 8.7 82 14.4 64 171.3 80 14.4 72 92.8 88 19,8 76 29.8 82 24.8 78.7 47.4
Mer/inius brellidens 96 47.5 100 48.2 98 47.9 100 43.2 100 42.7 100 43.0 92 74.7 92 25.9 92 50.3 96.7 47.1
Paralongidorus georgiensis 40 1.2 60 1.9 48 l.6 56 l.5 44 1.9 50 1.7 44 2.1 68 2.3 56 2.2 51.3 l.8
Pralyleni:hus coffeae 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 28 50.0 36 70.8 32 60.4 0 0.0 44 23.2 22 11.6 18.0 24.0
Pratylenchus zeae 100 69.5 68 62.5 84 66.0 64 94.7 64 26,8 64 60,8 100 100.8 44 110,0 72 105.4 73.3 77.4
Pralyleni:hoides riueri 40 6.7 44 12.9 42 9.8 0 0.0 0 0,0 0 0,0 72 18.0 0 0.0 36 9.0 26,0 6.3
P. variabi/is 32 3l.6 60 24.7 46 282 56 12.4 64 9.4 60 10,9 0 0.0 56 7,9 28 4.0 44.7 14.4
Rotylenchulus parous 56 2.1 56 1.7 56 1.9 60 6.5 88 9.5 74 8,0 36 13.7 72 3.2 54 8.5 61.3 6.1
TylencJlOrhyrll:hlls annulalus 36 36 0 0.0 18 1.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0,0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 6.0 06
T. goffarti 32 3.3 60 1.7 46 2,5 48 6.4 76 7.4 62 6,9 32 2.6 64 5.4 48 4,0 52,0 4.5
Xiphinema sp. 52 1.5 56 1.6 52 1.6 54 1.9 48 2.4 52 2.2 48 1.4 68 l.9 58 1.7 547 1.8
8
_ Sandy ~ Sandy loam EJ] Loamy
6
4
2
o
REL HET HOP MEL MER PRA PRO
Fig. 1. Distn'bulion ofplam parasilic nemalOdes associaled with soybean fields in Upper Egypl. (HEL =Helicotylenchus; HET =Hetero-
dera; HOP = Hoplolaimus; MEL =Meloidogyne; MER =MerLinius; PRA =Pratylenchus; PRO = Pratylenchoides).
402 Funclam. appl. NemaLOI.
sample was composed of three subsamples obtained
from the root zone of growing plants by digging to a
depth of about 15-30 cm. Root samples were also taken
by lifting three plants carefully with a trowel. All samples
were sent directly to the laboratory for nematode extrac-
tion according to the method of Christie and Perry
(1951). Samples were collected from fields cultivated
with more than two feddans (ca 8 100 m2) of soybean at
the flowering stage Gune-July). Samples were also col-
lected with sufficient moisrure content (4-7 days after
watering).
Nematode identification was based on the morphol-
ogy and measurement of adult and juvenile forms ac-
cording to Mai and Lyon (1975) and Siddiqi (1986).
Species of Meloidogyne were identified on the basis of
perineal panerns (Taylor & Netscher, 1974) of marure
females and juveniles measurements according to
Whitehead (1968) and Eisenback el al. (1981). Popu-
lation density/250 cm3 soil and frequency of occurrence
of nematode species in relation to the surveyed localities
were calculated.
Results and discussion
Seventeen species of plant parasitic nematodes be-
longing to twelve genera were identified from soybean
fields surveyed (Table 1).
Helicolylenchus pseudorobuslUs (Steiner, 1914); Gold-
en, 1956; Helerodera sp.; Hoplolaimus seinhorsli Luc,
1958; Longidonls leavicapitalus Williams, 1959; L. pisi
Edward, Misra & Singh, 1964; Meloidogyne incognila
(Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949; M. javanica
(Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949; Merlinius brevidens (Al-
len, 1955) Siddiqi, 1970; Paralongidorus georgiensis (Tu-
laganov, 1937) Siddiqi, 1965; Pratylenchus coffeae (Zim-
merman, 1898) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven,
1941; P. zeae Graham, 1951; Pralylenchoides n'lleri
Sher, 1970; P. variabilis Sher, 1970; ROlylenchulus par-
vus (Williams, 1960) Sher, 1961; Tylenchorhynchus an-
nulatus (Cassidy, 1930) Golden, 1971; T. goffarli Srur-
han, 1966 and Xiphinema sp. were recorded in
association with soybean in Upper Egypt. M. brevidens
is recorded for the first time in soybean fields and it was
found in relatively high percentage of occurrence
(96.7), while P. zeae was found in relatively high po-
pulation density (77.4). M.javanica, H. pseudorobuslus,
M. incognita, R. parvus, H. seinhorsll~ Helerodera sp. and
Xiphinema sp. may also be of importance in soybean
fields, since their percentages of occurrence (P.a.) were
78.7,72.3,68.7,61.3,59.3 and 54.7 respectively.
Data revealed that the root-knot nematode species,
1\-1. javanica and M. incognila, were frequently higher in
Menia Governorate (Table 1). P. zeae was frequently
higher in Assiut and Sohag Governorates. The higher
incidence of root-knot nematodes is convincing enough
to regard them as important pests on many vegetables
and field crops in Egypt (ateifa, 1964). Ibrahim (1978)
reported that M. javanica is the most prevalent species
Vol. 17, n° 5 - 1994
Nematodes on soybean in Upper Egypl
of the root-knot nematodes in Egypt, followed by M. in-
cognita.
The production and quality of soybean in many parts
of the world are reduced by a number of parasitic nema-
todes, i. e. Helerodera glycines (Noel, 1985), M. incognila
(Kinloch & Hinson, 1974) and ROlylenchulus renifonnis
(Rebois & Johnson, 1973). Most of the identified nema-
tode species recorded in this article were previously rec-
orded as part of Egyptian nematode fauna. However,
H. pseudorobuslus, L. pisi, P. van'abilis, R. parvus and
T. annulalUS are new records of such nematodes in
Egypt.
From the percentage of occurrence (P.a.) and popu-
lation density (P.D.) of plant parasitic nematodes asso-
ciated with soybean fields in sandy, sandy loam and
loamy soil types, it is clear that p.a. of M. brevidens was
most dominant in the three soil types, since they were
92.4, 100,97.9 respectively in sandy, sandy loam, and
loamy soil. The higher occurrence of this nematode in-
dicates its wide distribution in surveyed fields. The re-
production and population increase of M. brevidens may
not be affected by any type of soil texrure and can repro-
duce successfully in those types of soil. M. javanica and
M. incognila were the major parasitic nematode species
in sandy soils, since there p.a. were 85.9 and 82.0 re-
spectively. H. pseudorobuslUs and R. parvus were the ma-
jor species in sandy loam soils where their p.a. were
88.0, 84.0 and 74.6 respectively. M. brevidens, P. zeae
and H. pseudorobuslUs were also major species in loamy
soils where their p.a. were 97.9,68.8 and 75.0 respec-
tively.
Present data showed great variability of nematode dis-
tribution according to soil types (Fig. 1) which may af-
fect nematode movement (Prot & Van Gundy, 1981),
penetration of roots (Townshend, 1972), reproduction
(Robbins & Barker, 1974), general population in the
field (Sleeth & Reynolds, 1978) and relationship be-
tween preplant population densities and crop produc-
tivity (Schmin & Barker, 1981).
AcknowledgelTlent
The authors wish to thank Dr. D. Sturban, Institute for
Nematology and Venebrate Research, Federal Biological Cen-
ter for Agricultural and Forestry, Munster, Germany for fi-
nancial suppon of this work and helping in nematode identifi-
cation.
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Fundam. appl. NemalO!.


Nematodes associated with soybean (Glycine max) in upper Egypt

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