Pena Santiago, R.

Horizon / Pleins textes

Notes brèves 
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(Nemata).  6. The family  Belonolaimidae  Whitehead,  1960. 
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MULK, M. M. & SIDDIQI, M. R. (1982).  Three  new  species  of 
hoplolaimid nematodes from South America. Indian J. 
Nematol., 12 : 124-131. 
POWERS, T. O., BALDWIN, J. G. & BELL, A. H. (1983). 
Taxonomic  limits of the genus Nagelus (Thorne & Malek, 
Accepté pour  publication le 31 ?nui 1989. 
STURHAN, D. (1981). Studies on Geocenamus species from 
Germany (Nematoda, Dolichodoridae). Nenzatologica, 27 : 
306-314. 
TARJAN, A. C. (1973).  Synopsis of the genera  and  species in 
Tylenchorhynchinae (Tylenchoidea, Nematoda). Proc. hel- 
minth.' Soc. Wash., 40 : 123-144. 
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hynchus Cobb, 1913 (Tylenchidae : Nematoda) from Ca- 
nada. Canad. J. Zool., 47 : 563-567. 
PLANT-PARASITIC  NEMATODES  ASSOCIATED V T H  OLIVE 
(OLEA EUROPEA L.) I N  THE PROVINCE OF JAEN, SPAIN 
Reyes PERA-SANTIAGO 
Departamento de Biologia  Aninzal,  Escuela  Universitaria de Fornzacio'n  del  Projèsorado de E.G.B., Calle Virgen 
de la Cabeza no 2, 23008 Jaén,  EspaAa. 
The olive (Oka europea L.) is a characteristic  culture 
of the mediterranean region. In Spain, above al1 in 
Andalucia,  it  represents a basic component of agricul- 
ture,  but is also important  in industry. The Province of 
Jaén,  situated  in  the  Southeastern  Iberic  Peninsula 
(Fig. 1) has an area of more  than 400 O00 ha  occupied by 
this  crop and is the most important  producer of olive oil 
in Spain. 
Studies on nematodes associated with olives  were 
previously conducted by several authors (Diab & El- 
Eraki, 1968; Scognamiglio, Talamé & Giandomenico, 
1968; Lamberti, 1969, 1981; Scognamiglio, Talamé & 
d'Errico, 1971 ; Gallo & Jiménez, 1976; Fiume, 1978; , 
Inserra & Vovlas, 1981 ; Hashim, 1982,  1983). 
In Spain no monographic investigation about the 
subject  has ever been carried  out. There are, however, 
records from general sumeYs (Jacob, Berkum & G ~ ~ -  Fig. 1. Geographical distribution of the Soi1 SamPles collected. 
vara, 1959; Jiménez  Millan et  al,, 1965; Gomez Barcina, 
1966; Tobar Jiménez & Guevara Pozo, 1967;  Romero & 
Arias, 1969; Arias, 1975). 
of a catalogue of the plant-parasitic nematodes asso- 
ciated with olives in  the Province of Jaén. 
1985), autumn (0ct.-Nov., 1985) and winter (Jan.-Febr., 
Nematodes were extracted by a modified  Baermann 
funnel technique, fixed in FAA and  mounted  in anhy- 
drous glycerin according to  methods of Seinhorst (1959, 
1962). 
Material  and  m thods For  each  nemat de  speci s were calculated the relative 
abundance  (number of specimens of each species ex- 
A total of 129 soi1 samples were collected from 76 pressed like the percentage of total) and the frequency 
different localities (Fig. 1) and in four seasons of the (percentage of samples in which the species has been 
year : spring (Apr.-May, 1985), summer (July-Aug., found). 
Revue  Nénzatol. 13 (1) (1990) 113 
The fundamental aim of this study is the preparation 1986). 
R. Peiia-Santiago 
Results and discussion 
Out of total  number of nematodes  extracted, 39.1 per 
cent were plant-parasitic. This result is somewhat less 
than those  obtained in Italy by Scognamiglio, Talamé 
and d'Errico (1971), and  Fiume (1978), Who used  more 
efficient  methods (Fenwick flotation  modified by 
Oostenbrink and centrifugation, respectively) for the 
extraction of the plant-parasitic species. 
No important differencies in  the  spatial  distribution 
of the  nematode  species were found between  different 
localities of the Province. There are, on  the  other hand, 
interesting contrasts in seasonal distribution, certainly 
according to climatology of the region : high  population 
level in  autumn, low in summer  and intermediate, but 
relatively high, in winter and spring. 
3 976  specimens  belonging to  at least 43 plant-parasi- 
tic species of 30 different genera were mounted and 
classified. A list of these species together  with the values 
of their relative abundance  and  frequency is presented in 
Table 1. Out of the 43 species, 22 are new records in 
association with olives in the world and another ten 
species are new records in Spain. 
The predominant species is Helicotylenchus  digonicus. 
Moreover, the difference from others is great. This 
agrees  with the  finding of Hashim (1983) that H. 
digonicus is also the most  important species associated 
with dive  in Jordan. But  it constrasts  with the informa- 
tion  contributed by some  Italian  authors (Scognamiglio, 
Talamé & d'Errico, 1971; Fiume, 1978; Inserra & 
Vovlas, 1981) Who nqted that  the most  important  species 
in Italy are Rotylenchus sp. and Rotylenchulus macro- 
doratus. These genera have not  been found in the 
present  study. On  the other  hand,  according to litera- 
ture, H. digonicus is not associated with olives in Italy. 
In relation to  other  abundant species, such as species 
of the genera Merlinius,  Xiphinema,  Pratylenchus,  Filen- 
chus and others,  there is a  general  accordance  between 
the results of this  study  and  those of Hashim (1983) and 
Fiume (1978). 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
. .  
The author  thanks the Diputacion  Provincial  de  Jaén  which 
financially  supported  this  research  and  Mrs.  Debbie  Gowgill 
for help in translating the text to English. 
REFERENCES 
m s ,  M. (1975). Nuevas aportaciones al conocimiento del 
génera Xiphinema (Nematoda) y SU distribucion en 10s 
suelos  espafioles. An. Edafol. Agrobiol., 34 : 183-198. 
DIAB, K. A. & EL-ERAKI, S. (1968). Plant  parasitic  nematodes 
associated with olive  decline  in the United  Arab  Republic. 
Pl. Dis. Reptr, 52 : 150-154. 
FIUME, F. (1978). 1 generi  dei  nematodi  viventi  nella  rizosfera 
dell'olivo in Calabria. Informat. fitopat., 7 : 11-14. 
114 
Table 1 
List  of  plant-parasitic  nematodes  associated  with  olives 
in the  Province  of  Jaén,  Spain,  with  data  about 
relative  abundance (RA) and  frequency (F). 
~ 
Species RA F 
*Helicotylenchus digonicus 
Aphelenchus avenae 
*Merlinius brevidens 
**Filenchus  thornei 
* *Filenchus sandneri 
**Aprutides guidettii 
Xiphinema sp. 
*Tylenchorhynchus dubius 
Ditylenchus spp. 
**Zygotylenchus guevarai 
*Pratylenchus neglectus 
Aphelenchoides spp. 
Filenchus spp. 
*Boleodorus sp. 
**Paratylenchus baldacii 
**Paratylenchus microdorus 
**Coslenchus  lateralis 
*Coslenchus sp. 
**Basiria duplexa 
* Criconemella infonnis 
**Neopsilenchus magnidens 
Pratylenchus spp. 
*Psilenchus iranicus 
**Anzplimerlinius sp. 
Hoplolaiminae  ind. 
**Coslenchus  cancellatus 
*Filenchus discretus 
**Aglenchus agricola 
**Longidorus macrosoma 
Ogma rhombosquamata 
** Trichodorus  aequalis 
*Pratylenchus penetrans 
Criconemella  sphaerocephala 
**Tylenchus arcuatus 
**Xiphinema tzlrcicum 
Heteroderinae ind. 
**Paraphelenchus pseudoparietinus 
**Gracilacus sp. 
**CriConema annuliferum 
Criconemella sp. 
**Paratrophunls loofi 
**Ditylenchus anchiliposonzus 
**Seinura oxura 
26.38 
11.19 
10.36 
7.17 
5.31 
4.93 
4.00 
3.92 
3.19 
2.72 
2.52 
2.46 
2.21 
2.01 
1.61 
1.31 
0.91 
0.80 
0.79 
0.58 
0.58 
0.58 
0.58 
0.55 
0.53 
0.50 
0.40 
0.35 
0.35 
0.30 
0.20 
O. 15 
0.10 
0.10 
o. 10 
0.05 
0.05 
0.05 
0.03 
0.03 
0.03 
0.03 
0.03 
93.8 
92.0 
73.6 
68.2 
58.9 
45.0 
42.6 
24.8 
23.2 
16.3 
16.3 
37.3 
34.1 
16.3 
10.1 
13.2 
11.6 
10.9 
9.3 
10.1 
5.4 
4.7 
11.6 
4.7 
5.4 
7.0 
9.3 
5.4 
6.2 
2.3 
4.7 
0.8 
3.1 
3.1 
3.1 
1.6 
0.8 
0.8 
0.8 
0.8 
0.8 
0.8 
0.8 
M.B. : Species  marked ** are  new  records in association  with 
olives in the  world;  those  marked * are  new  records  for 
olive in Spain. 
REFERENCES 
GALLO, D. P. & J~&NEz, R. M. (1976). Nematofauna fitop-ma- 
sita  asociada al olivo (Oka  europea L.) en el  Valle  de  Azapa. 
Idesia, Chile, 4 : 105-109. 
Revue Neinatol. 13 (1) : 113-115 (1990) 
Notes  brèves 
GOMEZ  BARCINA, A. (1966). Especificidad y distribucibn geo- 
grhfica de  nenzatodos  fitoparcisitos de  la zona costera  de 
Mcilaga y Granada. Tesis  Doctoral,  Universidad  Complu- 
tense  de  Madrid,  291  p. 
HASHIM, Z. (1982).  Distribution,  pathogenicity  and  control  of 
nematodes  associated  with  olive. Revue Nématol., 5 : 
HASHIM, Z. (1983).  Plant-parasitic  nematodes  associated  with 
olive in Jordan. Nematol. medit., 11 : 27-32. 
INSERRA,  R.  N. & VOVLAS, N. (1981).  Indagine  sulla  distribu- 
zione geografica dei nematodi parassiti dell’olivo in Italia. 
Infonnat. fitopat., 31 : 117-119. 
JIMÉNEZ  MILLAN, F., ARIAS, M., BELLO, A. & LOPEZ PEDRE- 
GAL, J. (1965). catalogo de los nematodos fitoparasitos y 
perirradiculares encontrados en Espafia. Boln R. Soc. esp. 
Hist. nat. (Biol.), 63 : 47-104. 
LAMBERTI, F. (1969). Nematodi  parassiti  dell’olivo. Informat. 
fitopat., 31 : 93-96. 
LAMBERTI, F. (1981). 1 nematodi  dell’olivo  e  la  relativa  lotta. 
Infonnat. fitopat., 31 : 93-96. 
ROMERO, M. D. & ARIAS, M. (1969).  Nematodos  de  las  solana- 
ceas  cultivadas  en  la  zona  mediterranea  del  Sur de Espaiia. 
1.  Tylenchida. Boln R. Soc.  esp. Hist. nat. (Biol.), 67 : 
169-181. 
121-142. 
Accepté pour publication le 18  mai 1989. 
SCOGNAMIGLIO, A., TALAMÉ, M. & d’&RICO, P. (1971). In- 
dagine  sui  nematodi  viventi  nella  rizosfera  dell’olivo  (20  con- 
tributo). Boll. Lab.  Ent. agr. “Filippo Silvestri ”, 29 : 43-59. 
SCOGNAMIGLIO, A., TALAMÉ, M. & GIANDOMENICO, N. (1968). 
Indagine  sui  nematodi  viventi  nella  rizosfera  dell’olivo 
(Io contributo). Boll. Lab. Ent. agr. “Filippo Silvestri ’: 26 : 
205-226. 
SEINHORST,  J. W. (1959). A rapid  method  for the transfer of 
nematodes  from  fmative  to  anhydrous  glycerin. Nematolo- 
gica, 4 : 67-79. 
SEINHORST, J. W. (1962). On  the  killing, fiiation and  transfer- 
ring to glycerin  of  nematodes. Nematologica, 8 : 29-32. 
S’JACOB,  J.,  BERKUM, J. & GUEVARA, D. (1959). Tylenchorhyn- 
chus paruus (Nematoda)  hallada  por  vez  primera  en Europa 
en  muestras  de  suelo  de  Granada. Revta ibér.  Parasit., 19 : 
427-428. 
TOBAR JIMENEZ, A. & GUEVARA POZO, D. (1967). Estudio 
parasitologico  de  la  provincia  de  Granada.  Nematodos  del 
suelo  parasitos de vegetales.  1.  Poblaciones  parasitas  grana- 
dinas, su distribucion geografica cuantitativa y posible O 
conocida importancia economica. Revta ibér. Parasit., 27 : 
135-172. 
EFFECTS OF THE  NEMATODE PRATYLENCHUS F A L L A X  O N  ROOTS  OF  OILSEED RAPE 
(BRASSICA NAPUS VAR. OLEIFERA) 
Robin  M. WEBB 
Agricultural and Food  Research  Council, Institute of Arable Crops  Research, 
Entomology and Nematology  Department, Rothamsted Experimental Station, 
Havenden, Herts., AL5 2JQ, U.K. 
Pratylenchus fallax Seinhorst, 1968 is widespread in 
sandy arable soils throughout Europe. It was found 
associated with barley  (Corbett, 1970) and was present 
in large numbers in stunted maize from Berkshire, 
England, it also damaged the roots of wheat, barley and 
sugar  beet in in  vi tro tests  (Corbett, 1972).  Oilseed rape 
is often  used as a  break  crop  between cereal crops  and 
these  experiments were performed  to  determine  whether 
P. fallax from  a  cereal  crop  could  damage  a following 
crop of oilseed rape.  Therefore  this  study investigates 
the effect of infestation of P. fallax at two different 
inoculation  densities on oilseed rape cv. Bienvenu in in 
vitro monoxenic  culture. 
Materials  and methods 
Seeds of oilseed rape, Brassica napus var. oleifera cv. 
Bienvenu, were surface  sterilised  using 0.1 O/o mercuric 
chloride  solution and  then placed on White’s medium 
(Mountain, 1955) in sterile Petri dishes and  incubated  at 
22 OC. When  tap root  growth  measured  4  cm the seed 
was excised and discarded.  Cultures of P. fallax, derived 
from a  single  female  nematode, were grown on excised 
maize  roots and pieces of this  infested  root were used as 
inoculum (Olowe & Corbett, 1976). Three treatments 
with fifteen replicates of each were started : control 
plants  without  nematodes,  plants  inoculated  with 
670 nematodes (light inoculum), or 1 340 nematodes 
(heavy inoculum). Al1 plates were incubated  at  22 OC in 
dark  conditions.  Each  plate was examined  each  day for 
30 days and individual lesions were marked  and devel- 
opments  noted. A record of root  growth was obtained  by 
marking  the position of the  tip of each  infested  root on 
the Petri  dishes  each day. After  30 days each  plate was 
photocopied  against  a  white ground and an image 
obtained of the root system. The length  and number of 
tap  and lateral  roots were measured  from  these  photo- 
Revue  Nématol. 13 (1)  (1990) 115 


Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with olive (Olea europea L.) in the province of Jaen, Spain

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