Agostinelli, A.

Coiro, M.I.

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THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF JUVENILE  STAGES OF XTPHINEMA INDEX 
(NEMATODA : DORYLAIMIDA) ON VI77.S VTNIFERA 
Maria 1. COIRO and Augusta AGOSTINELU 
Istituto di Nematologia Agraria del CNR, Via G. Amendola  165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy. 
In southern Italy X. index reduces yields of Ficus 
carica L. by  its direct feeding  and  more  importantly the 
yields  of Vitis sp.  by grapevine fanleaf nepovirus  which 
it transmits. 
Brown and Coiro (1985) reported that female X. index 
from Israel, Italy and the United States of America 
survived on E carica for c. 64 weeks, had  a  reproductive 
span of c. 56 weeks and produced a total of c. 150 
progeny. It was estimated that 25 days  were required for 
each  egg  produced. However, Brown and Coiro (1985) 
did not determine the developmental requirements of 
the  four juvenile stages but Prota et al. (1 977) reported 
that  on E carica the life cycles of X. index from Sardinia 
and southern Italy were 17 and 8 weeks respectively. 
Furthermore, these authors  reported differences be- 
tween these two populations in  the time required for 
development of each of the juvenile  stages. 
With X. index from  the rhizosphere of E carica grow- 
ing in sandy loam soil at Brindisi, southern Italy we 
undertook a laboratory study to determine the develop- 
ment  time  on V; vinifera of the  four juvenile stages. The 
nematodes were extracted by a decanting and sieving 
method  (Brown & Boag, 1988) and, after identification, 
groups of these nematodes,  each of the same juvenile 
stage,  were hand-picked  into  a sterile Sand and loam soil 
mixture in a series of 25 cm3 Clay pots with drainage 
holes. A separate series of pots were used for each of the 
four juvenile stages. A seedling of V; vinifera cv. Mission 
was added  to each  pot and the pots placed in tempera- 
ture controlled cabinets, similar to that of Taylor and 
Brown (1974), at 23" f 1 "C with  supplementary light- 
ing  to provide  a  minimum day length of 16 h.  At  weekly 
intervals for each of 12 weeks from  the commencement 
of the experiment nematodes were extracted from a 
minimum of four  pots  for each of the initial develop- 
ment stages. The nematodes recovered were counted 
and  the development stages of each  specimen identified. 
The different  developmental stages used to  study  the 
subsequent development of the nematodes each gave 
similar results with the nematodes  requiring 10 weeks to 
complete  a  full  developmental  sequence (Fig. 1). Al1 of 
the J1 nematodes  developed to J2s within 1 week  (Fig. 
1 A), al1 J2s developed to J3s within two weeks  (Fig. 1 A, 
B), al1 J3s developed to J4s within 3 to 4 weeks (Fig. 1, 
A,  B, C), al1 J4s developed to females  within 4 to 5 weeks 
(Fig. 1, A,  B, C, D) females  began to  produce eggs after 
2 weeks (Fig. 1 A) or 3 weeks  (Fig. 1 B, C, D) and Jls 
Revue Nématol. 14 (1) : 181-182  (1991) 
developing  from eggs were observed  after a further 2 
(Fig. 1 A) to 3 weeks  (Fig. B, C, D). The minimum  times 
required for each stage to develop to the subsequent 
stage were J1 to J2, one week; J2 to J3, one week; J3 to 
J4, two weeks; 54 to female, two weeks and female to 
gravid female, two weeks. 
The times  required for development of X. index on E 
carica of female to gravid female, eggs from gravid 
females to Jls, Jls to J ~ s ,  J2s to J~s, J3s to J4s and J4s 
to females for nematodes from Sardinia  and from  south- 
ern Italy were 3, 1, 2, 2, 6 and 3 weeks and 3, 1, 1, 1, 1 
and 1 weeks  respectively (Prota e t  al., 1977). Accepting 
that E carica is a better  host  for X. index than C: vinifera 
(Coiro & Brown, 1984; Brown & Coiro, 198% Our 
results are in agreement  with  those of Prota e t  al. (1977) 
for their population from southern Italy. Brown and 
Coiro (1985) estimated that  on V: vinifera host  plant a 
female X. index could produce an egg every 48 days 
above a minimum daily threshold  temperature of 10 OC. 
From field observations, Coiro, Taylor and Lamberti 
(1987) suggested that the minimum daily threshold 
temperature  required by X. index in  southern Italy was 
15 "C but Coiro and Agostinelli (unpubl.)  in  a l boratory 
experiment recorded some reproduction by X. index 
from  southern Italy at 13 "C. The  minimum tempera- 
ture requirements for development of each juvenile 
stage of X. index above a minimum daily threshold 
temperature of 15 OC can  be tentatively estimated  here as 
being J1, 56 day. "C; J2,  54 day.  "C; J3, 56 day. O C ;  J4, 
112 day. O C ;  female to gravid female, 112 day. "C and 
egg to J1, 168 day. OC. Knowledge of these values may 
be  useful when  developing  cropping  systems or deter- 
mining  the  timing of chemical applications for control- 
ling the nematodes and  the virus diseases which they 
transmit. 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
This study  was  supported  by  the  Consiglio  Nazionale  della 
Ricerche,  Italy  and  the  British  Council,  Great  Britain  as  part 
of a Bilateral Agreement. We thank Dr D. J. F. Brown for 
helpful  discussions. 
REFERENCES 
BROWN, D. J. F., & BOAG, B. (1988). An examination of 
methods used to extract virus-vector nematodes (Nema- 
'toda : Longidoridae  and  Trichodoridae)  from  soil  samples. 
Nematol. medit., 16 : 93-99. 
181 
M. I. Coiro & A. Agostinelli 
CI 
C 
al 
E 
- O 
a, > eggs eggs 
n a, ? -  
4 -  
3 -  
2 '  
1 -  
- 
B D 
1 
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2  
Weeks 
Fig.  1. The times  required  for  the  development of  juvenile and  adult Xiphinema  index on Vitis vinifera. A : First  stage;  B : Second 
stage; C : Third  stage; D : Fourth  stage. 
BROWN, D. J. F. & COIRO, M. 1. (1985). The reproductive 
capacity and longevity of Xiphinema index (Nematoda : 
Dorylaimida)  from  three  populations  on  selected  host 
plants. Revue Ntfmatol., 8 : 171-173. 
COIRO, M. 1. & BROWN, D. J. F. (1984). The status of some 
plants as hosts for four populations of Xiphinema index 
(Nematoda : Dorylaimida). Revue Nematol., 7 : 283-286. 
COIRO, M. I., TAYLOR, C. E. & LAMBERTI, F. (1987). POPU- 
lation  changes  of Xiphinema  index in relation to host 
plant, soi1 type  and  temperature in southern  Italy. Nematol. 
medit., 15 : 173-181. 
PROTA, U., BLEVE-ZACHEO, T. GARAU, R. & LAMBERTI, F. 
(1977).  Studies  on  the  life  cycle  of Xiphinema index. 
Nematol. medit., 5 : 299-303. 
TAYLOR, C. E. & BROWN, D. J. F. (1974). An adaptable 
temperature  control  cabinet. Nematol. medit., 2 : 171-175. 
Accepté  pour  publication le 6 février 1990. 
182 Revue  Nématol. 14 (1) : 181-182  (1991) 


The development of juvenile stages of Xiphinema index (Nematoda : Dorylaimida) on Vitis vinifera

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