#Afenestrata axonopi$ n. sp. parasite #Axonopus marginatus$ (#Poaceae$), une graminée pérenne, indigène du Brésil. Cette nouvelle espèce, proche d'#A. sacchari$ Kaushal & Swarup, 1988 et d'#A. koreana$ Vovlas, Lamberti & Choo, 1992, est caractérisée par la grande distance vulve-anus, la vulve fermée, la fente vulvaire légèrement encaissée, des rides dorso-ventrales sur le cône vulvaire, l'absence de sous-pont et par la présence de certains kystes à cuticule amincie au niveau du cône. Les juvéniles de deuxième stade présentent deux anneaux céphaliques et un champ latéral ponctué comportant trois incisures. (Résumé d'auteur

Souza, R.M.

Name not available

Afenestrata axonopi n. sp. (Nemata : Heteroderidae) from Brazil

Horizon / Pleins textes

Fundam. appl. Nematol., 1996,19 (1),35-42
Afenestrata axonopi ll. sp.
(Nemata Heteroderidae) from Brazil
Ricardo M. SOUZA**
Depmtamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade de Brasilia, ct'P 70.919-970,
Brasilia (DF), Brazil.
Accepted for publication 15 December 1994.
Summary - AfeneslTala axorwpi n. sp. is a parasite ofAxonopus marginatus (Poaceae), a perennial grass native to Brazil. This new
species is close to A. sacchari Kaushal & Swarup, 1988 and A. koreana Vovlas, Lamberti & Choo, 1992, and is characterized by large
vulva-anus distance, vulvallips close together, vulval slit slighùy sunken, vulval cone terminus with dorsal-ventral wrinkles, absence
ofunderbridge, and ocurrence of variant cysts with thin cuticle at the cone terminus. Second-stage juveniles have two lip annuli and
three lateral incisures with dots.
Résumé - Afenestrata axonopi n. sp. (Nernata : Heteroderidae) provenant du Brésil- AfenestTala axonopi n. sp. parasite
Axonopus marginaLUs (Poaceae), une graminée pérenne, indigène du Brésil. Cette nouveUe espèce, proche d'A. sacchan' Kaushal &
Swarup, 1988 et d'A. koreana Vovlas, Lamberti & Choo, 1992, est caractérisée par la grande distance vulve-anus, la vulve fermée, la
fente vulvaire légèrement encaissée, des rides dorso-ventrales sur le cône vulvaire, l'absence de sous-pont et par la présence de
certains kystes à cuticule amincie au niveau du cône. Les juvéniles de deuxième stade présentent deux anneaux céphaliques et un
champ latéral ponctué comportant trois incisures.
Key-words: AfeneSlTala, Heteroderinae, taxonomy.
While surveying native cerrado (savanna) for cricone-
matids, the author found an heteroderid parasitizing
Axonopus marginaws (Trinius) Chase, 1913 (Poaceae),
a native perennial grass. Repeated samplings and further
studies led to the description of a new species of Afen-
estrata Baldwin & Bell, 1985.
Females were obtained by root dissection, and cysts
by the flotation-sedimentation-sieving techniques
(Flegg & Hooper, 1970). Second-stage juveniles 02)
were obtained by hatching eggs from several females.
For optical microscopy, the nematodes were flxed with
Golden's solution (Hooper, 1970) and mounted in glyc-
erine according to Seinhorst (1959). For scanning elec-
tron microscopy, specimens in glycerine were directly
coated with gold (Sher & Bell, 1975), and observed with
a JEOL JSM 840 A at 5 kV.
Afenestrata axonopi* n. sp.
(Figs 1-3)
MEASUREMENTS
See Table 1.
DESCRIPTION
Females: Body white to tan, predominantly (90 %)
lemon shaped to subspherical, others ovoid or irregular.
Neck elongate (n =23) 118 ± 30.9 (84-216) f.Lm long,
laterally projected and sometimes with assymetrical ex-
pansions. Neck cuticle not tanned, thin (maximum
thickness, 6 f.Lm), often breaking during root dissection.
Cuticle thick in the dilated body, 7-13 f.Lm in young
females and 12-20 f.Lm in mature females and cysts. An-
terior part of the neck smooth or annulated, posterior
part with transverse tubercles. Dilated body with lace-
like pattern, with deeper grooves in the " shoulder " and
vulval regions. At the vulval cone tenninus the trans-
verse ridges and grooves are modified into dorsal-ven-
tral wrinkles. Subsurface punctations are not visible in
recently molted females, whereas they are refringent in
young females, and dark in mature females and cysts.
Punctations do not occur at the cone terminus, but fine
subsurface transversal lines are present in this region.
Labial disc elevated, square, with raised ring in the cen-
ter. Lips fused forrning an irregular cephalic plate. Am-
phid openings visible. Stylet straight or with slightly bent
conus, with round backward sloping knobs. Procorpus
buiky, with constriction at junction with metacorpus.
Metacorpus ellipsoidal to subspherical, located at shoul-
* From the host generic name AxorlOpus.
** Present address .. Deparlmenl of Nematology, University of Califomia, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
ISSN 1164-5571196/01 S 4.00/ © Gauthier-Villars - ORSTOM 35
R. M. de Souza
Table 1. MorplwmelrUal charaClers of Afenesrrata axonopi n. sp. (all measurements in fJ.m).
Charaeter Female Cyst Juvenile Holotype
n X±SE n X±SE n X±SE
(nùTI-max) (min-max) (min-max)
L 42 384 ± 18.2
(340-415)
L. di!at. portion 23 500 ± 70.7 31 558 ± 73.7 545
(371-656) (408-703)
Width 23 394±51.1 31 459 ± 71.7 41 18.3 ± 1 419
(304-523) (352-608) (16.2-20.4)
a 23 1.3 ± 0.2 31 1.2 ± 0.1 41 21.1 ± 1.1 1.3
(1.1-1.6) (1-1.5) (19.5-24.7)
Stylet 20 23.4 ± 1.3 37 21.6 ± 0.4 24.8
(21-26.7) (20.6-22.5)
Stylet conus 15 11.7 ± 1.2 33 9.9 ± 0.6 12.9
(9.7-14.8) (8.8-11.2)
Stylet shaft 14 8.9 ± 1.1 37 9.3 ± 0.5 8.9
(7.2-10.8) (8.1-10.3)
M% 15 50.5 ± 2.9 33 45.5 ± 2.2 52.1
(45.8-55.4) (42.1-51.4)
Knobs (height) 20 2.8 ± 0.5 41 2.6 ± 0.2 3
(2-3.5) (2-2.9)
Knobs (width) 20 4.8 ± 0.6 41 5 ±0.2 4.9
(4-6) (4.7-5.5)
DGO 20 5.7 ± 1.1 37 5.2 ±·0.6 5.6
(4.2-7.5) (3.7-6.6)
0% 20 24.4 ± 4.5 35 24 ± 2.5 22.6
(17.9-32.6) (20.9-30.3)
Metacorpus Oength) Il 27.4 ± 3.8 41 13 ± 1 25
(23-35) (10.8-14.9)
Metacorpus (width) Il 22± 2.3 41 9.2±0.7 23.3
(18.3-27) (7.8-10.8)
Hemizonid-ant. end 40 82.6 ± 3.8
(72.5-90.2)
E;..;c. pore-ant. end Il 135 ± 22 39 85.4 ± 3.8
(105-170) (75.9-93.1)
Exc. pore % 39 22.3 ± 1.1
(19.5-25.4)
Vulva-anus distance 42 88.1 ± Il 81
Oateral view) (70-115)
Vulval slit length 33 47.3± 3.8
(40.2-55.2)
Tai! 38 54 ± 3.8
(43.4-60.8)
c 38 7.1±0.5
(6.3-9.3)
c' 38 4.6 ± 0.3
(3.8-5.6)
Hyaline region 39 34.1 ± 3
(29.2-42.4)
Hyaline region % 38 63.4 ± 4.3
(55.3-73.5)
36 Fundam. appl. NemaLOI.
Afenestrata axonopi n. sp.
A,E 50~m
G, H 10 IJ.m
Fig. 1. Afenestrata axonopi n. sp. Female. A : Anterior region,' B, E : CUlicle pallern al lhe vulval cone,' C : Vulval cane shapes - CYSI:
D ; Shapes - J2 : F: En faœ pallern; G : Posten'or region; H : Anlen'or region.
Vol. 19, n° 1 - 1996 37
R. M. de Souza
Fig. 2. Afenestrata axonopi n. sp. Female : A. Fema/e on TOot suiface of host; B, C : Anterior region; E : En face pattern; F, G : Cutiele
patterns; H : Whole body- Cyst: D : Who/e body- J2 : l : Enface pattern;J : Lip region; K : Latem/fields. (Bar equivalenr: A = 100 IJ.ffi;
B =21J.ffi; C, F =SlJ.rn; D, H =220 IJ.rn; E, I,J =1 IJ.rn; G =10 IJ.rn; K =2.SlJ.rn.).
38 Fundam. appl. Nematol.
Afenestrata axonopi n. sp.
- -
Fig. 3. Menestrata axonopi n. sp. Vulval region. Mature Jemale : A, B : LaLeral view; C : Prolraclor muscles; D : CUlicle palLem al cane
lenninus; E : Subsll1face punewlions - CYSI : F : Variant cone with Ihin cU/icle al cone lenninus; G : End-on view benealh cone lenninus; H,
1: Variant ruplUred vulval cones. (Bar equivalent: A, 1 =10 ~m; B, C, F-H =5 ~m; D =3 ~m; E =2 ~m.)
Vol. 19, n° 1 - 1996 39
R. M. de Souza
der level. Oesophageal glands (n = 6) 36 ± 6.5 (27-
42) f.Lm long and 18.4 ± 5.3 (12-30) f.Lm wide. Vulval
cone present (n = 34) 55.8 ± 10.9 (36-78) f.Lm high and
143 ± 18.3 (110-192) f.Lm wide at the base, predom-
inantly (75 %) with round, narrow terminus, the rest
with flat or wide terminus. Vulva terminal. Vulval lips
close together, not widely separated. Vulval slit slightly
sunken. Ten to twelve vulval protractor muscles dis-
tinct. Phasmids not observed. Extruded gelatinous ma-
trix containing a few eggs in sorne females. Subcrystal-
line layer present.
CYSIS: Light to dark bro\vn, predominantly (90 %)
lemon shaped to spherical, the rest ovoid or irregular.
Bullae and underbridge absent. Vulval cone without
fenestration, its cuticle typically thickened and relatively
littJe tanned. In 13 of the 134 females and cysts observed
the cuticle was thin at the cone terminus, irregularly
tom, and sometines the vulval bridge or the entire vulval
cone was lost. Two hundred twenty-six (120-370) eggs
per cyst, 99.6 f.Lm long, 38.4 f.Lm wide.
Juveniles: Body ventrally curved after fixation. Ce-
phalic region offset (n = 38) 4 ± 0.4 (3.2-4.9) j.l.m high
and 9.8 ± 0.5 (8.8-10.5) f.Lm wide, with two annuli lack-
ing anastomoses. Enface pattern with labial disc fused to
submedian lips; adjacent submedian lips fused with
each other and, with few exceptions, partially fused with
second head annulus. Anterior cephalids located at the
7th to 9th body annulus, and posterior cephalids located
three to four annuli more posterior. Stylet robust,
straight, knobs large with fiat anterior surface. Meta-
corpus ellipsoidal, at (n =39) 55 ± 2.2 (51-60) f.Lm
from anterior end. Oesophagea1 glands fùJing body cav-
ity, terminating at (n = 37) 181 ± 8.5 (157-195) f.Lm
from anterior end. Hemizonid lens-like, one and a half
annuli long, just anterior to the excretory pore and
twelve to fourteen annuli anterior to the hemizonion.
Genital primordium at (n =30) 209 ± 11.7 (181-
241) f.Lm from anterior end. Tail tapering. Phasmids
pore-like, five annuli posterior to anus. Lateral field with
three areolated incisures with dots.
Males: Unknown.
DlAGNOSIS AND RELATIONSHIPS
The distinguishing characters of A. axonopi n. sp. are
the large vulva-anus distance, the closed together and
dorsal-ventrally wrinkled vulval lips, and the slightly
sunken vulval slit.
A. axonopi n. sp. is close to A. sacchari Kaushal &
Swarup, 1988 and A. koreana Vovlas, Lamberti & Choo,
1992. A. axonopi n. sp. can be distinguished from A. sac-
chan' by the underbridge (absent vs present), the posi-
tion of vulvallips (close together vs widely separated),
the degree of sunking of the vulval slit (slight vs deep),
by the shorter DGO (5.2 ± 0.6 vs about 8 f.Lm) in fe-
males, and the number oflip annuli (2 vs 3-4) and lareral
incisures (3 vs 4) in J2. A. axonopi n. sp. can be dis-
40
tinguished from A. koreana by the larger vu/va-anus dis-
tance (88.1 ± Il vs 63 f.Lm), the cuticle pattern at the
vulval cone terminus (dorsal-ventrally wrinkled vs ru-
bercu1ated), the vulval cone dimensions (55.8 ±
10.9 high x 143 ± 18.3 wide vs 113 ± 12.2 x 73 ±
10.4 f.Lm), and the larger stylet in females (23.4 ± 1.3 vs
16.8 f.Lm, from authors' drawing) and in J2 (21.6 ±
OAvs 18± 1.5 f.Lm).
TYPE HOST AND LOCALITY
Roots and rhizosphere of Axonopus marginatus (Tri-
nius) Chase, 1913 (Poaceae), alongside Estrurural high-
way, Km 1, Brasilia, Brazil.
TYPE SPECIMENS
Holotype female and paratypes were deposited in the
Nematode Collection of Departamento de Fitopatolo-
gia, Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia (DF), Brazil. Two
groups of five female paratypes and ten J2 paratypes
were each deposited at Muséum National d'Histoire
Narurelle, Paris, France, and Department of Nematol-
ogy, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
Afenestrata Baldwin & Bell, 1985
= Afrodera Wouts, 1985
DIAGNOSIS AMENDED
Heteroderinae. Female: Cyst stage present. Body
lemon shaped, sub spherical or spherical, with project-
ing neck. Cuticle thick with superficiallace-like pattern
in dilated body. D-Iayer absent. Vulval cone present.
Vulva terminal, vulvallips close together or widely sepa-
rated, vulva slit slightly or deeply sunken. Fenestration
and bullae absent. Underbridge present or absent.
Male: Body twisted posteriorly. Three or four lateral
incisures. Spicules straight. Cloacal rubus present. No
tail. No phasmids. Juvenile: Stylet less than 30 f.Lm.
Three or four lateral incisures. Oesophageal glands fill-
ing body cavity. Phasmids punctiform.
TYPE SPECIES
A. africana (Luc, Germani & Netscher, 1973) Bald-
win & Bell, 1985
=Sarisodera africana Luc, Germani & Netscher, 1973
=Afrodera ajricana (Luc, Germani & Netscher, 1973)
Wouts, 1983
OTHER SPECIES
A. sacchari Kaushal & Swarup, 1988
A. koreana Vovlas, Lamberti & Choo, 1992
A. axonopi n. sp.
Discussion
The characters listed in Table 2 distinguish Afeneslra-
la species from the closed re1ated Brevicephalodera bam-
boosz' Kaushal & Swarup, 1988, type and onJy species of
Fundam. appl. NemalOl.
Afenestrata axonopi n. sp.
Table 2. Main charaaers of Afenestrata species and Brevicephalodera bamboosi Kaushal & Swarup, 1988.
Character A. africana A. sacchari A. koreana A. axorwpi B. bamboosi
FEMALE
Stylet 25-27 26 (23-30) 16.8 (A) 23.4 ± 1.3 23.8 (21-28)
Vulval cone present present present present absent
Vulvallips widely widely close close widely
separated separated together tohether separated
Vulval sunken deep deep slight slight slight
Vulval slit ( IJ.m) 64 (62-68) NO DATA 49 (42-56) 47.3 ± 3.8 55
Vulva-anus dist. (j.UTI) 68 (49-83) 77 63 88.1 ± 11 NO DATA
Underbridge absent present absent absent absent
Cuticle pattern at
vulval cone terminus T (8) 1 (B) TU (B) DV (B) NO DATA
JUVENILE
Stylet ( IJ.m) 21 (19-22.5) 24.8 (22-29) 18 ± 1.5 21.6±0.4 20 (19-23)
Lip annuli 2 3-4 2 2 2-3
Incisures 4 4 3 3 3
En face pattern labial disc fused NO labial disc fused labial disc fused NO
to subm. lips DATA to subm. tips to subm. lips DATA
MALE
Stylet 26.5 (24.5-28) 26 (23-28) UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 25 (24-28)
Lip annuli 4-5 3-4 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 2-3
Spicules ( IJ.m) 40 (38-44) 36 (30-44) UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 35 (31-39)
Cloacal tubus present present UNKNOWN UNKNOWN absent
(A) from drawing of Vovlas el al. (1992).
(8) aansversal (n, irregular (1), dorsal-venaal (DY) wrinkles or rubercles (TU).
the genus. Although a detailed redescription of B. bam-
boosi is needed, its distinction frorn AJeneslrata is doubt-
fu!. The profùe of the vulval region of Brevicephalodera
was tentatively defined without vulval cone, whereas it is
present in AJeneslrala, a variation similar ta that reported
among species in Helerodera A. Schmidt, 1871 (Golden,
1986) and Atalodera Wouts & Sher, 1971 sensu Souza &
Huang (1994). Furthermore the variation in the cyst
shape - from globose to kidney-shaped - do not really
distinguish Brevicephalodera from AJeneslrata, since such
a level of variation is reported in VerulUS Esser, 1981,
PunclOdera Mulvey & Stone, 1976 and Globodera Skar-
bilovich, 1959 (Golden, 1986; Luc el al., 1988).
Acknowledgements
The author is grareful to Claudia M. Dolinski, Universidade
de Brasilia, Brazil, and to Dr. J. G. Baldwin, University of
California, Riverside, USA, for their critical review of the
manuscript, and to Dr. M. Luc, Muséum National d'Histoire
Naturelle, Paris, France, for providing literature.
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Afenestrata axonopi n. sp. (Nemata : Heteroderidae) from Brazil

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