Mix or influence of vegetation signal on soil information decrease the performance of soil identification and mapping. This paper describes a simple transformation to eliminate the mix or influence of vegetation reflectance on soil reflectance, and to enhance the soil information.
The usefulness of the transformation were investigated and shown by the channel selection based upon the statistical distance between soil classes and by multispectral pattern recognition. The simple transformation was considered to sensitive to the degree of the soil organic matter contents

Asanuma, Ichio

Emori, Yasufumi

Fukuhara, Michikazu

Hayashi, Shigechika

Iisaka, Joji

Yasuda, Yoshizumi

English

Purdue E-Pubs

Purdue UniversityPurdue e-PubsLARS Symposia Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing1-1-1979Extraction of Soil Information from Vegetated AreaMichikazu FukuharaShigechika HayashiYoshizumi YasudaIchio AsanumaYasufumi EmoriSee next page for additional authorsFollow this and additional works at: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/lars_sympThis document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact epubs@purdue.edu foradditional information.Fukuhara, Michikazu; Hayashi, Shigechika; Yasuda, Yoshizumi; Asanuma, Ichio; Emori, Yasufumi; and Iisaka, Joji, "Extraction of SoilInformation from Vegetated Area" (1979). LARS Symposia. Paper 277.http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/lars_symp/277AuthorsMichikazu Fukuhara, Shigechika Hayashi, Yoshizumi Yasuda, Ichio Asanuma, Yasufumi Emori, and Joji IisakaThis is available at Purdue e-Pubs: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/lars_symp/277Reprinted from Symposium on Machine Processing of Remotely Sensed Data  June 27 - 29, 1979  The Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing  Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana  47907  USA  IEEE Catalog No. 79CH1430-8 MPRSD  Copyright © 1979 IEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.  Copyright © 2004 IEEE.  This material is provided with permission of the IEEE.  Such permission of the IEEE does not in any way imply IEEE endorsement of any of the products or services of the Purdue Research Foundation/University. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted.  However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from the IEEE by writing to pubs-permissions@ieee.org.  By choosing to view this document, you agree to all provisions of the copyright laws protecting it.  EXTRACTION OF SOIL INFORMATION FROM VEGETATED AREA MICHIKAZU FUKUHARA J SHIGECHIKA HAYASHI J Hokkaido National Agricultural Experimental Station YOSHIZUMI YASUDA J ICHIO ASANUMA J YASUFUMI EMORI Institute of Color Technology/Chiba University JOJ I I I SAKA Scientific Center/IBM Japan ABSTRACT Mix or influence of vegetation signal on soil information decrease the performance of soil identification and mapping. This paper describes a simple transformation to eliminate the mix or influence of vegetation reflectance on s011 reflectance, and to enhance the soil information. The usefulness of the transformation were investigated and shown by the channel selection based upon the statistical distance between soil classes and by multi-spectral pattern recognition. The simple transformation was considered to sensitive to the degree of the soil organic matter contents. I. INTRODUCTION On the application of remote sensing technique for identification and mapping of soil condition, there is a limitation that, in an area to be surveyed, only a portion of the soil exposed to aerial view. To maximize bare soil areas, it is necessary to collect the remotely sensed data in the spring,prior to substantial crop growth. Even then, there will be areas of perennial vegetation, winter crops, or cultural development for which no direct soil information will be obtain-able from the remotely sensed data. In order to extract soil information fr~m the ~e?etated area and to analyze s011 cond1t10n, the ,interaction of the vegetation reflectance . on the soil reflectance should be eliminated. This paper describe a simple new ratio trans-formation technique to eliminate the influence of vegetation reflectance on the soil reflectance. The usefulness of the transformation on soil mapping is demonstrated. II. THEORY Variations of spectral characteristics due to vegetation growth change, vegetation cover change, and soil condition change can be two-dimentionally expressed by a relationship between red, R, and infra red, IR, spectral bands. A IR/R reflectance ratio is sensitive to vegetation growth, biomass, and vegeta-tion cover. The IR/R ratio, also, tends to normalize tae effects of varying soil type, contents of soil organic matter, and soil moisture.~ A more important feature is that, according to increaseing of vegetation cover, the co-ordinate of each soil reaches to a co-ordinate of 100 percent vegetation cover:point P (x=PR, y-PIR), as shown in Fig. 1.2 PR and PIR are red and near infrared reflectances of the vegeta-tion, respectively. Red and near infrared relfectances, Rand IR, of mixed area of s?il and vegetation are approximately g1ven as followsJ R = c PR + (1 - c) SR ------ (1) IR ... c PIR + n - c) SIR (2) where, SR and SIR is red and near infrared reflectances of the soil respectively and c is vegetation cover. By eliminati~n of c from the equations (1) and (2), following equation are derived, R - SR IR - SIR = PR - SIR PIR - SIR ----- (3) Let point P (PR, PIR) be the origin. Then, the equation (3) is rearranged as followsJ k ... (PIR - IR) / (R - PR) = (PIR - SIR) / (SR - PR) --(4) 242 1979 Machine Processing of Remotely Sensed Data Symposium CH1430-8179/0000-0242$OO.75 © 1979 IEEE (PIR - SIR)/(SR - PR) is constant f~r each soil type. Therefore,k can be.cons~­dered to be an indicator of each so~l type. III. PROCEDURES A. STUDEY AREA and LANDAST DATA A test area for this investigation was selected in Tokachi district, Hokkaido (Figure 2). In early June, suga: beets, potatoes, cornsl, soybeans, azuk~ beans, winter wheat and grass are in the agri-cultural fields. The coverage of the grass was 100 percents and that of the winter wheat was 50 - 70 percents. The coverage of the other crops were 0 - 30 percents. Most of agricultural fields in the area are covered with volcanic ash. The wet soil contains more soil organic matter. The following soils are included in the test area; Black an do soil with above 15 percents organic matter (WV1) Black ando soil wi th 10 - 15 percents organic matter (WV2) Brown ando soil with 5 - 10 percents organic matter (DV) Brown alluvial soil with 0 - 5 percents organic matter (AL) Black ando soil is poorly drained type and has black surface soil and impermeable sub-soil. Brown ando soil is well drained type and has dark-brown surface soil and brownish-yellow sub-soil. The other classes in the test area are grassland, pastures, marsh lands, needle-leaved forest, broad-leaved forest, sand,urban and water. Multispectral data were collected over the study area by Landsat 2 MSS on June 11th, 1975. The MSS data had 4 spectral bands. B. RATIO TRANSFORMATION and SOIL MAPPING Trainning fields and classes were initially selected. The fields and the classes were refined by c1astering. The statistical characteristics for each class were obtained. Figure 3 shows two dimentional plots of CCT counts of red and near-infrared bands (Landsat bands 4 and 7) for main classes. A broken line in the figure shows a loci of the bare sOils. The co-ordinate of the point P was determined by a co-ordinates of a grass field which was 100 percents vegetation cover and had the highest CCT counts in band:7 and the lowest CCT counts in band 5. The co-ordinates of the point P (PR,PIR) was x=10 and y=53 for this study. Then, the new ratio transformation of equation (4), (53 - band 7)/(band 5 - 10), was computed from Landsat CCT. Additionally, three of ratio Channels were also computed. The aGditiona1 ratio channels were selected based upon our previous study.3 Table 1 shows B channels of a new work CCT. The channels 1,2,3 and 4 of the work CCT correspond to the Landsat bands 4,5,6, and 7 respectively. The channel 5 of the work CCT" is the new transformed channel the equation (4) for enhancing ~oi1 types an~ conditions. The channel 6 ~s for enhanc~ng vegetated area. The channel 7 corresponds approximately to the se1ecied ratio, (V/IR), for mapping soil features. The best subset of 4 channels were determined with the theory of a statistical distance. 5 This sllows the assignment of priorities according to the need to correctly distinguish the soil types. Finna11y, a soil map was genetated by using computer-implemented pattern recog-nition technique, i.e.,supervised. 6 The computed soil map was evaluated with respect to their correspondence to conventional soil survey map. IV. RESULTS & DISCUSSION A. EFFECTS OF k ON SOIL ANALYSYS A conventional soil survey map of tge test area prepared by ground observation is shown in Figure 4. Figure 5-a is the photographic image of the channel 5 of the work CCT, i.e., the new simple ratio transformation for enhancing soil feature. Figure 5-b is the photographic image of the channel 6 for enhancing vegetated area and vegetation cover. Figure 5-c is the photographic image of the channel 7 for mapping soil feature. In this image, the bare soil field were classified with some dependability. But, the agricultural fields of corn and beet with low vegetation cover as 10 - 30 percents were not successfully identified. The k values due to equation (4) de-crease both with increasing of soil organic matter contents,and with increasing of soil moisture contents. The Landsat data used in this study were collected 6 days later from a rainfall of 40 mm. 1979 Machine Processing of Remotely Sensed Data Symposium 243 At the time of the data collection by Land-sat 2, the soil surfaces were dried enQugh. so, there is highly significant correlation between soil organic matter contents and the CCT counts of the channel 5 as shown in Figure 6. Consequently, the photographic image of Figure 5-a agreed with a conventional soil map of Figure 4 in regard to agricul-tural field except the fields of grass land and pasture that are high vegetation cover over 70 percent. A problem in using k, for soil mapping is that some classes such as water, forest, pasture, grassland and concreate cannot separate from the soil. Some soils have the same k value as water area and some water area have the same k value as a soil class. So, the k cannot solely be used for ~oil mapping. It is necessary for the mapp1ng to use some other channels to extr~ct the area of water, forest and field of h1gh vegetation cover. B. BEST CHANNEL COMBINATION FOR SOIL ANALYSIS As the new ratio transformation by equation (4) decreases classification performances of water, forest and urban etc., the ratio should be used with combination of another channels. The best subset of four channels from the eight channels On the work CCT was determined due to the statistical distance among classes. Best twenty subsets of four channels for soil mapping were obtained on the basis of the minimum pairwise separation as shown in Table 2. When Landsat original bands ( channels 1,2,3 and 4 in Table 2) were used for soil mapping, average separation was 1,738, but minimum pairwise separation was 335. This lower separability was between Brown alluvial soil (AL) and Brown ando soil (DV). This means that un-preprocessed original Landsat bands are not enough for soil mapping. The best subset of four channel combi-nation for soil mapping was channels 2,4,5 and 6 on the work CCT. By using the new ratio transformation ,channel 5, for soil' enhancement and a ratiO, channel 6, related to vegetation enhancement, the lower separa-bilities between Brown alluvial soil (AL) and Brown ando soil (DV), and between Black ando soil with very rich humus (WV-l) and Black an do soil with rich humus (WV-2) are improved. In the best subset (Table 2), value of minimum pairwise separation was 1,901 and average separation was 1,997. All subsets in Table 2 contain channelS. This means an usefullness of the new simple ratio transformation for soil analysis. Channels 2 and 4 on the work CCT are Landsat bands 5 and 7, respectively, as shown in Table 1. Channels 5 and 6 are transformed from the Landsat bands 5 and 7. This shows a capability of soil mapping with data of red spectral band and near infra-red band and their transformations. C. SOIL MAPPING Soil maps were computed by using LARSYS installed in TOKYO. Figure 7 shows a computer classified soil map of study area. There is reasonable good agreement between the soil survey map and computer generated map. In the soil map in Figure 7, soil~ were mainely classified in regard to soil organic matter contents. Agricul-tural fields which had 0 - 50 percent vegetation cover were successfully class-fied into correct soil classes. A half of wheat fields of 50 - 70 per-cents vegetation cover were classified into the correct soil classes. But, remaining half of wheat field were ctassi-fied into another class of marsh. The vegetation cover of about 60 percents is considered to be a limitation of the new ratio transformation for soil mapping. Table 3 shows performance of training fields. 68.3 percents of average perform-ance by soil classes was obtained. Table 4 shows, as a reference, performance of training fields when channels 1,2,3 and 4 were used for soil mapping. The average performance by soil classes was 56.1 per-cents. V. CONCLUSIONS In order to extract soil information from a vegetated area and to analyze soil condition, influence of vegetation reflectance on soil reflectance should be eliminated. For this purpose, a simple ratio transformation, k=(PIR-band7)/(band 5-PR), were theoretically derived, where PR and PIR were derived from a co-ordinate of 100 percents vegetation cover. PR and PIR were 10 and 53, respectively, for this study. The k is considered to sensitive especially to degrees of soil organiC matter contents. A problem in using k for soil mapping is that classes of water, forest, grass and urban etc. had the same value of k as soil classes. Therefore, the soil classes and the other classes cannot be distinguished by k values only. For soil mapping, the channels of the k 1979 Machine Processing of Remotely Sensed Data Symposium 244 must be used with combination of another channels. The best subset of four channels was channels 2 (Landsat 5),4 (Landsat 7), 5 (the new transformation), and 6 (Landsat (7-5)/(7+5» on work CCT. By using those four channels, agricultural fields which had 0 - 50 percents vegetation cover were successifully classified into the correct soil classes. REFERENCES 1. Colwell, J.E. and G.H.Suits, "Yield prediction by analysis of multispectral data," NASA-CR-14l865, ERIM 109600-l7-F, p57 (1974). 2. Fukuhara, M., et al, "Remote sensing of agricultural area by using multiband phto-graphy," Proceedings of 1st Remote sensing u c CO en P(PR, PIR) Symposium, p.13, Tokyo, Nov. 25, 1975. (in Japanese) 3. Fukuhara, M., et al, "Extraction of soil Iniomation from Vegetated Area," Proceedings of 12th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, pp1707-l7l6, (1978) 4. Kristof, S.J., et al, "Mapping soil features from multispectral scanner data," Photogrammetric Engineering, vol.40, p1427 (1974) 5. Swain, P.H., et al, "Comparison of the divergence and -distance in feature selec-tion," LARS Information Note 020871 (1972) 6. Lindenlaub, J.C., "Guide to multispect-ral data analysis using LARSYS," LARS Infor-mation Note 062873 (1973). 7. Kikuchi, K., et al, "Soil map of Tokachi district," Tokachi Agricultural Experimental Station, (1972), (in Japanese) high ~ Vegetation Cove.~,/;'~~ ~ low ,/;6~ ,.' ...-0 (]) <..) c co ........ <..) Q) -r-0> 0::: , .. Reflectance of Red Band Figure 1. Ilustration of relationship between soil types and vegetation covers in a space of red and infrared spectral bands. According to increasing of vegetation cover, the co-ordinates of each soil reaches to a co-ordinates of 100 percent vegetation cover:point P(x=PR,y=PIR). 1979 MOchine Processing of Remotely Sensed Data SympOsium 245 ( 246 Figure 2. ~ 60 -c &. C"O C-. ....... C -.. r- 40 "0 C <0 Q) '+-0 CJ) 20 -+-" C :::J 0 U I-U 0 U 0 N I Location of test area in T9kachi district, Hokkaido. A~Whole area of Landsat image. B=Test area. C=Area of computer classified soil map in Figure 7. P( PR, PIR = 10~53) 10~.~ep • ,,\Pdsture •••• ~~. . ~.... "'.., .... c "500~ • Grassland " ~ . 'r. •• " '30 -t., Forest Marsn ". \~<;;, " 10,.,," ~\... \.: • Forest " )(" 0" SO ,X .... Sand " X DV" ..... " AL X WV2 ..... " • Urban " ..... ...... "XWVl ;' Shadow • water • 20 40 CCT counts of Band 60 5 (Red) Figure 3. Two dimentional plots of CCT counts of red and near-infrared bands(Landsat Bands 4 and 7) for main classes. 1979. Machine Processing, of Remotely Sensed ·Data Symposium Table 1. CCT channels for analysis. CCT Spectral Band Ch. & No. Ratio 1 Landsat band 4 (0.5 - 0.6 urn) 2 Landsat band 5 (0.6 - 0.7 urn) 3 Landsat band 6 (0.7 - O.s urn) 4 Landsat band 7 (0.8 - 1.1 urn) 5 (53 - band 7)/(band 5 - 10) 6 (band 7 - band 7 (band 4 + band 8 (band 4 - band ~ Black ando soil e:::(;) Browp ando soil I1:ill Brown alluvial soil _ Peat soil 5)/(band 7 + band 5) 5)/(band 6 + band 7) 5V(band 4 + band 5) ~ Pseudo-glei soil Ell Brown forest soil ~ Gley alluvial soil Figure 4. Conventional soil survey map of the test area? 1979 Machine Processing of Remotely Sensed Data Symposium 247 24' Figure 5-a Output of the channel 5 of the work OCT, i.e., the new simple ratio transformation for enhancing soil feature. Figure 5-b Output of the channel 6 for enhancing vegetated area and vegetation cover. Figure 5-c Output of the channel 7 for mapping soil feature. Agricultural fields with low vegetation cover were not successfully identified. Nl9 h1achine Processing of Remotely Sensed Data Symposium 1 2 2 2 3 4 4 1 5 2 6 1 7 4 8 1 9 3 10 1 I \ ~ I Lf) 255, .c o 15 200 ~. c ::::J o o I--o o u ~ 100 co E C-o Z OL-----~--~~--~----~---o 10 20 96 Soil Organic Matter Contents Figure 6. Relationship between soil organic matter contents and CCT counts of channelS. Table 2. Results ordered according to Divergence(Minimum) Channels D(Min) o (Ave) Channels D(Min) 4 5 6 1901 1997 11 4 5 6 8 1390 4 5 7 1599 1978 12 2 4 5 8 1378 5 6 7 1518 1979 13 1 5 7 8 1376 2 5 8 1503 1968 14 1 2 4 5 1371 5 6 7 1483 1966 15 1 3 5 8 1369 4 5 6 1456 1976 16 3 4 5 7 1366 5 7 8 1421 1968 17 2 3 5 7 1362 4 5 8 1410 1967 18 1 5 6 8 1356 5 6 7 1406 1958 19 2 3 5 8 1323 5 6 7 1400 1953 20 1 2 3 5 1322 1 2 3 4 335 1979 Machine Processing of Remotely Sensed Data Symposium o (Ave) 1975 1966 1960 1966 1951 1960 1961 1961 1949 1949 1738 249 250 AL DV WV2 soil Wi Others Grass land Figure 7. Computer classified soil map of study area. 1979 A10chine Processing of Remotely Sensed Doto··Symposlum Marsh 1 2 3 ~ 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Table 3. Performance of training fields classified by using best four channels (channels 2,4,5 & ,6 of work CCT) No of Percent of Samples into Class Samples WV1 WV2 DV AL Sand Urban Soil WV1 48 60.4 33.3 2.1 4.2 0 0 -WV2 50 28.0 64.0 0 0 0 0 -DV 30 0 6.1 .!2.:.2. 13.3 0 0 AL 48 0 2.1 12.5 ~ 2.1 0 Sand 96 0 0 0 0 93.8 0 -Urban 12 0 0 0 0 0 ~ Pasture 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 Grass land 108 0 0 0 0 0 0 Marsh 138 0 0 0 2.2 0 0 Forest 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 Table 4. Performance of training fields classified by using original four channels (Landsat bands 4,5,6 & 7) No of Percent of Samples into Class Samples W1 W2 DV AL Sand Urban Soil W1 48 ~ 8.3 4.2 2.2 0 0 WIl2 50 52.0 ~ 6.0 2.0 0 0 DV 30 6.7 0 ~ 23.3 0 6.7 AL 48 0 0 16.7 ~ 20.8 2.1 Sand 96 0 0 5.2 4.2 !l.:.i 3.1 Urban 12 0 0 0 16.7 8.3 75.0 Pasture 24 0 0 4.2 6.5 0 0 Grass land 108 0 0 0 2.8 0 0 Marsh 138 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 . Forest 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pastr 0 0 0 0 0 0 66.7 -0.9 0 8.8 Pastr 0 2.0 0 0 0 0 43.5 -11.1 0 1.3 1979 Machine Processing of Remotely Sensed Data Symposium Grass Marsh Forst 0 0 0 0 0 8.0 0 0 0 4.2 10.4 0 3.1 0 3.1 0 0 0 1~.5 8.3 12.5 ~ 5.6 13.0 15.9 .!!!.:.2. 0 1.2 0 90.0 -Grass Marsh Forst 0 0 0 0 0 12.0 0 0 6.7 2.1 2.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.7 8.3 20.8 38.0 38.0 9.3 11.6 ~ 0.7 0 0 2!.:.l 251 

Extraction of Soil Information from Vegetated Area

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Extraction of Soil Information from Vegetated Area

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