Akagi, Hiroaki

Goto, Hiroshi

Kikuchi, Takehiko

Kono, Tsuyoshi

Matsuki, Takashi

Suenaga, Masaru

Wakisaka, Gyoichi

Yoshimine, Yasuo

Kyoto University Research Information Repository

TitlePaper XI Studies on the Metabolism of Fission Products III.Radioautographic Studies on the Localization ofRadiostrontium and Radiocalcium in the Bones (TheRadioactive Dust from the Nuclear Detonation)Author(s)Kikuchi, Takehiko; Wakisaka, Gyoichi; Suenaga, Masaru;Kono, Tsuyoshi; Akagi, Hiroaki; Goto, Hiroshi; Matsuki,Takashi; Yoshimine, YasuoCitationBulletin of the Institute for Chemical Research, KyotoUniversity (1954), 32(s): 99-105Issue Date1954-11URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/75480RightType Departmental Bulletin PaperTextversionpublisherKyoto University                        PAPER XI  Studies on the Metabolism of Fission Products    III. Radioautographic Studies on the Localization of       Radiostrontium and Radiocalcium in the Bones     Takehiko KIKUCHI, Gyoichi WAKISAKA, Masaru SUENAGA,Tsuyoshi KONG, Hiroaki AKAGI, Hiroshi Govo, Takashi MATSUKI, and *Yasuo YOSHIMINE cThe Second Medical Clinic and *Department of Orthopedic                    Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University)                       INTRODUCTION    From the biological point of view radiostrontium, an alkaline earth metal, was one of the most important radioactive elements found in the radioactive ashes coI-lected from the No. 5 Fukuryu Maru. Radiocalcium was also found in the radio-active ashes. The radiocalcium was presumed to have been formed by induced radio-activity owing to the effects of the neutron flux from the bomb explosion. Stron-tium and calcium are chemically analogous and accumulate chiefly in the bones. In order to obtain further information about the localization of radiostrontium and radio-calcium in the bones, radioautographic studies have been made in mice and guinea-pigs. The effect of radiocalcium upon the blood picture of guinea-pigs has also been studied.                   MATERIALS AND METHODS    1) Radiostrontium.    Fifteen pc. of Sr"'" in the form of strontium chloride in physiologic saline solu-tion were injected subcutaneously in the back of adult mice weighing 15 grams. The radiostrontium was supplied by the U. S. AEC. Thirteen hours after the injec-tion the animals were sacrificed with ether, and the bones (upper and lower limbs, skull, spine and tail) were removed. The bones were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin. The samples were made as plane as possible and placed in contact with Fuji X-ray films. After exposure for 12 hours, the films were developed with Fuji Rendol developer at 19°C. for one and a half minute. After fixing in acid sodium thiosulfate, the films were washed in water and dried.    2) Radiocalcium.    Fifteen pc. of Ca15 in the form of calcium chloride in physiologic saline solution were injected intracardially in adult male guinea-pigs weighing about 400 grams. The radiocalcium was supplied by the U. S. AEC. Ten hours following the injection                           ( 99 ) T.  K[KUCHI, G. WAKISAKA el al. the animals were sacrificed by bloodletting, and the bones of the lower limb were removed for radioautographic studies and measurement of the radioactivity of the bones.    a) Radioautographs.    After the removal of soft tissues, the bones of the lower limb including the knee joint were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin. The samples were made as plane as possible by polishing, and placed in contact with Fuji X-ray films. After exposure for 2 days the films were developed and fixed as described above. For detail radioautographic studies, undecalcified histologic sections (10-.-20 u thick) were prepared and covered with the emulsion of Fuji ET-2E stripping plates, 15 p thickness. After exposure for 14 days, the films were developed with Kodak D19 developer at 19°C. for 3 minutes. Fixing took place in 40% sodium thiosulfate for 10 minutes. After careful washing in water, the films were dried, dipped in xylol for 3 minutes, covered with cover slips, and observed under the microscope and photographed.    b) Measurement of the radioactivity.    The radiocalcium contents of the serum and bones adjacent to the knee joint were measured with a Geiger-Mueller counter. The bones adjacent to the knee joint were removed, weighed, and wet ashed with perchloric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Then ammonium oxalate was added to the sample (in case of the bones 1/25 of the original sample) and the radiocalcium was separated as calcium oxalate. For the measurement of the serum radiocalcium level, 1.0 cc. of the serum was used, added with 0.5 cc. of 2 eV) calcium chloride as carrier.                        RESULTS    1) Distribution of radiostrontium in the bones of the mouse (Figs. 1-5).    Fig. 1 shows the radioautograph of the skull of the mouse. More radiostrontium was distributed in the anterior part of the skull, especially in the incisors and in their neighbourhood of the upper jaw, than in the posterior part of the skull. Fig. 2 shows the radioautograph of the spine and pelvic bones. The deposition of radio-strontium was more marked in the pelvic bones than in the spine. The radioauto-graph of the bones of the upper limb (Fig. 3) showed heavy localization of radio-strontium in the regions of the shoulder, elbow and wrist joints, namely more radiostrontium was distributed in the epiphysis than in the diaphysis. In the radio-autograph of the lower limb (Fig. 4) the distribution of radiostrontium was similar to that in the upper limb. In the radioautograph of the tail (Fig. 5) more radio-strontium was found in the regions adjacent to the joint than in the other parts.    Addendum    Epilation was observed in 3 mice among 10 given 15 pc. of Sr."'" by sub-cutaneous injection. The epilation began at the injection site about 1 week follow-                             (100)                 Studies on the Metabolism of Fission Products  III. ing the administration and spread gradually to the head (Fig. 6).    2) Distribution of radiocalcium in the bones of the guinea-pig (Figs. 7-40).    Fig. 7 shows the radioautograph of the bones adjacent to the knee joint. Heavy localization of radiocalcium was seen along the epiphyseal line. Fig. 8 shows the photomicrograph of the detail radioautograph of the epiphyseal line. Fig. 9 is the photomicrograph of the cells in .the epiphyseal line and Fig. 10 is the photomicro-graph of the detail radioautograph of the same part. As seen in these figures, marked localization of radiocalcium was found in the cells of the epiphyseal line.    3) Measurement of radiocalcium in the bones.    Table 1 shows the serum radiocalcium level and the distribution of radiocalcium per gram tissue in the bones adjacent to the knee joint 10 hours following intra-cardial injection of 15 pc. of Ca45 in the guinea-pig.               Table 1. Distribution of Ca-t5in the serum and bones of the                      guinea-pig 10 hours following intracardial injection                     of 15 ic. of Cat5 Cl2                   SamplePercent of the administered dose           Bones adjacent to the knee2 .84 ± 0.12 joint (per gram)        Serum (per cc.)0. 038±0. 010            Table 2. Changes of blood picture in the guinea-pigs given 15 ix.                     of Ca45 by intracardial injection  No. i12   Days after injection Before 1 3  5 Before 1 3  5 R. B. C. (104)517 I 507 479 463  535 513 494 512   W. B. C.6, 200 12, 800 7, 600 7, 400 iI 6, 800 9,400 8, 200 8, 000    Staff cells2.0 6.0 1. 5 00 0 1.0 0 II lobes8.0 17.0 4.5 4.02.0 1.0 4.0 2.5  a III         //I 12.5 12.0 8.0 8.511.5 14.0 8.5 13.0  •IV a6 .0 3.0 4.0 6.08.0 2.5 7.0 9.0 V it0.0 0.0 2.0 5.01.0 1.5 3.0 4.0 Z Totali 28.5 38.0 20.0 23.5 22.5 19.0 23.5 28.5     Mean nuclear count 2. 8 2.3 3.0 3. 5 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.2   Eosinophils8.0 11. 5 9. 5 7. 03.0 10.0 5. 0 4. 5  Basophils0.5 0.0 1.0 I 0.0  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 iu Small1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 6.5 0.5 0.5 0.0' o Middlei 60.0 43.0 66.0 67.0 66.0 68.5 69.0 64.0 a, Large2.0 4.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 2.5  1.4•Total63.0 47.0 68.0 68.5 74.0 70.070.5 66.5 ...                                                    Monocytes0.03.0 1. 5j10 0. 5 10 1.0 0. 5                                  i              0. 0 00I00 0 Plasma cellsI0------------ ( 101 ) T.  KIKUCHI, G. WAKISAKA et al.    4) Influence of radiocalcium upon blood picture.    Table 2 shows the changes of blood picture in the guinea-pigs given 15 pc. of Ca" by intracardial injection. In the period of 5 days following the injection no remarkable change was observed in the blood picture of the guinea-pigs. DISCUSSION    The metabolism of radiostrontium and radiocalcium has been studied by many investigators')•'->,')'l), )°>m,^) S) , and it has been shown that radiostrontium and radio-calcium accumulate chiefly in the bones and teeth. The highest concentration occurred in regions of new bone formation, i. e., roots of teeth, epiphyseal line and fractured bone.2 The radioautographic studies reported in this paper also showed the heavy localization of radiostrontium and radiocalcium in the teeth and bones, especially in the epiphysis. It is interesting to note that the deposition of radio-calcium was especially marked in the cells along the epiphyseal line.    With regard to the effect of radiocalcium upon blood picture, no remarkable change was observed in the period of 5 days following intracardial injection of 15 pc. of Ca" in guinea-pigs.                         SUMMARY    1) Radioautographic studies have been made on the distribution of radiostron-tium (Sr'9'°0 ) and radiocalcium (Ca") in the bones of mice and guinea-pigs. In addition to this, the distribution of radiocalcium in the bones has been measured with a Geiger-Mueller counter, and the effect of radiocalcium upon blood picture has been studied in guinea-pigs.    2) Radioautographic studies showed heavy localization of radiostrontium and radiocalcium in the bones, especially in the epiphysis.    3) The distribution of radiocalcium in the bones adjacent to the knee joint 10 hours following intracardial injection of 15 pc. of Ca" in adult guinea-pigs was 2.84 ±0.12 per cent of the administered dose per gram tissue. The serum radiocalcium level per cc. measured under the same condition was 0.038+0.01 per cent of the administered dose.    4) No remarkable change in blood picture was observed in the period of 5 days following intracardial administration of 15 pc. of Ca15 in guinea-pigs.                    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT    We wish to express our thanks to Dr. J. H. Harley, New York Operations Office, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission for his kindness in giving us many valu-able literatures concerning the metabolism of fission products, and to the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission for supplies of radioisotopes. ( 102 )                Studies on the Metabolism of Fission Products  III.                        REFERENCES 1) Campbell, W. W., and Greenberg, D.M.: Studies in calcium metabolism with the aid of  its induced radioactive isotope. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sc., 26, 176, 1940. 2) Pecher, C. Biological investigations with radioactive calcium and strontium. Proc. Soc.  Exper. Biol. & Med., 46, 86, 1941. 3) Pecher, C., and Pecher, J. Radiocalcium and radiostrontium metabolism in pregnant  mice. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med., 46, 91, 1941. 4) Greenberg, D. M. Studies in mineral metabolism with the aid of artificial radioactive  isotopes. Tracer experiments with radioactive calcium and strontium on the mechanism  of vitamin D action in rachitic rats. J. Biol. Chem., 157, 99, 1945. 5) Armstrong, W. D., and Barnum, C. P. Concurrent use of radioisotopes of calcium and  phosphorus in the study of metabolism of calcified tissues. J. Biol. Chem., 172, 199, 1948. 6) Hamilton, J. G., Jue, B., and Asling, G. W. The metabolic properties of plutonium and  allied materials. UCRL-683 Medical and Health Physics Quarterly Report, 4, 1950. 7) Kawin, B., Copp, D. H., and Hamilton, J. G. Studies of the metabolism of certain   fission products and plutonium. UCRL-812, 3, 1950. 8) Araki, M., Yonezawa, T., Chin, S., Kuga, M., Shimada, N., and Yoshioka, R.: In-  vestigation of Ca-metabolism with the aid of radioactive calcium. Annual Report of the   Research Committee on the Application of Artificial Radioactive Isotopes in Japan, 1 (Part   2), 39, 1951. 9) Yamada, R. : Studies on calcium metabolism with the aid of radioactive calcium (Ca45).   ibid., 1 (Part 2), 117, 1951. ( 103 ) T.  KIKUCHI, G. WAKISAKA et al. •                                                                                                                           ti .F                                                                                        p~.  Fig. 1. Radioautograph of the skull of Fig. 2. Radioautograph of the spine and      the mouse.pelvic bones of the mouse. • Fig. 3. Radioautograph of the bones of Fig. 4. Radioautograph of the bones of       the upper limb of the mouse.the lower limb of the mouse.•   Ilk  /~ t"r Y.  Fig. 5. Radioautograph of the tail of Fig. 6. Left : Epilation of the, mouse given      the mouse.15 µc. of Sr" ")0 subcutaneously.                                                      Right : Control. ( 104 )                   Studies on the Metabolism of Fission Products III.                                                                  *cx-  4r•                               r` Fig. 7.  Radioautograph of the bones adjacent Fig. 8. Photomicrograph of the detail radio-      to the knee joint of the guinea-pig.autograph of the epiphyseal line of                                                  the bone adjacent to the knee joint                                                       of the guinea-pig. 1.:                                                                 •y Fig. 9. Photomicrograph of the cells in the Fig. 10. Photomicrograph of the detail        epiphyseal line of the bone adjacentradioautograph of the same        to the knee joint of the guinea-pig.part as shown in Fig. 9.                            ( 105 )

Paper XI Studies on the Metabolism of Fission Products III. Radioautographic Studies on the Localization of Radiostrontium and Radiocalcium in the Bones (The Radioactive Dust from the Nuclear Detonation)

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Paper XI Studies on the Metabolism of Fission Products III. Radioautographic Studies on the Localization of Radiostrontium and Radiocalcium in the Bones (The Radioactive Dust from the Nuclear Detonation)

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