S'ha dut a terme l'estudi del gènere Viola a les illes Balears. Es proposen dues noves combinacions nomenclaturals: Viola suavis Bieb. subsp. barceloi (Nyman) Orell &amp; Romo, comb.
nova i Viola odorata L. subsp. stolonifera (Rodríguez Femenías) Orell &amp; Romo, comb. nova.
Es descriuen tres noves notosubspècies de l'illa de Mallorca: Viola alba L. nothosubsp. neusii
Orell &amp; Romo, nothosubsp. nova (=Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii x V. jaubertiana); Viola alba  L.
nothosubsp. bonaefidei Orell &amp; Romo, nothosubsp. nova (=V. alba subsp. dehnhardtii x V. suavis
subsp. barceloi); i Viola suavis Bieb. nothosubsp. cardonae nothopsubsp. nova (=Viola suavis subsp. barceloi x V. jaubertiana).
S'exposen la corologia i l'ecologia dels tàxons de Viola presents a les Illes i es valoren algunes
citacions antigues, probablement errònies.Following the study of Balearic taxa of the genus Viola, two new nomenclatural combinations
are proposed: Viola suavis Bieb. subsp. barceloi (Nyman) Orell &amp; Romo, comb. nova; and
Viola odorata L. subsp. stolonifera (Rodríguez Femenías) Orell &amp; Romo, comb. nova. Three new nothosubspecies from the island of Majorca are described: Viola alba L. nothosubsp. neusii Orell &amp;
Romo, nothosusp. nova (= Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii x V. jaubertiana); Viola alba L. nothosubsp. bonaefidei Orell &amp; Romo, nothosubsp. nova (= V. Alba subsp. dehnhardtii x V. suavis  subsp.
barceloi); and Viola suavis Bieb. nothosubsp. cardonae nothosubsp. nova (= Viola suavis subsp. barceloi x V. Jaubertiana). The chorology and ecology of the Balearic taxa of the genus Viola are
presented and some of the oldest reports, which are probably erroneous, are discussed

Orell, Jeroni

Romo i Díez, Àngel M.

Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert

Butll. Inst . Cat. Hist. Nat., 59 ( Sec. Bot ., 8): 81-88. 1991
THE GENUS VIOLA IN THE BALEARIC ISLANDS
Jeroni Orell* & Angel M. Romo**
Rebut: maig de 1990
RESUM
Ell genere Viola ales Illes Balears.
S'ha dut a terme I'estudi del genere Viola a les illes Balears. Es proposen dues noves
combinacions nomenclaturals: Viola suavis Bieb. subsp. barceloi (Nyman) Orell & Romo, comb.
nova i Viola odorata L. subsp. stolonifera (Rodriguez Femenias) Orell & Romo, comb. nova.
Es descriuen tres noves notosubspecies de l'illa de Mallorca: Viola alba L. nothosubsp. neusii
Orell & Romo, nothosubsp. nova (=Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii x V. jaubertiana); Viola alba L.
nothosubsp. bonaefidei Orell & Romo, nothosubsp. nova (==V. alba subsp. dehnhardtii x V. suavis
subsp. barceloi); i Viola suavis Bieb. nothosubsp. cardonae nothopsubsp. nova (=Viola suavis
subsp. barceloi x V. jaubertiana).
S'exposen la corologia i I'ecologia dels texons de Viola presents a les Illes i es valoren algunes
citacions antigues, probablement errbnies.
ABSTRACT
Following the study of Balearic taxa of the genus Viola, two new nomenclatural combina-
tions are proposed: Viola suavis Bieb. subsp. barceloi (Nyman) Orell & Romo, comb. nova; and
Viola odorata L. subsp. stolonifera (Rodriguez Femenias) Orell & Romo, comb. nova. Three new
nothosubspecies from the island of Majorca are described: Viola alba L. nothosubsp. neusii Orell &
Romo, nothosusp. nova (= Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii x V. jaubertiana); Viola alba L. notho-
subsp. bonaefidei Orell & Romo, nothosubsp. nova (= V. alba subsp. dehnhardtii x V. suavis subsp.
barceloi); and Viola suavis Bieb. nothosubsp. cardonae nothosubsp. nova (= Viola suavis subsp.
barceloi x V. jaubertiana). The chorology and ecology of the Balearic taxa of the genus Viola are
presented and some of the oldest reports, which are probably erroneous, are discussed.
KEY WORDS: Viola, Violaceae, Taxonomy, Balearic Islands.
MOTS CLAU: Viola, Violaceae, taxonomia, Illes Balears.
Museu de Ciencies Naturals de les Balears. Soper. Mallorca.
Institut Botanic de Barcelona. Av. dell Muntanyans, sin. Pare de Montjuic. 08038 Barcelona.
81
INTRODUCTION
Our study of the genus Viola in Majorca,
which began in 1987, stemmed basically
from the identification of a few specimens
from the Tramuntana range, which were
particulary difficult to classify since they did
not match known descriptions. This led us
to undertake a detailed study of the various
Balearic taxa.
Revision of the literature made us aware
of the unequal treatment given by various
authors and of the confusion surrounding
this genus in Majorca and the other Balearic
Islands.
Table I gives a synopsis of the treatment of
the genus by different authors.
KNOCHE (1922) deals with the genus in a
superficial and highly condensed fashion,
including V. alba, V. ainbigua and V.stoloni-
fera in V. odorata and considering V. jauber-
tiana as a subvariety of V. odorata.
While this paper was in press the work by
BoLOs et al. (1990) appeared. In it two
subsps. are recognized within V. alba: dehn-
hardtii and scotophylla. V. suavis is referred
to as subsp. sepincola from Majorca and
Pitiusic Island and V. odorata is not report-
ed from the Balearic Islands.
TAXA KNOWN IN THE BALEARIC IS-
LANDS
Following the study of materials in the
BC, the herbariums of Father Bonafe and Je-
roni Orell; and of live plants and material
we ourselves collected in the field, the defi-
nition of the genus Viola in the Balearic Is-
lands is as follows (Table I). .
Viola alba L. subsp. dehnhardtii (Ten.)
W. Becker.
Though omitted by VALENTINE et al. (1968:
273), this species is indeed present in the
Balearic flora.
It is a somewhat variable taxon. In the
Tramuntana Range, between 700 and 1350
m, forms with long, slender stolons, whitish
flowers and leaves with straight, slightly
concave margins are found; the capsule is
hairy. These populations have been descri-
bed as V. alba L. subsp. scotophylla (Jord.)
Nyman.
It lives in shady, old holm oak woods in
northern and eastern Majorca.
Material reviewed: MAJORCA; Arta, pine
grove of Els Olors, at Ses Fonts Noves, Ll.
Garcia Font, 9-V-1950, herb. Orell; El Gorg
Blau, 7-IV-1945, Ll. Garcia Font in herb.
Onell; Escorca, woods of Turixant de Dalt,
Ll. Garcias, 16-IV-1934, herb. Orell; Escor-
ca, wood near the chapel, herb. Orell; Lluc,
in nemoris, Palau Ferrer, 4-IV-1948, BC
110208; Lluc, near Son Llobera, 400 m., O.
de Bolos et al., 3-VI-1970, BC; Lluc, el Gorg
Blau, LI. Garcias, 16-VI-1950; Es Gorg Blau,
Cardona, 16-V-1978, BC; railway track, Pont
d'En Valls, Orell, 27.11-1986; Arta, pine gro-
ve of Els Olors, on the Coma d'en Vivell, Llo-
renc Garcias, 9-V-1950, herb. Orell; bet-
ween Palma and Sbller, La Volta Llarga,
Orell, 19-11-1960; Coll de Soller, Maculi de
sa Senyora, Son Gallard, Orell s/d; Porxe del
Bisbe, above Soller, herb. Orell; Els Man-
roigs, Fornalutx, B. Alcover, 27-V-1951, in
herb. Orell; Coll de Sa Bataya, Lluc, Orell,
1-V-1954, herb. Orell; Puig Major de Tor-
roella, 1350 m, O. de Bolos & R. Molinier,
28-11-1956, BC.
Viola arborescens L.
Common in the lower part of northern
Majorca and also present in Menorca and
Eivissa (Ibiza).
Material reviewed: MAJORCA: Son Vida, J.
Orell, 7-XI-1947, herb. Orell; Volta de Na Gi-
reta, roadside bank, 28-VI-1980, herb. Orel I;
S611er, towards Deia, B. Alcover, IX-1950,
herb. Orell; Vall de Son Sales, 14-IX-1959,
herb. Orel]. FORMENTERA: Ca16, Orell, 4-V-
1984, herb. Orell.
Viola jaubertiana Mares et Vigineix, Cata-
logue Pl. Baleares, 37 (1980).
=(V. odorata L. var. jaubertiana (Mares et
Vigineix) Knoche, Fiore Balearique: 209
(1922).
Lives between 600 and 1000 m, in rupicu-
lous communities, on shady slopes.
Material reviewed: MAJORCA; cliffs of the
northern range, Gorg Blau, Palau Ferrer, 15-
V-1955, BC; El Gorg Blau d'Escorca, in
cracks in boulders, Ll. Garcia Font, 6-IV-
1934, in herb. Orell; cracks in shady boul-
ders in El Gorg Blau, L1. Garcia Font 7-IV-
1945, in herb. Orell; El Gorg Blau,
limestone, Cardona, 29-V-1979, BC; Entre-
fore, Orell, 12-VIII-1960, herb. Orell.
Viola suavis Bieb. subsp. barceloi (Nyman)
Orell & Romo, comb. nova.
Basionym: Viola barceloi Nyman,
Conspectus Florae Europeae, Supp. II: 45,
1889.
82
=Viola suavis Bieb. subsp. sepincola (Jor-
dan) W. Becker var. harceloi O. de Bolos &
Vigo, Butll. Inst. Cat. Hist. Nat. 38 (1): 80,
1974.
Ind. loc.: Stiller, lieux ombrages des colli-
nes, P1. Esp. Fr. Sennen, n. 1100, leg. F. Bia-
nor, III-1910, BC 74785.
=Viola arnbigua Barcelo, Flora de ]as Islas
Baleares: 53, 1879-1881.
Ind. loc.: Majorca: Andraitx, Puigpunyent,
Valldemossa, Deia, S611er, grown in gar-
dens.
NYMAN (1889: 45) proposed the name V.
harceloi for the taxon described by Barcel6
under the name of V. arnbigua, since a pre-
viously described V. arnbigua Waldst. & Kit.
already existed.
Material reviewed: MAJORCA; Stiller, lieux
ombrages des collines, Fr. Bianor, 111-1910,
P1. Esp. Fr. Sennen, n. 1 100, BC (sub V. arn-
bigua); Son Nebot, holm oak woods, Ll.
Garcias, 29-11-1952; Escorca, woods at Lluc;
Orell, no date; Atalava, Moreia, Arta, LI.
Garcias, 30-V-1948; road to Biniarraitx, 4-II-
1951, Orell; Ca Mad6 Greca, Orell, 15-111-
1959; Binibassi, irrigation canal, herb Orell,
1988.
It is found on moist grassland and banks
on the Island of Majorca between 100 and
1000 m.
Viola odorata . L. subsp. stolonifera
(Rodriguez Femenias) Orell & Romo, comb
nova.
Basionym: V. siolonifera Rodriguez Fe-
menias, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 25: 238
(1878). Ind. loc.: Lieux frais et ombrages du
Barranc d'Algendar, Minorca.
This taxon, according to RODRIGUEZ FE-
MENIAS (1878) is a species akin to V. hirta L.,
from which it differs by its stoloniferous rhi-
zome, scented flowers and only slightly hai-
ry lateral petals. On the other hand, VALENTI-
NE et al. (1968: 273) consider it a synonym of
V. odorata L. We are of the opinion that it is
to be subordinated to Viola odorata. The dis-
tinguishing characteristics of the two sub-
species are summarized in Table II.
NEW TAXA
Viola alba L. nothosubsp. neusii Orell &
Romo, nothosubsp. nova.
(=Viola alba L. subsp. dehnhardtii (Ten.)
W. Becker x V. jauhertiana Mares & Vigi-
neix).
TABLE I. Evolution of knowledge of the genus Vio-
la in the Balearic Islands. Ma: Majorca, Mi: Mi-
norca, Ei: Eivissa (Ibiza) and Formentera. 1) MA-
RES & VIGINEIX (1880). 2) BARCELO I COMBIS
(1879-81). 3) DCVIGNEALD (1979). 4) ORELL &
Rosin (this study). (a) Reported from Cuber bet-
ween Stiller and Lluc but has never been found
there again and we have seen no herbarium spe-
cimens; probably an erroneous report. (b) BAR-
CELO 1 COMBIS (1879-81) does not include V. jau-
hertiana in his first version of the catalogue but
does include it in the supplement containing ad-
ditions and corrections.
Authors
1 2 3 4
Tasa
V. alha
subsp. dehnhardtii - - Ma Ma
V. arborescens Ma Ma, Mi, Ma, Mi, Ma, Mi
Ei Ei Ei
V. hirta Ma (a)
V. jauhertiana Ma Ma Ma Ma
V. suavis
subsp.barcelot Ma Ma Ma
V. odorata
subsp. stolonifera Ma, Mi Ma (b) Ma, Mi Mi
TABLE II. Comparison between. V. odorata subsp.
odorata (I) and V. odorata subsp. stolonifera
(2).
The description given by FEMENJAS (1878: 238)
is not very explicit, except where the stolons are
concerned. This taxon (Fig. I) has so far been
conclusively identifed only in the Island of Mi-
norca.
1
Stipules
shape oval - lanceolated sub oval-lanceolated
fimbriae sparse sparse
length , nim (9 ) 11-18(22) 11-15(18)19
Flowers
length, mm ( 14)15-20 ( 22) 13-15(18)
spur
length , mm 3-4 4-5
Sepals shape obtuse or subacute subacute
length, mm 0.4 - 0.8(1) 0.4-0.8
Capsules
length, nrm 7-10 8-9
Seeds length , mm 3-3 .25 3.75-4
Hilum length , mm 0.75 1.75-2
A Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii sepalis su-
bacutis ei foliis coriaceis suhglabris differt.
HOLOTYPE; S61ler, Montagnes et rochers
83
84
TABLE III. Comparison between. V. alba ssp.
dehnhardtii, V. jaabertiana and their hybrid.
I. elba hcbrid l '. jaubertimw
ssp delmhardtii nothosubsp . neusu
Stipules
sha pe linear - lanceolate oral - lanceolate
hmbriae sparse sparse numerous
length, mm 10.15(20) 10.1 10-12
Leases hairs subglabrous glabrous
ratio width; length <I 0 >1
length, cm (2)253(35) (4)45(5)
width, cm (1.5 )2(2.5) 345
teeth obtuse, not subactute runcinate acute teeth
ven distinct with cartilaginous
Sepals obtuse subacute
margin
acute
length, mm 5-6 6-7 7.8
Flowers
length, mm 1012 13-14 16-22(23)
Spur
length. mm 35-4 3-4 2.3
Stolons no yes %es
du Gorch Blau, 9-X-1912 leg. F. Bianor, BC
Herb, Sennen.
While this paper was in print ROSSELLO et
al. (1991) proposed the name V. x balearica
for this hybrid. This name is not validly pu-
blished because no diagnosis in Latin has
been done.
It differs from V. alba subsp. dehnhardtii
by its subacute sepals and its coriaceous
subglabrous leaves.
It is also found at Es Puig Major, 1200 m,
Orell, 12-V-1988, in herb. Orell.
Table III shows in comparative form the
differences between the two progenitors
and the hybrid, all of them from El Gorg
Blau, Tramuntana range (Majorca) where
they were collected by J. Orell and A.M.
Rotno, 20-IV-1989, BC; see also figures 2 and
3.
Viola alba L. nothosubsp. bonaefidei Orell
& Romo, nothosubsp. nova
(=V. alha L. subsp. dehnhardtii (Ten.) W.
Becker x V. suavis Bieb subsp. barceloi (NN-
man) Orel] & Romo).
Planta non stonofilera cum sit, a Viola
alba subsp. dehnhardtii foliis ovato-triangu-
larihus (4-5 x 6-7) cm stipulisque ovatis (10-
12 x 3-4) mint argue sparse laciniatis differt.
HOLOTYPE; Gorg Blau, 600 m, leg. J. Orel/
& A.M. Romo, 14-IV-1990, BC.
This nothosubspecies can be recognized
by the absence of stolons and by its oval lea-
ves; it differs from V. suat'is by its lanceolate
and sparsely fimbriated stipules.
Viola suavis Bieb. nothosubsp ., cardonae
Orell & Romo. nothosubsp.nova.
(=Viola suavis Bieb. subsp. barceloi (Nv-
man) Orel] & Romo x V. jaabertiana Mares
& Vigineix).
A Viola suavis subsp. barceloi foliis suhgla-
bris, sparse pilosis, suhrunciuatis, stipulis
ovatis (10-15 tutu x 4-5 min) alque stolonibus
part'is differt.
HororyPE; El Gorg Blau, limestone, M.A.
Cardona, 29-V-1979, BC.
=Viola barceloi Chodat (horn. illeg.) in
Contribution a la geobotanique de Major-
que: 86, these. Universite de Geneve, 1924.
Ind. loc.: in fissuris rupium ad exiturn anci-
pitis diet. Gorch Blaou (Gorg Blau), inter Ai-
malluc et Escorca. Fl. Martio.=
Viola suavis Bieb. var. barceloi (Chodat)
0. de Bolos & Vigo in schedis.
CHODAT (1922: 83) hinted at the presence
of this hybrid and in effect described it in the
same work (1922: 86) under the name of V.
barceloi Chodat (horn. illeg.). Chodat over-
looked the fact that the name V. barceloi had
already been used by Nvman and that mo-
reover the taxon she described was a hybrid,
a conclusion that is reached after a detailed
reading of the description.
It is present in the Tramuntana range in
Majorca.
A Fi(;. I. Viola odorata L. subsp. stolonijera (Rodriguez Femenias) Orell & Romo. A) Port; B) Detail of the
margin of the leaf; C) Stipules; D) Flower; E) Bracts, F) Capsule; G) Seed. (Drawing by E Sierra from the 10ld
collected by Rodriguez Femenias at the Barranc d'Algendar, Minorca, in 1876, BC).
Viola odorata L. subsp. stotonilera (Rodriguez Femenias) Orell & Romo. A) Port; B) Detail del mange do la
fulla; C) Estipules; E) Bractees, D) Flor; F) Capsula; G) Grana. (Dibuix E. Sierra a partir del plec recol-lectat
per Rodriguez Femenias, al barranc d'Algendar, Menorca, I'amv 1876, BC).
85
FIG. 2. A) Viola alha L. subsp. dehnhardtii (Ten.) W. Becker; B) V. alba L nothosubsp. neusii Orell & Romo; C)
V. jauhertiana Mares & Vigineix. All three come from El Gorg Blau. Tramuntana range, Majorca, leg. Orell et
Romo 10-IV-1990, BC.
A) Viola alba L. subsp. dehnhardtii (Ten.) W. Becker; B) V. alha L. nothosubspx neusii Orell & Romo; C) V.jauhertiana Mares & Vigineix. Totes tres provenen del Gorg Blau. Serra de Tramuntana. Mallorca, leg. Orell
et Romo 10-IV-1990, BC.
86
AFIG. 3. Details of the flowers, sepals, leaves and stipules of: (A) V. alha L. subsp. dehnhardtii (Ten.) W. Becker;
B) V. alha L. nothosubsp. neusii Orell & Romo; C) V. jaubertiana Mares & Vigineix. Drawing made from
materials from the same source as those in Fig. 2.
Details de les Hors, sepals, fulles i estipules de: A) V. alha L. subsp. dehnhardtii (Ten.) W. Becker; B) V. alba L.
nothosubsp. neusii Orell & Romo; C) V. jaubertiana Mares & Vigineix. Dibuix fet a partir de materials amb el
mateix origen que els de la fig. 2.
87
TAXA ERRONEOUSLY REPORTED
FROM MAJORCA
Viola segobricensis Pau, Notes Bot., 2: 61
(1888).
Reports of this taxon from the island of
Majorca are probably erroneous and must
refer to Viola suavis subsp. barceloi. On the
other hand it does appear to be present in
Eivissa (Ibiza): Torrent d'En Mates (near.
Beniarras), leg. C. Guerau d'Arellano, 14-II-
1972, BC 607219; (det. O. de Bolos & Vigo
ut V. suavis subsp. sepincola var. segobri-
censfs (Pau) Bolos & Vigo).
Viola hirta L.
Reported by MARES & VIGINIEx (1880) in
Majorca, probably in error since it has never
again been found there and no proof is to be
found in herbariums.
Key to taxa from the Balearic Islands
1. Small woody shrub .... V. arborescens
1. Herbaceus plant ......... ..2
2. Linear or narrowly lanceolate-linear sti-
pules, obtuse sepals .... ......... V. alba
2. Ovate lanceolate stipules, acute or obtu-
se sepals .............................. 3
3. Glabrous plant, leaves with cartilaginous
margin ................... V.jaubertiana
3. Pubescent plant with non cartilaginous
margin ................................ 4
4. Rounded obtuse leaves, short stolons . .
V. suavis
4. Long stolons V. odorata ssp. stolonifera
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
To doctors Pere Montserrat and Joan Rita
who made some valuable suggestions and to
Dr. Eugeni Sierra who did the drawings.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BARCELO I COMBIS, F. 1879-1881. Flora de las Islas Ba-
leares. Palma.
BOLOS, O. DE, VIGO, J., MASALLES, R.M. & NINOT, J.M.
1990. Flora Manual dels Paisos Catalans. POrtic.
Barcelona.
CHODAT, L. 1924. Contributions a la Geo-botanique de
Majorque. These. Geneve. _
DuvIGNEAUD, J. 1979. Catalogue provisoire de la fore
des Baleares. Soc. Ech. Pl. Vasc. Bass. Occ. Medit.,
17:1-43.
KNOCHE, H. 1922. Flora Balearica. Etude plrvtogeo-
graphique sur les Iles Baleares. Montpellier.
MARES, P. & VIGINEIX, G. 1880. Catalogue raisonne des
Plantes Vasculaires des Iles Baleares. Paris.
NYMAN, C.F. 1889. Conspectus Florae Europaeae.
Supplementum II. Holmiae.
RODRIGUEZ FEMENIAS, J.J. 1878. Additions a la (lore de
Minorque. Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 15: 238-241.
ROSSELLO, J.A., MAYOL, M., Mus, M. & TORRES, N. 1988
(1991). Taxonomia i nomenclatura de plantes ba
leariques. Boll. Soc. Hist. Nat. Balears, 32: 153-
154. Ciutat de Mallorca.
VALENTINE, D.H., MERXMULI.ER, H. & SCHMIDT, A. 1968.
Viola. In Flora Europaea, II (T.G. TUTIN et al., eds.):
270-282. Cambridge.
88


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