This report concludes the work conducted by the Hydrodynamics Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology under Contract N6onr-44, Task II, in the general field of hydraulic machinery.  This work was initiated in January 1947 under the initial guidance of Professors Knapp and Hollander.  It has subsequently been continued by additional amendments to the original contract up to the present.



The over-all objectives of this program were to make detailed observations and measurements of the internal flow in rotating impellers and stationary diffusors to permit the establishment of accurate design procedures for hydraulic machinery, and to serve as a starting point for realistic mathematical analysis of such flows.



It is the intention of this report to indicate the scope of the work done under this contract and to describe the facilities built for its experimental end.  A further aim is to outline, in brief, the reports and publications issued and some incidental benefits derived from this project

Acosta, A. J.

English

Caltech Authors - Main

Flow in Hydraulic Machinery

Department of the Navy 
Office of Naval Research 
Contract N6onr-244 - Task II 
T e r m i n a t i o n  R e p o r t  
F L O W  IN HYDRAULIC MACHINERY 
Reproduction in whole or in part i s  permitted for any 
purpose of the United States Government 
Hydrodynamics Laboratory 
California Institute of Technology 
Pasadena, California 
Report No. E-19.11 
August, 1956 
Prepared by 
A. J. Acosta 
INTRODUCTION 
This report concludes the work conducted by the Hydrodynamics 
Laboratory a t  the California Institute of Technology under Contract 
N6onr -244, Task 11, in the general field of hydraulic machinery. This 
work was initiated in January 1947 under the initial guidance of 
Professors Knapp and Hollander. It has subsequently been continued 
by additional amendments to the original contract u@ to the present. 
The over-all  objectives of this program were to make detailed 
observations and measurements of the internal flow in rotating im- 
peller s and stationary diffusor s to permit the e stablishrnent of accurate 
design procedures for hydraulic machinery, and to serve as a starting 
point for realistic mathematical analysis of such flows. 
It is the intention of this report to indicate the scope of the work 
done under this contract and to describe the facilities built for i t s  
experimental end. A further a im is to outline, in  brief, the reports 
and publications is sued and some incidental benefits derived from this 
project. 
SCOPE OF WORK AND FACILITIES 
The basis of understanding and any analysis of the real  fluid 
flows occurring in rotating turbo-machines res t s  on experimental 
work. F o r  this reason i t  was decided a t  the very outset to emphasize 
the experimental approach. 
Unlike the original Hydraulic Machinery Laboratory which used 
complete pumping units and measured a s  far a s  the impeller is con- 
cerned, only the in- and outflow velocities, pressures and torque, 
the purpose of this facility, as originally conceived, was mainly to 
investigate the complete flow picture through centrifugal and axial 
flow impellers, while permitting other research with only minor 
changes. Thus the test facility had to be built for maximum flexibility 
within the limited space available. 
Some unique features incorporated in i t  and some novel experi- 
mental techniques used with i t  are:  
(a) Three test stands a r e  located around a square central column. 
Two of these a r e  provided with a metered flow in either direction. 1 , 3  
The third stand, originally made for central photography, is now re-  
placed by the self-contained inducer facilityF2 An additional self- 
contained test stand was also fabricated (with industrial sponsorship) 
for  use with expensive working fluids. 
(b) Specially de signed, light weight, narrow line blind shut-off 
valves permit an easy change of the setup and compact arrangement of 
the piping. 
(c) Special throttle valve with long travel for exact setting indi- 
cated by counter permit exact repetition of a test. 
(d) Rotating water-manometer with up to 32 tubes directly con- 
nected by plastic tubing to the small b rass  tube s in the impeller hub 
leading to impeller blades. Thus the pressures along the impeller 
blades can be read very fast stroboscopically. 
(e) Stereoscopic photography to observe three-dimensional flows. 
(f) Lucite impeller shrouds for centrifugal impellers followed 
by lucite diffusors and similarly lucite blades and/or case for axial 
flow units for observation and photography. 
The experimental work done falls, roughly, into three categories: 
The f i rs t  consists of over-all and internal flow observation and 
measurement in centrifugal pump impellers. Numerous different 
designs were employed a l l  in the range of good efficiency as obtains 
in conventional pump practice. In the same category, two-dimensiona 1 
impellers, with parallel shrbuds, were also tested because the flows 
were the subject of comparison with potential flow theory. This pro- 
ject was one of the theses carried through at the laboratory. 7, 11, 19 
Another thesis under this heading was the investigation of 
20 different shroud boundaries by electrical analogy. 
Using the modified test stand previously mentioned, a series of 
experiments was made on the effect of Reynolds number. ' A mixture 
of glycerine and water was used for this purpose and the work was 
carried out under industrial sponsorship. This work would not have 
been possible without the equipment and experience gained under the 
present contract. 
The second category consists of experimental work on axial 
flow impellers suitable for operation in the pump rather than in the 
compressor field. 8,9,10,17 
Theoretical considerations led to a new design procedure for 
axial flow pumps and the experimental work was conducted to sub- 
s tantiate the theory, 
The third category and the most recent area  i s  an experimental 
investigation of cavitation. This work is being carried out with axial 
flow inducers. These a r e  impellers designed to operate in the cavi- 
tating regime and their function is to supply the subsequent pumping 
stage with a pressurized s t ream of bubble-free liquid. The investi- 
gation of this problem is only in the preliminary stage, though some 
results a r e  availablemZ2 As with the other categories, some analytical 
studies have been, and a r e  being, undertaken to interpret and clarify 
the experimental results. 
The emphasis and direction of the work of the project a s  such 
has been described. However, the presence of this equipment and 
the project staff have provided opportunity and stimulus for additional 
research. As an example may be cited the complete pumping charac- 
teristic (Karman-~napp)  diagram for axial and mixed flow pumps 18 
previously only available for centrifugal machines. 
Furthermore, a s  part of an educational institution with strong 
connections to Industry, this program made a real  contribution by 
employing research engineers lent by industry, a s  well a s  graduate 
and undergraduate students, to make them familiar with experimental 
techniques and give scope to and develop their initiative to new 
approaches. The five theses attest the effectiveness of this effort. 
Those graduated from this program a r e  today heading or  conducting r e -  
search in these fields. 
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS AND REPORTS 
In this section the various technical reports and publications 
issued under this c o n t ~ a c t  a r e  listed. The titles usually a r e  self- 
explanatory. Where they a r e  not, a brief explanation is added. At 
the end of this list, various graduate theses done under the project, o r  
with the use of the contract facilities, a r e  reported. 
Item -
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5 * 
6. 
7 * 
Title -
Laboratory Developments for Study of Flow in Rotating Channels, 
Knapp, R.T, Hollander, A., Acosta, A. J., Osborne, W.C., 
presented before Annual Meeting ASME, Nov. 28, 1948. 
Design of Ship Propellers, Morelli, D.A., presented before 
Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Northern 
California Section, Nov. 1949. 
Head and Flow Observations 0.n a High Efficiency Centrifugal 
Pump Impeller, Osborne, W. C. , Morelli, D. A., Trans. ASME, 
Oct. 1950, Hydrodynamics Laboratory Publication No. 80. 
Measured Performance of Pump Impellers, Osborne, W.C., 
Morelli, D, A. , Hydrodynamics Laboratory Publication No. 88, 
ASME preprint 50-A-90, Jan. 1950. 
Evaluation of a Two-Dimensional Centrifugal Pump Impeller, 
Beveridge, f. H., Morelli, D. A., Hydrodynamics Laboratory 
Publication No, 90, ASME Preprint 50-A-147, Jan. 1951. 
Pressure  Distribution on the Vanes of a Radial Flow Impeller, 
Morelli, D. A. , Hydrodynamics Laboratory Publication No. 97, 
June, 195 1. Also published in Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics 
Institute 195 1, p. 73, Stanford University Press ,  Stanford, Calif. 
An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Two -Dimen- 
sional Centrifugal Pump I m p  l ler  s, Acos ta, A. J. , Hydrodynamics 
Laboratory Report No. 21-9, June 1952. Also published in Trans, 
ASME, Vol. 76, p. 749, 1954. 
Three-Dimensional Interference Effects of a Finite Number of 
Blades in  an  Axial Turbomachine, Tyson, H., Hydrodynamics 
Laboratory Report  No. E-19. 1, Nov. 1952. 
P r e s s u r e  Distributions on the Blade of an Axial Flow Propel ler  
Pump, Morelli ,  D.A., Bowerman, R.D., Hydrodynamics 
Laboratory Report  No. E- 19.2, Nov. 1952. Also published 
i n  Trans .  ASME, Vol. 75, Aug. 1953. 
An Experimental  Study of Axial Flow Pump Cavitation, 
Guinard, P . ,  Ful le r ,  T . ,  Acosta, A. J., Hydrodynamics 
Laboratory Report  No. E-  19.3, Sept. 1953, 
Potential  Flow through Radial Flow Turbomachine Rotors,  
Acosta,  A. J., Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. E-19.4, 
Feb. 1954. 
Note on the Effect of Meridian Curvature,  Acosta, A. J. , 
Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report  No. E -  19.5, Apri l  1954. 
An analytical study of the effect of meridian curvature on the 
performance of mixed flow impellers .  
Experimental  Study of Flow between Centrifugal Pump Impeller 
Shrouds, Tyson, H. N., Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. 
E -  19.6, July 1954. 
Effect of the Volute on Per formance  of a Centrifugal Pump 
Impeller,  Bowerman, R. D. , Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report 
No. E -  19.7, March  1955. Also ASME preprint 56-5A-45, 
July 1956. 
An Experimental  Study of Centrifugal Pump Impellers ,  
Acosta,  A. J., Bowerman, R. D. , Hydrodynamics Laboratory 
Report  No. E-19.8, Aug. 1955. To be published in  Transac-  
t ions ASME. 
Note on  Partial Cavitation of F l a t  P la te  Hydrofoils, Acosta, 
A. J, , Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report  No. E -  19.9, 
Oct. 1955. Also presented before American Physical  Society, 
Div. of Fluid Mechanics, California Institute of Technology, 
March  1956. 
Design of ~ & i a l  Flow Pumps, Bowerman, R. D. , ASME Paper  
No. 55-A-127, Nov. 1955, Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report 
No. E-19.10 (to be issued). 
Complete Charac ter i s t ic  Ci rc le  Diagrams for  Turbomachinery, 
Thes i s  f o r  Mechanical Engineer by W. M. Swanson, California 
Institute of Technology, 1951. An experimental  investigation 
of axial and mixed flow pumps in the pumping, turbining, 
and power dissipation regimes.  
An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Two- 
Dimensional Centrifugal Pump Impellers, Thesis for Doctor of 
Philosophy by A. J. Acosta, California Institute of Technology, 
1952. 
Investigations of Boundaries for Transitions from Axial to Two- 
Dimensional Flow by Electrical Analogy, Thesis for Mechanical 
Engineer by Marc Kampe de Feriet ,  California Institute of 
Technology, 1953. 
Inve stigation of a Three -Dimensional Design Procedure for 
Axial Flow Pump Impellers, Thesis for Mechanical Engineer 
by Ray D. Bowerman, California Institute of Technology, 1955. 
Cavitation Studies in Axial Inducers, Thesis for Aeronautical 
Engineer by Henry John Nawoj, California Institute of Technology, 
1956. 
AGKNOW LEDGMENT 
It is a r ea l  pleasure to express appreciation for  the kind advice, 
criticism, encouragement and stimulation given by Professor 
Aladar Hollander. 
The work reported herein has been made possible by the co- 
operation of other members of the Hydrodynamics Laboratory and 
Institute staff; among the latter, particularly Dr. Din0 Morelli, who 
conducted the early tests,  is prominent. 
The writer would also like to acknowledge the support and 
interest of the Office of Naval Research in  making this work possible. 
* 
Available from General Library, California Institute of Technology. 
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Department of the Navy 
Office of Naval Research 
Contract N6onr-244 - Task II 
T e r m i n a t i o n  R e p o r t  
F L O W  IN HYDRAULIC MACHINERY 
Reproduction in whole or in part i s  permitted for any 
purpose of the United States Government 
Hydrodynamics Laboratory 
California Institute of Technology 
Pasadena, California 
Report No. E-19.11 
August, 1956 
Prepared by 
A. J. Acosta 
INTRODUCTION 
This report concludes the work conducted by the Hydrodynamics 
Laboratory a t  the California Institute of Technology under Contract 
N6onr -244, Task 11, in the general field of hydraulic machinery. This 
work was initiated in January 1947 under the initial guidance of 
Professors Knapp and Hollander. It has subsequently been continued 
by additional amendments to the original contract u@ to the present. 
The over-all  objectives of this program were to make detailed 
observations and measurements of the internal flow in rotating im- 
peller s and stationary diffusor s to permit the e stablishrnent of accurate 
design procedures for hydraulic machinery, and to serve as a starting 
point for realistic mathematical analysis of such flows. 
It is the intention of this report to indicate the scope of the work 
done under this contract and to describe the facilities built for i t s  
experimental end. A further a im is to outline, in  brief, the reports 
and publications is sued and some incidental benefits derived from this 
project. 
SCOPE OF WORK AND FACILITIES 
The basis of understanding and any analysis of the real  fluid 
flows occurring in rotating turbo-machines res t s  on experimental 
work. F o r  this reason i t  was decided a t  the very outset to emphasize 
the experimental approach. 
Unlike the original Hydraulic Machinery Laboratory which used 
complete pumping units and measured a s  far a s  the impeller is con- 
cerned, only the in- and outflow velocities, pressures and torque, 
the purpose of this facility, as originally conceived, was mainly to 
investigate the complete flow picture through centrifugal and axial 
flow impellers, while permitting other research with only minor 
changes. Thus the test facility had to be built for maximum flexibility 
within the limited space available. 
Some unique features incorporated in i t  and some novel experi- 
mental techniques used with i t  are:  
(a) Three test stands a r e  located around a square central column. 
Two of these a r e  provided with a metered flow in either direction. 1 , 3  
The third stand, originally made for central photography, is now re-  
placed by the self-contained inducer facilityF2 An additional self- 
contained test stand was also fabricated (with industrial sponsorship) 
for  use with expensive working fluids. 
(b) Specially de signed, light weight, narrow line blind shut-off 
valves permit an easy change of the setup and compact arrangement of 
the piping. 
(c) Special throttle valve with long travel for exact setting indi- 
cated by counter permit exact repetition of a test. 
(d) Rotating water-manometer with up to 32 tubes directly con- 
nected by plastic tubing to the small b rass  tube s in the impeller hub 
leading to impeller blades. Thus the pressures along the impeller 
blades can be read very fast stroboscopically. 
(e) Stereoscopic photography to observe three-dimensional flows. 
(f) Lucite impeller shrouds for centrifugal impellers followed 
by lucite diffusors and similarly lucite blades and/or case for axial 
flow units for observation and photography. 
The experimental work done falls, roughly, into three categories: 
The f i rs t  consists of over-all and internal flow observation and 
measurement in centrifugal pump impellers. Numerous different 
designs were employed a l l  in the range of good efficiency as obtains 
in conventional pump practice. In the same category, two-dimensiona 1 
impellers, with parallel shrbuds, were also tested because the flows 
were the subject of comparison with potential flow theory. This pro- 
ject was one of the theses carried through at the laboratory. 7, 11, 19 
Another thesis under this heading was the investigation of 
20 different shroud boundaries by electrical analogy. 
Using the modified test stand previously mentioned, a series of 
experiments was made on the effect of Reynolds number. ' A mixture 
of glycerine and water was used for this purpose and the work was 
carried out under industrial sponsorship. This work would not have 
been possible without the equipment and experience gained under the 
present contract. 
The second category consists of experimental work on axial 
flow impellers suitable for operation in the pump rather than in the 
compressor field. 8,9,10,17 
Theoretical considerations led to a new design procedure for 
axial flow pumps and the experimental work was conducted to sub- 
s tantiate the theory, 
The third category and the most recent area  i s  an experimental 
investigation of cavitation. This work is being carried out with axial 
flow inducers. These a r e  impellers designed to operate in the cavi- 
tating regime and their function is to supply the subsequent pumping 
stage with a pressurized s t ream of bubble-free liquid. The investi- 
gation of this problem is only in the preliminary stage, though some 
results a r e  availablemZ2 As with the other categories, some analytical 
studies have been, and a r e  being, undertaken to interpret and clarify 
the experimental results. 
The emphasis and direction of the work of the project a s  such 
has been described. However, the presence of this equipment and 
the project staff have provided opportunity and stimulus for additional 
research. As an example may be cited the complete pumping charac- 
teristic (Karman-~napp)  diagram for axial and mixed flow pumps 18 
previously only available for centrifugal machines. 
Furthermore, a s  part of an educational institution with strong 
connections to Industry, this program made a real  contribution by 
employing research engineers lent by industry, a s  well a s  graduate 
and undergraduate students, to make them familiar with experimental 
techniques and give scope to and develop their initiative to new 
approaches. The five theses attest the effectiveness of this effort. 
Those graduated from this program a r e  today heading or  conducting r e -  
search in these fields. 
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS AND REPORTS 
In this section the various technical reports and publications 
issued under this c o n t ~ a c t  a r e  listed. The titles usually a r e  self- 
explanatory. Where they a r e  not, a brief explanation is added. At 
the end of this list, various graduate theses done under the project, o r  
with the use of the contract facilities, a r e  reported. 
Item 
-
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5 * 
6. 
7 * 
Title 
-
Laboratory Developments for Study of Flow in Rotating Channels, 
Knapp, R.T, Hollander, A., Acosta, A. J., Osborne, W.C., 
presented before Annual Meeting ASME, Nov. 28, 1948. 
Design of Ship Propellers, Morelli, D.A., presented before 
Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Northern 
California Section, Nov. 1949. 
Head and Flow Observations 0.n a High Efficiency Centrifugal 
Pump Impeller, Osborne, W. C. , Morelli, D. A., Trans. ASME, 
Oct. 1950, Hydrodynamics Laboratory Publication No. 80. 
Measured Performance of Pump Impellers, Osborne, W.C., 
Morelli, D, A. , Hydrodynamics Laboratory Publication No. 88, 
ASME preprint 50-A-90, Jan. 1950. 
Evaluation of a Two-Dimensional Centrifugal Pump Impeller, 
Beveridge, f. H., Morelli, D. A., Hydrodynamics Laboratory 
Publication No, 90, ASME Preprint 50-A-147, Jan. 1951. 
Pressure  Distribution on the Vanes of a Radial Flow Impeller, 
Morelli, D. A. , Hydrodynamics Laboratory Publication No. 97, 
June, 195 1. Also published in Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics 
Institute 195 1, p. 73, Stanford University Press ,  Stanford, Calif. 
An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Two -Dimen- 
sional Centrifugal Pump I m p  l ler  s, Acos ta, A. J. , Hydrodynamics 
Laboratory Report No. 21-9, June 1952. Also published in Trans, 
ASME, Vol. 76, p. 749, 1954. 
Three-Dimensional Interference Effects of a Finite Number of 
Blades in  an  Axial Turbomachine, Tyson, H., Hydrodynamics 
Laboratory Report  No. E-19. 1, Nov. 1952. 
P r e s s u r e  Distributions on the Blade of an Axial Flow Propel ler  
Pump, Morelli ,  D.A., Bowerman, R.D., Hydrodynamics 
Laboratory Report  No. E- 19.2, Nov. 1952. Also published 
i n  Trans .  ASME, Vol. 75, Aug. 1953. 
An Experimental  Study of Axial Flow Pump Cavitation, 
Guinard, P . ,  Ful le r ,  T . ,  Acosta, A. J., Hydrodynamics 
Laboratory Report  No. E-  19.3, Sept. 1953, 
Potential  Flow through Radial Flow Turbomachine Rotors,  
Acosta,  A. J., Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. E-19.4, 
Feb. 1954. 
Note on the Effect of Meridian Curvature,  Acosta, A. J. , 
Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report  No. E -  19.5, Apri l  1954. 
An analytical study of the effect of meridian curvature on the 
performance of mixed flow impellers .  
Experimental  Study of Flow between Centrifugal Pump Impeller 
Shrouds, Tyson, H. N., Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. 
E -  19.6, July 1954. 
Effect of the Volute on Per formance  of a Centrifugal Pump 
Impeller,  Bowerman, R. D. , Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report 
No. E -  19.7, March  1955. Also ASME preprint 56-5A-45, 
July 1956. 
An Experimental  Study of Centrifugal Pump Impellers ,  
Acosta,  A. J., Bowerman, R. D. , Hydrodynamics Laboratory 
Report  No. E-19.8, Aug. 1955. To be published in  Transac-  
t ions ASME. 
Note on  Partial Cavitation of F l a t  P la te  Hydrofoils, Acosta, 
A. J, , Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report  No. E -  19.9, 
Oct. 1955. Also presented before American Physical  Society, 
Div. of Fluid Mechanics, California Institute of Technology, 
March  1956. 
Design of ~ & i a l  Flow Pumps, Bowerman, R. D. , ASME Paper  
No. 55-A-127, Nov. 1955, Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report 
No. E-19.10 (to be issued). 
Complete Charac ter i s t ic  Ci rc le  Diagrams for  Turbomachinery, 
Thes i s  f o r  Mechanical Engineer by W. M. Swanson, California 
Institute of Technology, 1951. An experimental  investigation 
of axial and mixed flow pumps in the pumping, turbining, 
and power dissipation regimes.  
An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Two- 
Dimensional Centrifugal Pump Impellers, Thesis for Doctor of 
Philosophy by A. J. Acosta, California Institute of Technology, 
1952. 
Investigations of Boundaries for Transitions from Axial to Two- 
Dimensional Flow by Electrical Analogy, Thesis for Mechanical 
Engineer by Marc Kampe de Feriet ,  California Institute of 
Technology, 1953. 
Inve stigation of a Three -Dimensional Design Procedure for 
Axial Flow Pump Impellers, Thesis for Mechanical Engineer 
by Ray D. Bowerman, California Institute of Technology, 1955. 
Cavitation Studies in Axial Inducers, Thesis for Aeronautical 
Engineer by Henry John Nawoj, California Institute of Technology, 
1956. 
AGKNOW LEDGMENT 
It is a r ea l  pleasure to express appreciation for  the kind advice, 
criticism, encouragement and stimulation given by Professor 
Aladar Hollander. 
The work reported herein has been made possible by the co- 
operation of other members of the Hydrodynamics Laboratory and 
Institute staff; among the latter, particularly Dr. Din0 Morelli, who 
conducted the early tests,  is prominent. 
The writer would also like to acknowledge the support and 
interest of the Office of Naval Research in  making this work possible. 
* 
Available from General Library, California Institute of Technology. 
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Flow in Hydraulic Machinery

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