Vibriosis is a bacterial disease of fish and shellfish caused by Vibrio anguillarum. The mode of transmission and infection is uncertain

Hendrikson, Ronald G.

Zenoble, Robert D.

English

Vibriosis is a bacterial disease of fish and shellfish caused by Vibrio anguillarum. The mode of transmission and infection is uncertain.</p

Hendrikson, Ronald

Zenoble, Robert

Digital Repository @ Iowa State University (ISU)

Vibriosis in Fish: A Review Ronald G. Hendrikson, BS* Robert D. Zenoble, DVM, MS* * ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to give special thanks to Mr. Mat Cardella and Mr. Mark Eimers of the Na-tional Veterinary Services Laboratory for their assistance in preparing this paper. INTRODUCTION Vibriosis is a bacterial disease of fish and shellfish caused by Vibrio anguillarum. The mode of transmission and infection IS uncertain. EPIZOOTIOLOGY The disease was first described in eels but is now known to occur worldwide in a variety of marine fish and shellfish. 1.2.3 Vibriosis occurs primarily in fish in shallow brackish water particularly in late summer as wate; temperature exceeds 50°F. 4 This situation is of greatest importance to commercial culturists raising salmon in pens. An outbreak of vibriosis in rainbow trout was reported at an Arizona trout farm where a salinized portion of the Colorado River was the water source for the farm.5 Vibrio anguillarum was also isolated as the etiologic agent of an infection in tropical fish in a freshwater aquarium. 6 Vibrio anguillarum is an alimentary microflora of apparently healthy wild and cultured fish. Outbreaks have been associated with feeding marine fish offal. 5.7 Two strains of Vibrio pathogenic to fish have been described. Vibrio anguillarum strain 775, which was originally isolated from a diseased coho salmon at the National Marine Fisheries Service in Manchester, Washington, is desig-nated as Type 1.8 In 1976 a fish pathogen • Mr. Hendrikson is a fourth year student in thc College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University. ~ ·.or. Z~noble is an associat~ professor in Veterinary Chmcal SClcnces at Auburn Umversity. Vol. 45, No. 1 characterized as Vibrio sp. strain 1669 but not agglutinated by rabbit anti- Vibrio anguillarum type I serum and differing in test media reac-tions was designated as Type 11.9.10.11 Vibrio 07-dallii sp. nov. is the name proposed for the bacterium previously designated as V. anguillarum type II (1669).12 The incubation period varies with tempera-ture, strain virulence, and the degree of stress under which the fish are living. Mortalities in an outbreak of cultured fish may be higher than 50%, especially among young fish. 13 CLINICAL PATHOLOGY First signs of imminent mortality are anorexia, darkening of the skin and sudden death. In young fish particularly, sudden death may be the only sign. Periorbital edema ("popeye") and/or ascites ("dropsy") may also be observed. 4 In an outbreak, older fish may develop an acute or chronic phase. The gills are usually pale due to anemia. Acutely affected fish have ulcerated skin lesions which may become deep and necrotic. 7 These lesions further demonstrate marked muscle necrosis accom-panied by interfibrillar hemorrhage and con-gestion without a leukocytic response. 14 Inter-nally, the spleen is enlarged and there is liquefactive necrosis. There is also liquefaction of the kidney. Intestines may have focal areas of increased numbers of lymphocytes in the submucosa, and there may be petechial hemorrhage of the visceral and parietal peritoneum. 6 In the liver there may be marked cytoplasmic degeneration of hepatocytes, and the sinusoids are distended with blood. In chronically infected fish, skin lesions may become granulomatous. Fibrinous adhesions may be apparent among the abdominal viscera. Severe hemolytic anemia induced by 25 the lytic toxin of Vibrio results in heavy deposi-tion of hemosiderin in the melanomacrophage centers of the remaining splenic and renal hematopoietic tissue. The lesions of vibriosis have been attributed to endo- or exotoxins. 1S.16 Yet a study by Horbell et al., in which coho salmon were challenged with "exotoxin" or endotoxin, did not result in mortalities. 8 Histologic changes were not described in their study. DIAGNOSIS Vibrio anguillarum is a Gram negative, straight or slightly curved rod, motile by a single polar flagellum, cytochrome oxidase-positive, ferments glucose in OfF medium and is inhibited by vibriostatic agent 0/129 and novobiocin. I? It is viable in distilled water, but growth is enhanced m 1-2% sodium chloride. 18 A presumptive diagnosis of vibriosis is fre-quently made based on the history, symptoms, and external and internal lesions. Vibriosis may be confused with furunculosis when only these criteria ae considered. 19 The etiologic agent of furunculosis is not inhibited by the ad-dition of 0/129 to the growth medium. 19 TREATMENT Three methods of treatment have been sug-gested: 1. terramycin in the feed at 3.0 grams per 100 pounds offish for 10 days or until mor-talities have returned to normal rates for five days, 2. sulfamerazine in the feed at 5 grams per 100 pounds of fish for 10 days, 3. a com-bination of 3 grams of sulfamethazine and 2 grams of furoxone in the feed per 100 pounds of fish for 10 days in cases not responding well to the above regimens. 2o While antibiotic therapy is used in clinical outbreaks, this is of value only to those fish still feeding. PREVENTION AND CONTROL Disease resistance depends on the interac-tion of host, pathogen, and environment. 2! Variable protective results have been obtained when fish were immunized and later challenged.22.23.24.2s The heritability of vibriosis resistance in river strains of salmon parr was estimated by Gjderen and Aulestad for sire and dam components. 26 It has been suggested that selection of resistance to one disease may at the same time result in fish more susceptible to other diseases, as well as decreased growth rates. 2? 26 Another line of host defense is provided by the proteins transferrin and lactoferrin, which bind iron, rendering it unavailable to patho-gens.28.29.30 Crosa reported evidence showing that v: anguillarum type I possesses a virulence plasmid that specifies a very efficient iron-se-questering system, thereby enabling bacteria to survive in conditions of limited iron availa-bility.31 However, Winter et al. published evidence suggesting transferrin genotypes exist in coho salmon and steelhead trout, but did not demonstrate any difference in resistance. to vibriosis.!7 Plasmid-mediated virulence has been discussed elsewhere.11·32 The concept of vaccines for fish has been present for several years. As early as 1942, trout have been successfully immunized against certain infectious diseases. 33 Interest in vaccines waned in the 1940's and 1950's due to availability of effective chemotherapeutics and antibiotics. However, due to antibacterial resistance, these antimicrobial agents have become less effective in many fish production facilities. In addition, the fisheries industry has grown and has become an attractive mar!<:et to vaccine manufacturers. Vaccines for fish have been administered by several routes, including parenteral injection, incorporation of vaccines into the fish diet, hyperosmotic infiltration, direct immersion of fish into vaccine suspensions, and spraying or showering fish with vaccme prepara-tions.25.34.35.36.37.38.39,40.41.42 Oral vaccines in feed are relatively easy to administer and less stressful to fish. However, proper dosage can not be assured. The paren-teral route provides accurate dosage and assures that each fish is vaccinated. However, this method may be too costly or impractical for large numbers of fish. 35 Amend and Fender showed that bovine serum protein is taken up by rainbow trout through the lateral line thus the basis of the immersion method for vac-cinating fish. 43 Whereas antigenic competition in animals has been observed with simultane-ous administration of two or more antigens,44 no antigenic competition between the two Vibrio strains has been demonstrated. 41 .45 Im-mersion bivalent vaccines have been shown to be protective against challenge with both strains of Vibrio, but monovalent vaccines only protect against homologous strains. Results of adaptive transfer of immunity suggest that humoral antibody is the primary Iowa State Veterinarian defense against V. anguillarum. While in-traperitoneal injections of bacterins produce higher humoral antibody levels than oral vac-cinations, protection against vibriosis does not necessarily differ. 39 Also, spray vaccination may provide suitable results at lower cost and be performed in less time than parenteral in-jections. 42 Vibrio sp. phenotypically similar to Vibrio anguillarum type II (1669) has been isolated from shell fish, but was not pathogenic to salmonid fish when tested under laboratory conditions. 47 Perhaps this isolate could be used in a live vaccine if there is cross protection against pathogenic Vibrio anguillarum. CONCLUSION Vibriosis is an important disease to com-mercial salmon culturists. While the pathogenesis is not certain, fish mortalities can be reduced by proper immunization, an-tibiotic therapy, and managing fish with minimal exposure to stressful conditions. REFERENCES 1. National Marine Fisheries Service: Vibriosis hits Norwegian fish. Marine Fisheries Rev. 37(2):42-43, 1975. 2. DiSalvo LH, BleckaJ, Zebal R: Vibrio anguillarum and larval mortality in a California coastal shellfish hatchery. Appl. & Envir. Microbial. 35(1): 219-222, 1978. 3. Anderson JI, Conroy DA: Vibrio disease in marine fishes. In: A symposium of diseases of fishes and shellfishes (cd. by SF Sniezko). pp. 266-272. Am Fish Soc., Special Pub, No.5, Washington, D.C. 1970. 4. Roberts RJ: Fish Pathology. London, Bailliere Tindell, 1978. 5. Ross AJ, Martin JE, Bessler V: Vibrio anguillarum from an epizootic in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdn"i) in the U.S.A. Bull. off. into Epizoot. 69: 1139-1148, 1968. 6. Hocking MA, Budd J: Vibrio infection in tropical fish in a fresh water aquarium. J. Wildl. Dis. 7: 273-280, 1971. 7. Rucker RR: Vibrio infections among marine and freshwater fishes. Pro,gr. Fish. Cult. 21( 1): 22-25, 1959. 8. Horbell SC, Hodgins HO, Schiewe MH: Studies on the pathogenesis of vibriosis in coho salmon Oncorhyn· chus kisutch (Walbaum). J. Fish Diseases 2: 391-404, 1979. 9. Harrell LW, Novotny AJ, Schiewe MH, Hodgins HO: Isolation and description of two vibrios pathogenic to Pacific salmon in Puget Sound, Washington. Fish. Bull. 74: 447-449, 1976. 10. Bauman P, Bauman L, Bang SS, Woolkahs MJ: Reevaluation of the taxonomy of Vibrio, Beneckea, and Photobacterium: abolition of the genus Beneckea. Cumnt Microbial. 4: 127-132, 1980. 11. Schiewe MH, Crosa JH: Molecular characterization of Vibrio anguillarum biotype 2. Can. Microbial. 27: 1011-1018, 1981. 12. Schiewe MH, Trust T J, Corsa JH: Vibrio ordallii sp. nov.: a causative agent of vibriosis in fish. CUTTenl Microbial. 6(6) 343-348, 1981. 13. Ciser JD, Fryer JL: An epizootic of vibrosis in Vol. 45, No. 1 chinook salmon. Bull. Wildl. Dis. A HOC. 5: 73-76, 1969. 14. McCarthy DH, Stevensen JP, Roberts MS: Vibrosis in rainbow trout. J. Wildl. Dis. 10: 5, 1974. 15. Bullock GA, Conroy DA: Vibrio diseases. In: Diseases of Fishes, 2A. Bac/erial Diseases offishes (cd. by S. F. Sniczko and HR Axelrod). Jersey City, NJ., T. F. H. Publications. 1971. p. 42-50. 16. Ombreit TH, Tripp MR: Characterization of the fac-tors responsible for the death of fish infected with Vibrio anguillarum. Can. J. Micro. 22: 1271-1274, 1975. 17. McDaniels D(ed): Procedures for the deleclion and iden-tification of certain }ish patho,liens. American Fisheries Society, Fish Health Section. pp. 52-54. 1979. 18. Evelyn TPT: First records of vibriosis in Pacific salmon cultured in Canada, and taxonomic status of the responsible bacterium, Vibrio anguillarum. J. Fish. Res. Board. Can. 28: 517-525,1971. 19. Novotny AJ, Harrell LW, Nyegaard CW: Vibriosis, a common disease of Pacific salmon cultured in marine waters of Washington. Extension Bulletin 663. Washington State University, 1975, p. 3. 20. Warren JW: Diseases of hatchery fish. U.S. Fish and Wild. Serv. Minneapolis, MN. p. 20-21, 1981. 21. Sniezko SF: Immunization of fIshes: a review. j. Wild. Dis. 6:24, 1970. 22. Gunnels RD: Failure of vaccines to protect salmon from vibriosis enzootic in Puget Sound Washington Am. j. Vet. Res. 37:737-740, 1976, 23. Amend DF, Antipa R, Kerstetter TH: Increase in ocean survival of freely migrating steclhcads vac-cinated against Vibrio anguillarum. Am Fisheries Soc. Trans. 109:287-289, 1980. 24. Deegan LA: Increased estaurine survival of juvenile coho salmon vaccinated against Vibrio anguillarum. Am. Fisherifs Soc. Trans. 110: 656-659, 1981. 25. Sawyer ES, Strout RG: Survival and growth of vac-cinated, medicated, and untreated coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) exposed to Vibrio anguillarum. Aquaculture. 10: 311-315, 1977. 26. Gjedrem J. Aulestad D: Selection experiments with salmon. I. Differences in resistance to vibrio discase in salmon pair (Salmo salar). Aquawllure. 3(1): 51-59, 1974. 27. Winter GW, Schreck CB, Mcintyre: Resistance of different stocks and transferrin genotypes of coho salmon, Oncorh)'nchus kisutch, and steclhcad trout. Salmo ,~airdneri, to bacterial kidney disease and vibriosis. u.s. Natl. Mar. Fish. Servo Fish. Bull. 77(4): 795-802, 1980. 28. Weinberg ED: Iron and susceptibility to infectious disease. Science 184: 952-956, 1974. 29. Payne SM, Finkelstein RA: The critical role of iron in host-bacterial interactions. j. Ctin. In.·esl. 61: 1428-1440, 1978. 30. Bullen JJ, Rogers HJ, Griffiths E: Role of iron in bacterial infection. Curro Topics Microhiol. Immun. 80: 1-35, 1978. 31. Crosa JH: A plasmid associated with virulence in the marine fish pathogen Vibrio an.~uillarum species an iron-sequestering system. Nature (London) 284: 566-568, 1980. 32. Crosa JH, Schiewe MH, Fa1kow S: Evidence for a plasmid contribution to the virulence of the marine fish pathogen Vibrio an,t;uillarum. Infect. Immun. 18: 509-513, 1977. 33. Busch RA: Protective vaccines for mass immuniza-tion of trout. Salmonid. March/April, p. 10, 1978. 34. Corbel MJ: The immune response in fish: a review. J Fish Bioi. 7: 539-563, 1975. 35. Fryer JL. Nelson, JS Garrison RL. Vibriosis in fish. reprinted from Progress in Fishery and Food Science, vol. 5 pp. 129-133, 1972. 36. Amend DF: Prevention and control of viral diseases 27 of salmonids. j. Fish Res. Board Ciln. 33: 1059-1066, 1976. 37. Antipa R: Fidd testing of injected V. angu illarum bacteria in pen-reared Pacific salmon. j. Fish. Res. Board Can. :l3(6): 1291-/296, 1976. 42. Gould R W, O'leary P J , Garrison RL, Rahovec JS, Fryer JL: Spray vaccination: a method for the im-munization of fi sh. Fish PalllOlo/;)1 13: 63-68, 1978. 43. Amend DF, Fender DC: Uptake of bovine serum albumin by rainbow trout from hyperosmotic solu-tions: a model for vaccinating fish . Science 192: 793-794, 1976. :18. Rohovee JS: Oral and parenteral immunization for the control of Vibrio anguillarurn, the etiological agent of vibriosis in salmonid fish. Ph. D. Thesis. Oregon State University, Corvalis, Oregon. 1-82, 1975. H. Pross HF, Edinger D: Antigenic competition: a review of nonspecific antigen-induced suppression. Ado. lmrnunol. 18: 133-168, 1974. 39. Antipa R, Amend DF: Immunization of Pacific Salmon: comparison of intraperitoneal injection and hyperosmotic infiltration of Vibrio anguillarum and Aeromonas salmonicida bacterins. J Fish Res Board Can. 34: 203-208, 1977. 45. Schiewe MH, Hodgins HO: Specifici ty of protection induced in coho salmon (Oncorhychus kisutch) by heat-treated components of two pathogenic vibrios. j. Fish Res. Board Can . 34: 1026-1028, 1977. 40. Croy TR, Amend DF: Immunization of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) against vibriosis using the hyperosmotic infiltration technique. Aquaculture. 12: 317-25 , 1977. ·16. Viele D: Adaptive transfer of immunity against Vibrio anguil/arum in rai nbow trout, Salrno gairdneri, Richard-son, vaccinated by the immersion method. j. Fish BioI. 17(4): 379-386, 1980. __ 41. Gould RW, Antipa R, Amend DF: Immersion vac-cination of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) with Iwo pathogenic strains of Vibrio anguil/arum. j. Fish. Res. Board Can. 36: 222-225, 1979. 47. Schiewe MH, Crosa JH, Ordal EJ: Deox-yribonucleic acid relationships among marine vibrios pathogenic to fish. Can. J Microbio!. 23: 954-958, 1977. 28 In 1936 Dr_ C. H. Stange was Dean of the Iowa State Veterinary College. On a trip to Europe in 1930 he was greatly impressed with the art he saw on the veterinary buildings, so it became his desire to see art connected with the ISU Veterinary schaal. Christian Petersen came to ISU in 1934 to finish some sculptures in the Dairy Court annex. Veterinary professors stopped in at his studio frequently to chat, and constantly prodded him to make a replica of the "Gentle Doctor" statue in the Veterinary court yard. Christian eventually made the statuette Which has become a sym-bol of the Veterinary profession. The "Gentle Doctor" cold cast bronze statuette stands 9Y2 inches high. This beautiful statuette is copyrighted and is only available from the College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. GENTLE DOCTOR STATUETTE Order form "Cold-cast bronze" $75.00 (includes postage and insurance) • Allow 3 weeks for delivery • Enclosed is a check or money order made out to the Gentle Doctor. Please send statuette to: Mail to: Gentle Doctor Student AVMA Auxiliary Office of the Dean College of Veterinary Medicine Iowa State Universiy Ames, Iowa 50011 Name ______________________________________________ _ Address ____________________________ _ City and State ___________________ _ Zip Code Iowa State Veterinarian 

Vibriosis in Fish: A Review

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Vibriosis in Fish: A Review

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