Grain accounts for the majority of cost in finishing swine. Particle size of grain has a significant impact on feed efficiency. Nutritionists and consultants recommend frequent particle size analysis to fine tune feeding programs

Steinhart, Terry L.

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Grain accounts for the majority of cost in finishing swine. Particle size of grain has a significant impact on feed efficiency. Nutritionists and consultants recommend frequent particle size analysis to fine tune feeding programs.</p

Steinhart, Terry

Digital Repository @ Iowa State University (ISU)

This project was supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant no. 2011-68004-30336 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.Swine Feed Efficiency:Particle Size Testing MethodologyAuthorTerry L. Steinhart, Iowa State University ReviewersMike D. Tokach, Kansas State UniversityJoel M. DeRouchey, Kansas State University Grain accounts for the majority of cost in finishing swine.  Particle size of grain has a significant impact on feed ef-ficiency.  Nutritionists and consultants recommend frequent particle size analysis to fine tune feeding programs.The standard allows several options for this testing proce-dure. Specifically, it allows the use of different sieve shak-ers, such as a Tyler Ro-Tap, Retsch or equivalent unit. It also allows optional use of sieve agitators, such as small rubber balls to help move particles around on finer sieves. Another option is whether a dispersion agent is used to help high fat material move through the sieves. Finally, the time of sieving can range from 10 to 15 minutes in the official procedure.  Laboratories that test particle size may obtain differing results because they use different pro-cedures.  While it is difficult to recommend a single pro-cedure as the one correct method for measuring particle size and distribution, differences in methodology can lead to large differences in results (Fahrenholz et al., 2010).The standard for testing particle size by sieving is published by the American Society of Agricultural and Biolog-ical Engineers (ASABE). As stated in their publication, Method of Determining and Expressing Fineness of Feed Materials by Sieving (ANSI/ASAE S319.3 2003), “The purpose of this Standard is to define a test procedure to de-termine the fineness of feed ingredients and to define a method of expressing the particle size of the material.”Figure 1. Tyler Ro-tap Shaker Machine with Sieve StackTheir study found that the sieve shaker, use of agitators, dispersion agent, and time of sieving influenced mean particle size and the variation in particle size measured (Table 1). For quality control, it is import-ant to know the procedure being used by the testing laboratory and how it relates to your particle size goals.Table 1.  Influence of Particle Size Analysis Methods on Mean Particle Size and Standard DeviationMethodMean SDSieve ShakerTyler Ro-TapSieve AgitatorsDispersion AgentSieving Time589       4975236244862.11        2.532.402.00        2.46RetschWithWithoutWithWithout 560 2.1010 Minutes15 Minutes523         2.40481 2.56Fahrenholz et al., 2010Most research on particle size for pigs has been conducted with particle size measured using the Tyler Ro-Tap with sieve agitators using a 10 minute duration for shaking the sample without a disper-sal agent. The sieves and balls and brushes typically used for particle size analysis are shown in Table 2 and Figure 2. Screens are identified by both a U.S. and Tyler Sieve number, so care must be taken to use the correct number. See Baker and Herrman (2002) for details on purchasing sieves, balls, and brushes.IPIC 25c   2012ReferencesAmerican National Standards Institute, ANSI/ASAE S319.3 2003. Method of Determining and Expressing Fineness   of Feed Materials by Sieving  http://bsesrv214.bse.vt.edu/Grisso/Ethiopia/Books_Resources/Standards/Har  vest/ASAE%20S319.3%20Method%20of%20Determining%20and%20Expressing%20Fineness%20of%20Feed.  pdf Baldridge, L., T.L. Stainbrook, J.C. Woodworth, M.D. Tokach, J.L. Nelssen, and R.D. Goodband. 2001.  A Compari  son of Different Particle Size Analysis Techniques. Page 135. http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/library/lvstk2/srp880.pdf Fahrenholz, C., L.J. McKinney, C.E. Wurth, and K.C. Behnke. 2010. The Importance of Defining the Method in Parti  cle Size Analysis by Sieving. Page 261. http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/library/lvstk2/srp1038.pdf  Benz C., and B. Goodband. Procedures for Three-Sieve Particle Size Analysis. http://www.asi.ksu.edu/DesktopModules/ViewDocument.aspx?DocumentID=2771 Baker, S. and T. Herrman. 2002. Evaluating Particle Size. http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/library/grsci2/MF2051.pdf Table 2.  Sieve Stack and Example Number of Balls and/or Brushes Included on Each Sieve6       8121620304050US Sieve NumberTyler Sieve NumberOpening,MicronsBrushes,NumberBalls, Number70100140200270pan6       810142028354865100150200270pan3,350       2,3601,7001,180850600425300212150106755337       3331111       11111111Figure 2. Ball and Brush on a SieveQuick particle size tests with a single or three screens also have been proposed for use in the field. Baldridge et al. (2001) found that the three-screen test was more accurate than the one-screen test for field application.For a complete description of the three-sieve procedure and Excel spreadsheet for calculations, refer to Kansas State University, Animal Science and Industry, Particle size information, http://www.asi.ksu.edu/p.aspx?tabid=1225.ConclusionThe Ro-tap tester and the 13-sieve stack is the standard recommended by ASABE.  The next best procedure is the three-sieve method and the least accurate method is the one-sieve procedure. When sending particle size samples to a com-mercial lab, it is important to know details of their testing procedure in order to interpret the results.… and justice for allThe U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for commu-nication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call 800-795-3272 (voice) or 202-720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. .Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Cathann A. Kress, director, Cooperative Extension Service, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa. 

Swine Feed Efficiency: Particle Size Testing Methodology

https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/handle/20.500.12876/49957

Swine Feed Efficiency: Particle Size Testing Methodology

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