Lysine requirements at two stages of gestation were estimated in adult sows who had been fed either low (LL) or high lysine (HL) diets in the previous lactation period. Sows fed LL lost more weight during lactation that sows fed HL. Also, sows fed LL diet had more days of anestrus than sows fed HL. There were no differences, however, in litter weight gain of sows fed LL and HL. Estimates of gestation lysine requirements for sows fed LL were 9.6 ± 1.5 and 12.2 ± 1.7 g/d for early gestation and late gestation, respectively. The plasma urea nitrigen (PUN) technique did not accurately or precisely estimate the lysine requirement of the sows fed the HL diet in lactation

Sparks, J. C.

Zimmerman, Dean R.

English

Lysine requirements at two stages of gestation were estimated in adult sows who had been fed either low (LL) or high lysine (HL) diets in the previous lactation period. Sows fed LL lost more weight during lactation that sows fed HL. Also, sows fed LL diet had more days of anestrus than sows fed HL. There were no differences, however, in litter weight gain of sows fed LL and HL. Estimates of gestation lysine requirements for sows fed LL were 9.6 ± 1.5 and 12.2 ± 1.7 g/d for early gestation and late gestation, respectively. The plasma urea nitrigen (PUN) technique did not accurately or precisely estimate the lysine requirement of the sows fed the HL diet in lactation.</p

Sparks, J.

Zimmerman, Dean

Digital Repository @ Iowa State University (ISU)

Iowa State University NutritionLysine Requirement of the Gestating Sow Determined by UsingPlasma Urea Nitrogen as a Rapid Response CriterionJ. C. Sparks, graduate studentandD. R. Zimmerman, professor of animal scienceASL-R1552Summary and ImplicationsLysine requirements at two stages of gestation wereestimated in adult sows who had been fed either  low (LL)or high lysine (HL) diets in the previous lactation period.Sows fed LL lost more weight during lactation that sowsfed HL.  Also, sows fed LL diet had more days ofanestrus than sows fed HL.  There were no differences,however, in litter weight gain of sows fed LL and HL.Estimates of gestation lysine requirements for sowsfed LL were 9.6 ± 1.5 and 12.2 ± 1.7 g/d for earlygestation and late gestation, respectively.  The plasmaurea nitrigen (PUN) technique did not accurately orprecisely estimate the lysine requirement of the sows fedthe HL diet in lactation.IntroductionPlasma urea nitrogen (PUN) response has beendemonstrated as a viable technique for determining lysinerequirement of the growing pig and the lactating sow.  Wewere interested in determining the lysine requirement ofthe gestating sow under specific conditions using a smallnumber of sows.We used PUN concentrations as the responsecriterion.  Previous research has demonstrated that PUNconcentration is lowest when the limiting amino acid(lysine) requirement is met.  When PUN concentration areat their lowest the protein from the diet is being utilized attop efficiency.Materials and MethodsTwenty-one Yorkshire × Landrace crossbred sowsfrom third to fifth parity were used.  Sows were pennedindividually in farrowing crates (2.1 × 6 m) with woven-wire flooring that had a .6 × .6 m rubber mat centeredunder the sows’ shoulders.  Suckling pigs were provided a.3 × 1.3 m electric heating pad. Litter size wasstandardized to 10 pigs by fostering pigs within 2 d ofparturition.  Pigs that died after day 4 were not replaced.Within 2 d of birth, each pig was given 100 mg of iron asiron dextran, needle teeth were clipped, and tails docked.Pigs had continuous access to water but were not offeredcreep feed.  Sows were provided ad libitum access towater, and feed was hand fed three times daily duringlactation to ensure constant feed availability and freshnessof feed.  Feed intake was measured by weighing feedbefore feeding and weighing back stale and wasted feedbefore each morning feeding.  Sows were weighed beforeentering the farrowing room at approximately day 112 ofgestation, within 24 h post farrowing, and at weaning.Pigs were weighed at birth and weaning on day 21 oflactation.  During anestrus, sows were fed a commongestation diet.  After breeding, sows were fed a commongestation diet that contained 25% rice hulls for 1 day.This feeding was designed to acclimate sows toexperimental diets.  Sows were then fed experimentaldiets from day 2 to 21 and 51 to 70 of gestation, and sowswere fed a common gestation diet during the rest ofgestation.  The common gestation diet was fed at 2 kg/dand was based on corn and soybean meal.  It contained11.6% crude protein, .51% lysine and 3.286 Mcal/kg ofmetabolizable energy (ME) by calculated analysis.Dietary treatments.  Lactation diets were based oncorn and soybean meal and were calculated to furnish 40g (LL) and 55 g (HL) of lysine, and 22.6 Mcal digestibleenergy (DE)/d at a feed intake of 6.7 kg/d.  Calculatedand analyzed nutrient composition of lactation diets arepresented in Table 1.  Experimental dietary treatmentsduring gestation consisted of five lysine concentrations(.256, .325, .398, .470, and .540%).  Analyzed lysinelevels were .28, .34, .40, .52, and .54, respectively.  Sowswere fed 2.95 kg/d of feed in three equal portions to allowefficient utilization of crystalline amino acids.  Therefore,daily lysine intakes were calculated to be 7.50, 9.63,11.75, 13.88, and 16.00 g.  Gestation treatment diets werebased on corn and soybean meal, with rice hulls added forbulk.  All diets were made isonitrogenous by replacinggraded additions of crystalline L-lysine.HCl withcrystalline L-glutamic acid.  Crystalline DL-methionine,L-threonine, and L-tryptophan were supplemented tomaintain ideal ratios to lysine in the diet with the greatestlysine concentration (.540%).  The calculated ratios ofdigestible amino acid to digestible lysine in this diet wereas follows:  histidine .28, isoleucine .58, leucine .99,methionine + cystine .71, phenylalanine + tyrosine .99,threonine .75, tryptophan .19 and valine .75.  Gestationtreatment diets supplied 7.2 Mcal/d of ME. Therefore, theonly differences among the experimental gestation dietswere the lysine and glutamic acid concentrations.Calculated and analyzed nutrient composition of gestationdiets are presented in Table 2.Iowa State University NutritionExperimental design.  A total of 21 sows were used,with 11 sows receiving LL and 10 sows receiving HLdiets in lactation.  Within each lactation treatment two5×5 Latin squares were formed with five sows being fedthe five gestation treatment diets during five 4-d periods.Treatments consisted of two concentrations of protein(lysine) that were fed for the 21-d lactation, and fivedietary lysine intakes administered during two 20-dperiods in gestation (7.50, 9.63, 11.75, 13.88, and 16.00g/d).  The extra sow was used as a replacement for a sowthat became ill during gestation.  Sows were randomlyassigned to lactation diets from pairs based on similarparity and farrowing date.  During the two experimentalperiods in gestation each animal received the fivegestation treatments, and each treatment was fed for a 4-dperiod to each sow.   Dietary treatments were randomlyassigned so within each Latin square only one sowreceived each treatment during a given 4-d period.Within a given 4-d period, all dietary treatments werebeing fed.  Gestation treatments were fed twice in thegestation period.  Treatment periods started on days 2 and51 of gestation and ended on days 21 and 70, respectively.When sows were not on treatment they were fed acommon gestation diet.Table 1. Composition of the experimental lactationdiets.Lactation dietIngredient, % LL HLCorn 83.13 75.44Soybean meal, 48% 13.15 20.88Dicalcium phosphate   1.54   1.49Limestone   1.33   1.33Calculated analysis,     CP, % 12.5 15.7     Lysine, %   .60   .82     Threonine, %   .60   .72     Methionine +   .43   .52     Tryptophan, %   .16   .20     ME, Mcal/kg 3.3 3.3     Calcium, %   .90   .90     Phosphorus, %   .61   .62Nutrient Composition,     CP, % 12.8 16.3     Lysine, %   .54   .77Blood samples were obtained on days 3 and 4 of eachgestation treatment period, before feeding the sows at0700.  Blood (3 to 5 ml) was collected via ear veinpuncture with a 23-gauge butterfly needle and transferredto heparinized tubes.  Plasma samples were separated bycentrifugation and stored at -20°C until they wereanalyzed.  The PUN concentrations were determinedcolorimetrically.Table 2. Gestation treatment diets.Gestation diets, lysine g/dIngredient, % 7.5 9.6 11.7 13.8 16.0Corn 68.3 68.3 68.3 68.3 68.6Rice hulls 24.3 24.2 24.3 24.3 24.3Soybean meal, 48% 3.21 3.21 3.21 3.21 3.21Dicalcium phosphate 1.97 1.97 1.97 1.97 1.97Limestone   .71   .71   .71   .71   .71Salt   .40   .40   .40   .40   .40Vitamin premix a   .20   .20   .20   .20   .20Trace mineral premix   .03   .03   .03   .03   .03Choline chloride   .08   .08   .08   .08   .08Selenium premixc   .05   .05   .05   .05   .05DL-Methionine   .15   .15   .15   .15   .15L-Threonine   .07   .07   .07   .07   .07L-Tryptophan   .03   .03   .03   .03   .03L-Lysine. HCl 0   .09   .18   .27   .36Glutamic acid   .58   .43   .28   .13 0Calculated analysis,     Crude protein, % 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9     Lysine, %   .26   .33   .40   .47   .54     Threonine, %   .40   .40   .40   .40   .40     Sulfur A. A.,%   .39   .39   .39   .39   .39     Tryptophan, %   .10   .10   .10   .10   .10     ME, Mcal/kg 2.44 2.44 2.44 2.44 2.44     Calcium, %   .75   .75   .75   .75   .75     Phosphorus, %   .60   .60   .60   .60   .60Nutrient composition,     Crude protein, % 8.01 7.79 7.57 7.8 8.08     Lysine, %   .28   .34   .40   .52   .54a  Contributed the following per kilogram of diet:  vitamin A,4,400 IU; vitamin D3, 1,100 IU; vitamin E, 22 IU; vitamin B12,0.022 mg; riboflavin, 6.6 mg; D-pantothenic acid, 18.0 mg; andniacin, 33.1 mg.b  Contributed the following in parts per million of diet:  Fe,87.5; Zn, 75; Cu, 8.8; Mn, 30; and I, 1.0;c  Contributed the following per kilogram of diet:  Se 0.3 ppm.Statistical analyses.  Data from the lactationperiod were analyzed as a random complete block designIowa State University Nutritionby using the appropriate GLM procedure.  The PUN datafrom gestation periods were analyzed as a Latin squaredesign with sows as columns and time period as rows byusing the appropriate GLM procedure.  The responses ofPUN to dietary lysine in the gestation periods were fittedby a two-slope, broken-line regression model to estimatethe optimum lysine intake (requirement) that minimizedPUN concentrations.Table 3.  Lactation results.LactationTreatmentsItem LL HL CV P>Parity 3.4 3.6    8.8 .11Post farrowing wt, kg 224 218  10.1 .80Weaning wt, kg 203 214  11.2 .21Weight loss, kg 21.8 3.6 131.5 .04ADFI, kg/d 6.15 5.95  15.2 .79Lysine intake, g/d 36.5 49.0  15.6 .01Litter weight gain, kg 47.6 48.8  13.0 .63Days of anestrus, d 5.65 4.65  19.2 .06Number born(subsequent pregnancy) 9.6 11.4  23.3 .15Results and DiscussionLactation. All 21 sows were used in analysis oflactation treatment effects.  The ADFI did not differ(P>.67) between treatments; therefore, sows fed the LLdiet had a lower daily lysine intake compared with sowsfed the HL diet, 35.4 and 50.1 g/d of lysine per day,respectively (P>.01).  Sows fed LL lost more (P<.05)body weight from post farrowing to weaning than sowsfed HL; 21.2 vs. 4.0 kg.  In addition, sows fed the LL diethad an increase (P<.07) in days of anestrus compared withthe sows fed the HL diet, 5.6 and 4.7 days.  There were,however, no differences in litter weight gain (P>.63)between sows fed LL and HL diets, 47.6 and 48.9 kg,respectively.  Sow milk production and lysine in milkwere calculated by assuming 3.7 kg of milk productionper 1 kg of litter weight gain, milk containing 5% proteinand milk protein containing 7% lysine.  There were nodifferences in lysine output from milk production betweenLL and HL, 45.1 and 46.4 g of lysine per day,respectively.  Because sows fed LL had less lysine intakethan the lysine in milk, maternal tissue was mobilized tomake up the difference in lysine.  Maintenance lysinerequirement was calculated by determining an averagemetabolic body weight from post farrowing and weaningweights and multiplying 38 mg of lysine per day.  Therewere no differences in maintenance lysine requirementsbetween LL and HL, 2.12 and 2.14 g of lysine per day,respectively.  Adding lysine for milk production andmaintenance gives 47.3 and 48.6 g of lysine per dayrequired by sows fed LL and HL, respectively.Comparing the lysine intake to lysine requirement forproduction, the sows fed LL were under fed lysine by10.8 g per day.  Thus, the protein for milk production inthe sows fed LL had to come from the body stores.Although the suckling pigs did not benefit from thehigher protein diet, the sows fed HL lost less body weightand had fewer days of anestrus than the sows fed LL.Decreases in days of anestrus and weight loss allow for ahigher rate of reproduction and an increase in totalproduction over the life of the sow.  In addition, 3 of 11sows fed LL did not conceive on the first estrus, whereasall 10 sows fed HL conceived on the first estrus (P<.09).Sow fed HL had numerically more pigs born alive thansows fed LL, 11.1 and 9.6, respectively.  Three sows fedLL were not included in data of pigs born alive becausethey did not farrow, and one sow previously fed HL diedduring farrowing and was not included in the data of pigsborn alive.Gestation  PUN concentrations decreasedquadratically (P<.01) with increasing dietary lysine intakeduring both EG and LG in sows that had been fed LL.The PUN concentrations in sows fed HL, however, didnot respond to graded lysine concentrations as expected inEG, but in LG, PUN concentrations decreased linearly(P<.01) as lysine levels increased.  A two-slope, broken-line analysis indicated a total daily lysine requirements of9.6 ± 1.5 and 12.2 ±_1.7 g/d in EG and LG_ respectivelyfor sows previously fed LL diets.  The PUN technique,however, did not adequately estimate the lysinerequirement of sows that were fed HL diet in lactation.SummaryFeeding a high protein diet during lactation has greatbenefits for the next reproductive cycle over a lowerprotein diet.  A higher protein diet may decrease the timesows are in anestrus and increase the percentage of sowsthat conceive on the first mating.  Therefore, feeding ahigher protein diet can decrease the time spent on estrusdetection and rebreeding.  Further it has potential toincrease the number of pigs per litter.The PUN data from the sows fed low lysine (LL)during gestation indicate that 9.6 ± 1.5 and 12.2 ± 1.7 g oflysine per day are required during early gestation and lategestation, respectively, when 7.2 Mcal/d of ME is fed.These estimated lysine requirements are higher thanfactorially calculated estimates and, therefore,  indicatethat sows are capable of utilizing more lysine for proteinaccretion than previously thought.  The failure, however,of PUN concentrations to give a clear estimate of lysinerequirement for sows previously fed high lysine diets(HL) during lactation indicates that the PUN technique isnot completely reliable in determining amino acidrequirements for sows during gestation

Lysine Requirement of the Gestating Sow Determined by Using Plasma Urea Nitrogen as a Rapid Response Criterion

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Lysine Requirement of the Gestating Sow Determined by Using Plasma Urea Nitrogen as a Rapid Response Criterion

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