Dai, DLK

Lee, TMC

Liu, JCC

Yip, JTH

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society

HKU Scholars Hub

Title Cognitive deficits in sleep apnea: A meta-analysisAuthor(s) Yip, JTH; Lee, TMC; Dai, DLK; Liu, JCCCitation Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 2001, v. 7n. 4, p. 434Issued Date 2001URL http://hdl.handle.net/10722/42600Rights Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong Licensetests consists of well-known words, where as the figural tests are new,abstract forms and difficult to learn. We found a third significant inter-action effect between the type of information and the mode of presenta-tion. In support with the hypothesis of global vs. local cerebral functioning,we found that in tasks with serially presented information patients withright temporal lobe dysfunction score better, and if the information ispresented simultaneously those with left temporal lobe dysfunction per-form better.Correspondence: Mark Hendriks, Dr. Hans Berger Clinic, Epilepsy Cen-tre, P.O. Box 90108, 4800 RA Breda, The Netherlands.A.C. ALMEIDA, M.D. SILVA, P.S.A. HENRIQUES-FILHO, & C.D.FERREIRA. Early Epileptic Encephalopathy With EEG Burst-Suppression Pattern (EEBS): A Case Report.Introduction: EEBS were described in the late 1970s and only a dozencases were reported in literature until today. Case Description: We reporton a female 19 months old, healthy until 5 months of age. Then she startedseizures and loss of neurological landmarks. Seizures were tonic, 4 to 5 aday. At admission she had no cervical tonus, no speech or environmentinteraction, neither was able to hold objects or follow light and sound.Pyramidal signs and an early puberty were found. She was taking carbam-azepin and valproic acid. MRI revealed only slight diffuse brain atrophy.EEG disclosed burst-suppression. Serum hormones FSH, LH, and TSHwere increased. No other abnormality could be found in a complete serumscreening for inborn metabolism errors, electrolyte, or metabolic distur-bances. Evoked potentials were normal. Discussion: Two conditions com-pose EEBS: Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE), in whichtonic seizures and radiological abnormalities constitute the majority of thedescribed cases and, early myoclonic epileptic encephalopathy (EMEE)with myoclonic seizures and metabolic abnormalities. Early puberty isnot diagnostic criteria for any of these conditions, but has been describedin literature associated with valproic acid use as in our case. Conclusion:According to literature descriptions, our case meets diagnostic criteria forEIEE.Correspondence: Alexandre Almeida, AV. W3 SUL Q. 501 CONJ. A SMHS,Brasília DF 70.330-150, Brazil.J.T.H. YIP, T.M.C. LEE, D.L.K. DAI, & J.C.C. LIU. Cognitive Defi-cits in Sleep Apnea: A Meta-Analysis.A meta-analytic review has been conducted on cognitive deficits in sleepapnea. Although there have been various research conducted on the ef-fect of sleep apnea on cognitive function, there have been some incon-sistencies in these previous research findings. The main purpose of thisstudy is to examine the degree of cognitive deficits in sleep apnea pa-tients, as well as the potential moderator variables of such deficits. Fur-thermore, the relative contribution of both physiological andneuropsychological measures in correctly classifying sleep apneas ofdifferent severity, relative to normal controls were also examined inorder to discourage the use of measures that have relatively poor predic-tive validity. Both vote-counting methods and fixed-effects models wereexamined based on the effect sizes calculated for each individual study.Degree of sleep apnea (moderate or severe), levels attention, short- andlong-term memory performance, and vigilance served as the primarydependent variables of interest in this study. Characteristics of each studyand patient population were noted to examine the effects of these vari-ables on the dependent measures. The results in this study support thenotion that multiple measures should be used in assessing cognitive def-icits in sleep apnea patients, as well as the hypothesis that there is adiscontinuity of cognitive deficits between sleep apnea patients of vary-ing severity. Furthermore, there seems to be a differential contribution ofboth physiological and neuropsychological measures in correctly catego-rizing sleep apnea patients.Correspondence: James Tin Hang Yip, Flat D, 6th Floor, Ka Yan Building,Jadefield Garden, 15-19 Ngau Tau Kok Road, Ngau Tau Kok, Kowloon,Hong Kong.Paper Session 9/9:00–10:30 a.m.CHILD NEUROPSYCHOLOGYK. FERNANDO, L. EATON, & M. FAULKNER. Development andPiloting of the Starship Post-Traumatic Amnesia Scale in ChildrenAged 4–6 Years.The aim of this study was to develop and pilot a New Zealand PTA Scalefor children aged between 4 and 6 years. The scale consists of 7 orienta-tion questions and 5 memory items modelled on the Westmead PTA Scale.The sample consisted of 45 four-year-olds, 82 five-year-olds, and 49 six-year-old children from a variety of cultural and socioeconomic back-grounds. Children were recruited from hospitals, kindergartens, and schools.Results were analyzed across age groups using means and standard devi-ations. The orientation and memory items were analyzed separately aswell as in combination. Early analyses indicate that the majority of normalchildren in the 4-to-6-year age group can answer most of the orientationquestions correctly and remember the memory stimuli from day to day.The results indicate that the Starship PTA Scale is suitable for youngchildren aged 4 to 6 years. It is simple and quick to administer and utilizesan operational definition of posttraumatic amnesia in terms of measuringcontinuous memory.Correspondence: Kris Fernando, Child and Family Unit, Starship Hospi-tal, Private Bag 92024, Auckland, New Zealand.K. THICKPENNY & K. FERNANDO. The Starship Post-TraumaticAmnesia Scale: Does It Predict Outcome After TBI in Children Aged3–7 Years?The Starship Post-Traumatic Amnesia Scale was developed for use withNew Zealand children aged 3–7 years. The purpose of the present studywas to assess whether the duration of posttraumatic amnesia (PTA), asmeasured by the Starship PTA Scale, was significantly related to neuro-psychological functioning in 19 children following TBI and could there-fore be used as a measure of TBI severity. An additional aim was to assesswhether the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was significantly related to neuro-psychological functioning. NEPSY subtests were used to assess the neuro-psychological domains of Attention and Executive Functions, Visuospatialprocessing, and Memory and Learning, 2 months post TBI. Multiple re-gression techniques were used to analyze the results. The GCS scores andduration of PTA were not significantly related. The findings indicated thatperformance on the NEPSY Memory and Learning domains was signifi-cantly predicted by duration of PTA, and in all cases the longer the dura-tion of PTA, the poorer the memory scores were. The duration of PTA,however did not contribute to the prediction of performance on the Visuo-spatial Processing, and the Attention and Executive Function domains.The GCS did not significantly predict performance on any of the NEPSYdomains 2 months post TBI. The Starship PTA Scale was found in thisstudy to be a more sensitive measure of cognitive outcome than the GCS.Correspondence: Kris Fernando, Child and Family Unit, Starship Hospi-tal, Private Bag 92024, Auckland, New Zealand.M. SADEH, A. BERGER, G. ZUR, A. SHUPER, L. KORENRICH, &D. INBAR. The Cerebellum’s Role in Executive Functions.Children with posterior fossa tumors (PFT) were compared to controls inorder to clarify cerebellum functions. They were assessed as part of alarger study conducted on pediatric neuro-oncology patients at the SchneiderChildren’s Medical Center of Israel. These children underwent surgeryalone to remove their tumor. Seven children with PFT (average age atsurgery 4.9 years, age range 1.0–10.8 years; average age at testing 12.1years, age range 9.3–18.2 years; average group intelligence: VIQ 5 108;PIQ 5 115) were compared with 14 normal controls on a set of executivecognitive tasks, i.e., planning, set shifting, verbal fluency, working mem-ory and visual organization. Each child from the PFT group was comparedto 2 children matched for age, level of education, intelligence and sex. Thetests administered were: Tower of Hanoi (PFT group: average time 5 68 sM no. of steps 5 11; Cont.: time 5 34 s, steps 5 11), Naming from the434 JINS, Vol. 7, No. 4

Cognitive deficits in sleep apnea: A meta-analysis

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Cognitive deficits in sleep apnea: A meta-analysis

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