Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mathematics, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (p. 40-41).This thesis consists of two parts. In the first part, we start by investigating the classical permutohedra as Minkowski sums of the hypersimplices. Their volumes can be expressed as polynomials whose coefficients - the mixed Eulerian numbers - are given by the mixed volumes of the hypersimplices. We build upon results of Postnikov and derive various recursive and combinatorial formulas for the mixed Eulerian numbers. We generalize these results to arbitrary root systems [fee], and obtain cyclic, recursive and combinatorial formulas for the volumes of the weight polytopes ([fee]-analogues of permutohedra) as well as the mixed [fee]-Eulerian numbers. These formulas involve Cartan matrices and weighted paths in Dynkin diagrams, and thus enable us to extend the theory of mixed Eulerian numbers to arbitrary matrices whose principal minors are invertible. The second part deals with the study of certain patterns in standard Young tableaux of shifted shapes. For the staircase shape, Postnikov found a bijection between vectors formed by the diagonal entries of these tableaux and lattice points of the (standard) associahedron. Using similar techniques, we generalize this result to arbitrary shifted shapes.by Dorian Croitoru.Ph.D
