Contains reports on four research projects.Joint Services Electronics Program (Contract DAAB07-76-C-1400)California Institute of Technology (Contract 953524)National Science Foundation (Grant ENG76-01654)National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Contract NAS5-24139

Kong, Jin Au

Staelin, David H.

Contains research objectives and summary of research on three research projects.Joint Services Electronics Program (Contract DAAB07-76-C-1400)California Institute of Technology (Contract 953524)National Science Foundation (Grant ENG76-01654

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XIV. ELECTRODYNAMICS OF MEDIAAcademic and Research StaffProf. Hermann A. Haus Prof. David H. StaelinProf. Jin Au Kong Dr. Leung TsangGraduate StudentsWeng C. Chew Donald L. Lee Roger S. PutnamBoucar Djermakoye Algis S. Leveckis James T. Walton1. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVESJoint Services Electronics Program (Contract DAAB07-76-C-1400)Jin Au KongWe have the following objectives in our studies of electromagnetic waves: examina-tion of subsurface probing and communication with a dipole antenna, study of remotesensing of the Earth, and investigation of integrated optics and fiber optics as appliedto optical communication systems.Papers on research supported in 1976 by the Joint Services Electronics Programwhich have been published, accepted for publication, submitted for publication, or1-17presented at meetings are listed in the references. The advantages of using hori-zontal magnetic dipole antennas were explored in detail for both isotropic and aniso-1-3tropic layered earth. We compared field calculations and experimental results fora horizontal electric dipole submerged in lake water. 4 In remote sensing we studiedthermal microwave emission from random media and from media containing spherical5-13scatterers. In applied optics we investigated electro-optical modulators and devel-oped theories for spatially modulated periodic media.In the study of geophysical subsurface probing and communication with dipole anten-nas, the theory for surface waves and subsurface waves arising from dipole images hasbeen developed. The surface waves are proportional to inverse distance squared and thesubsurface waves to inverse distance. We shall evaluate the image contributions tosecond order in inverse distance and hope to attain a compatible, rigorous theory. Inremote sensing we are now incorporating the surface roughness and subsurface inhomo-geneous temperature distributions. In integrated optics and fiber optics we are studyingthe diffraction and guidance of a Gaussian beam by a spatially modulated periodicmedium. Mode coupling and conversion mechanisms in guided optical systems will beapplied to both optical communication and solar energy collection studies.PR No. 119(XIV. ELECTRODYNAMICS OF MEDIA)References1. J. A. Kong, D. Cheng, and L. Tsang, "Geophysical Subsurface Probing with Hor-izontal Electric and Magnetic Dipole Antennas," 1976 International IEEE USNC/URSI Meeting, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, October 10-15, 1976.2. W. C. Chan, J. A. Kong, and L. Tsang, "Geophysical Subsurface Probing with aHorizontal Magnetic Dipole," IEEE Trans. (AP) Vol. AP-24, No. 6, pp. 877-879.November 1976.3. D. Cheng, J. A. Kong, and L. Tsang, "Geophysical Subsurface Probing of a Two-Layer Uniaxial Medium with a Horizontal Magnetic Dipole" (submitted to IEEETrans. on Antennas and Propagation).4. J. A. Kong, L. C. Shen, and L. Tsang, "Field of an Antenna Submerged in a Dis-sipative Dielectric Medium" (submitted to IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propaga-tion).5. J. A. Kong and L. Tsang, "Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of Layered Media,"Spring Annual Meeting, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C., April 12-15, 1976.6. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Microwave Remote Sensing of a Two-Layer RandomMedium," IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP-24, No. 3, pp. 283-287, May 1976.7. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Emissivity of Half-Space Random Media," RadioSci. 11, 593-598 (1976).8. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Thermal Microwave Emission from Half-Space RandomMedia," Radio Sci. 11, 599-610 (1976).9. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Thermal Microwave Emission from a Random Inhomo-geneous Layer over a Homogeneous Medium Using the Method of Invariant Imbed-ding" (to appear in Radio Sci.).10. L. Tsang, J. A. Kong, E. Njoku, D. H. Staelin, and J. W. Waters, "Theory forMicrowave Passive Remote Sensing of Cloud and Rainfall" (submitted to IEEETrans. on Antennas and Propagation).11. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Theory for Thermal Microwave Emission from aBounded Medium Containing Spherical Scatterers" (submitted to J. Appl. Phys.).12. L. Tsang, J. A. Kong, D. H. Staelin, E. Njoku, and J. W. Waters, "PassiveRemote Sensing of Cloud and Rainfall," 1976 International IEEE USNC/URSIMeeting, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, October 10-15,1976.13. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Radiative Transfer Theory for Microwave RemoteSensing of Two-Layer Media," 1976 International IEEE AP-S Symposium, Univer-sity of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, October 10-15, 1976.14. R. S. Chu, J. A. Kong, and D. Lee, "Theory for Electro-optical Grating Modu-lators," Proceedings of the IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium,Cherry Hill, New Jersey, June 14, 1976, pp. 24-26.15. R. S. Chu and J. A. Kong, "Modal Theory of Spatially Periodic Media" (to appearin IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques).1 6. J. A. Kong, "Coupled Mode Approaches to Spatially Periodic Media in IntegratedOptics," 1976 International IEEE USNC/URSI Meeting, University of Massachusetts,Amherst, Massachusetts, October 10-15, 1976.17. J. A. Kong, "Second-Order Coupled Mode Equations for Spatially Periodic Media"(to appear in J. Opt. Soc. Am.).PR No. 119(XIV. ELECTRODYNAMICS OF MEDIA)2. PASSIVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE EARTHWITH MICROWAVESCalifornia Institute of Technology (Contract 953524)Jin Au Kong, David H. StaelinIn passive remote sensing of the earth we have studied microwave thermal emissionfrom a layered random medium. -5 The model of a medium containing spherical scat-terers has also been developed.6-1 0 These theoretical models have been applied to thesolid earth, as well as to clouds and rainfall. 9 1 0References1. J. A. Kong and L. Tsang, "Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of Layered Media,"Spring Annual Meeting, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C. , April 12-15, 1976.2. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Microwave Remote Sensing of a Two-Layer RandomMedium," IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP-24, No. 3, pp. 283-287, May 1976.3. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Emissivity of Half-Space Random Media," Radio Sci. 11,59 3-598 (1976).4. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Thermal Microwave Emission from Half-Space RandomMedia," Radio Sci. 11, 599-610 (1976).5. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Radiative Transfer Theory for Microwave RemoteSensing of Two-Layer Media," 1976 International IEEE AP-S Symposium, Univer-sity of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, October 10-15, 1976.6. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Thermal Microwave Emission from a Random Inhomo-geneous Layer over a Homogeneous Medium Using the Method of Invariant Imbed-ding" (to appear in Radio Sci.).7. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Theory for Thermal Microwave Emission from aBounded Medium Containing Spherical Scatterers" (submitted to J. Appl. Phys.).8. E. G. Njoku and J. A. Kong, "Theory for Passive Microwave Remote Sensing ofNear-Surface Soil Moisture" (submitted to J. Geophys. Res.).9. L. Tsang, J. A. Kong, D. H. Staelin, E. Njoku, and J. W. Waters, "PassiveRemote Sensing of Cloud and Rainfall," 1976 International IEEE USNC/URSI Meeting,University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, October 10-15, 1976.10. L. Tsang, J. A. Kong, E. Njoku, D. H. Staelin, and J. W. Waters, "Theory forMicrowave Remote Sensing of Cloud and Rainfall" (submitted to IEEE Trans. onAntennas and Propagation).PR No. 119(XIV. ELECTRODYNAMICS OF MEDIA)3. REMOTE SENSING WITH ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVESNational Science Foundation (Grant ENG76-01654)Jin Au KongActive sensing with dipole antennas has been studied with a horizontal magnetic1 2dipole and with a horizontal electric dipole. Passive remote sensing of near-surfacesoil moistures and ice-covered land or water by using a model of a layered medium hasbeen investigated. 3' 4 The theory for thermal microwave emission from a boundedmedium containing spherical scatterers has also been developed. 5References1. D. Cheng, J. A. Kong, and L. Tsang, "Geophysical Subsurface Probing of a Two-Layer Uniaxial Medium with a Horizontal Magnetic Dipole" (submitted to IEEETrans. on Antennas and Propagation).2. J. A. Kong, L. C. Shen, and L. Tsang, "Field of an Antenna Submerged in a Dis-sipative Dielectric Medium" (submitted to IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propaga-tion).3. E. G. Njoku and J. A. Kong, "Theory for Passive Microwave Remote Sensing ofNear-Surface Soil Moisture" (submitted to J. Geophys. Res.).4. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Thermal Microwave Emission from a Random Inhomo-geneous Layer over a Homogeneous Medium Using the Method of InvariantImbedding"(to appear in Radio Sci.).5. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Theory for Thermal Microwave Emission from aBounded Medium Containing Spherical Scatterers" (submitted to J. Appl. Phys.).PR No. 119

Electrodynamics of Media

XVI. ELECTRODYNAMICS OF MEDIAAcademic and Research StaffProf. Jin Au Kong Dr. Ruey-Shi ChuProf. David H. Staelin Dr. Leung TsangGraduate StudentsMichael F. Caulfield Donald L. Lee Roger S. PutnamWeng C. Chew Algis S. Leveckis Robert H. ShinBoucar Djermakoye James T. Walton1. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVESJoint Services Electronics Program (Contract DAAB07-76-C- 1400)Jin Au KongWe have the following objectives in our studies of electromagnetic waves: examina-tion of subsurface probing and communication with a dipole antenna, study of remotesensing of the earth, and investigation of integrated optics and fiber optics as appliedto optical communication systems. Papers on research supported in 1977 by the JointServices Electronics Program which have been published, accepted for publication, sub-1-14mitted for publication, or presented at meetings are listed in references. Theadvantages of using horizontal magnetic dipole antennas were explored in detail for bothisotropic- and anisotropic-layered earth.1 We compared field calculations and experi-mental results for a horizontal electric dipole submerged in lake water. 2 In remote3-5sensing we studied thermal microwave emission from random media and from media6-8containing spherical scatterers. Backscattering coefficients for active sensing havealso been investigated. 9 - 10 In applied optics we investigated electro-optical modulators11-14and developed theories for spatially modulated periodic media.References1. D. Cheng, J. A. Kong, and L. Tsang, "Geophysical Subsurface Probing of a Two-Layered Uniaxial Medium with a Horizontal Magnetic Dipole," IEEE Transactionson Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP-25, No. 6, pp. 766-769, November 1977.2. J. A. Kong, L. C. Shen, and L. Tsang, "Field of an Antenna Submerged in a Dis-sipative Dielectric Medium," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,Vol. AP-25, No. 6, pp. 887-889, November 1977.3. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Thermal Microwave Emission from a Random Inhomo-geneous Layer over a Homogeneous Medium Using the Method of Invariant Imbed-ding," Radio Sci. 12, 185-194 (1977).4. E. G. Njoku and J. A. Kong, "Theory for Passive Microwave Remote Sensing ofNear-Surface Soil Moisture," J. Geophys. Res. 82, 3108-3118 (1977).5. E. Njoku and J. A. Kong, "Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of Near-SurfaceSoil Moisture," URSI/USNC Symposium, June 24, 1977.PR No. 120(XVI. ELECTRODYNAMICS OF MEDIA)6. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Theory for Thermal Microwave Emission from aBounded Medium Containing Spherical Scatterers," J. Appl. Phys. 48, 3593-3599(1977).7. L. Tsang, J. A. Kong, E. Njoku, D. H. Staelin, and J. W. Waters, "Theory forMicrowave Remote Sensing of Cloud and Rainfall," IEEE Transactions on Antennasand Propagation, Vol. AP-25, No. 5, pp. 650-657, September 1977.8. J. A. Kong and L. Tsang, "Microwave Thermal Emission from a Bounded MediumContaining Spherical Scatterers," URSI/USNC Symposium, June 24, 1977.9. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Backscattering from a Half-Space Random Medium withthe Radiative Transfer Approach," URSI/USNC Symposium, June 24, 1977.10. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Radiative Transfer Theory for Active Remote Sensingof Half-Space Random Media," Radio Sci. , accepted for publication.11. J. A. Kong, "Second-Order Coupled Mode Equations for Spatially Periodic Media,"J. Opt. Soc. Am. 67, 825-829 (1977).12. R. S. Chu, J. A. Kong, and T. Tamir, "The Diffraction of Gaussian Beams byPeriodic Layers," URSI/USNC Symposium, June 24, 1977.13. R. S. Chu and J. A. Kong, "Modal Theory of Spatially Periodic Media," IEEETransactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. MTT-25, No. 1, pp. 18-24, January 1977.14. R. S. Chu, J. A. Kong, and T. Tamir, "The Diffraction of Gaussian Beams by aLayer of Periodic Medium," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 67, 1555-1561 (1977).2. PASSIVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE EARTH WITH MICROWAVESCalifornia Institute of Technology (Contract 953524)Jin Au Kong, David H. StaelinIn passive remote sensing of the earth we have studied microwave thermal emissionfrom a layered random medium.l' 2 The model of a medium containing spherical scat-terers has also been developed. 3 ' 4 These theoretical models have been applied to thesolid earth, as well as to clouds and rainfall. 5References1. E. G. Njoku and J. A. Kong, "Theory for Passive Microwave Remote Sensing ofNear-Surface Soil Moisture," J. Geophys. Res. 82, 3108-3118 (1977).2. E. Njoku and J. A. Kong, "Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of Near-Surface SoilMoisture," URSI/USNC Symposium, June 24, 1977.3. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Theory for Thermal Microwave Emission from a BoundedMedium Containing Spherical Scatterers," J. Appl. Phys. 48, 3593-3599 (1977).4. J. A. Kong and L. Tsang, "Microwave Thermal Emission from a Bounded MediumContaining Spherical Scatterers," URSI/USNC Symposium, June 24, 1977.5. L. Tsang, J. A. Kong, E. Njoku, D. H. Staelin, and J. W. Waters, "Theory forMicrowave Remote Sensing of Cloud and Rainfall," IEEE Transactions on Antennasand Propagation, Vol. AP-25, No. 5, pp. 650-657, September 1977.PR No. 120(XVI. ELECTRODYNAMICS OF MEDIA)3. REMOTE SENSING WITH ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVESNational Science Foundation (Grant ENG76-01654)Jin Au KongActive sensing with dipole antennas has been studied with a horizontal magneticdipolel and with a horizontal electric dipole.2 Passive remote sensing of near-surfacesoil moistures and ice-covered land or water by using a model of a layered medium hasbeen investigated. 3 - 5 The theory for thermal microwave emission from a boundedmedium containing spherical scatterers has also been developed. 6 ' 7 With a randommedium model, active remote sensing techniques have been investigated. 8,9References1. D. Cheng, J. A. Kong, and L. Tsang, "Geophysical Subsurface Probing of a Two-Layered Uniaxial Medium with a Horizontal Magnetic Dipole," IEEE Transactionson Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP-25, No. 6, pp. 766-769, November 1977.2. J. A. Kong, L. C. Shen, and L. Tsang, "Field of an Antenna Submerged in a Dis-sipative Dielectric Medium," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol.AP-25, No. 6, pp. 887-889, November 1977.3. E. G. Njoku and J. A. Kong, "Theory for Passive Microwave Remote Sensing ofNear-Surface Soil Moisture," J. Geophys. Res. 82, 3108-3118 (1977).4. E. Njoku and J. A. Kong, "Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of Near-Surface SoilMoisture," URSI/USNC Symposium, June 24, 1977.5. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Thermal Microwave Emission from a Random Inhomo-geneous Layer over a Homogeneous Medium Using the Method of Invariant Imbed-ding," Radio Sci. 12, 185-194 (1977).6. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Theory for Thermal Microwave Emission from a Bound-ed Medium Containing Spherical Scatterers," J. Appl. Phys. 48, 3593-3599 (1977).7. J. A. Kong and L. Tsang, "Microwave Thermal Emission from a Bounded MediumContaining Spherical Scatterers," URSI/USNC Symposium, June 24, 1977.8. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Backscattering from a Half-Space Random Medium withthe Radiative Transfer Approach," URSI/USNC Symposium, June 24, 1977.9. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Radiative Transfer Theory for Active Remote Sensingof Half-Space Random Media," Radio Sci. , accepted for publication, 1977.4. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSINGNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (Contract NAS5-24139)Jin Au KongWith a random medium model, backscattering coefficients for active microwaveremote sensing have been studied.1, 2 The spherical scatterer model 3 has been used toPR No. 120(XVI. ELECTRODYNAMICS OF MEDIA)interpret passive remote sensing data with diurnal changes. Rough surface effects arenow being integrated into our theoretical models.References1. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Backscattering from a Half-Space Random Medium withthe Radiative Transfer Approach," URSI/USNC Symposium, June 24, 1977.2. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Radiative Transfer Theory for Active Remote Sensingof Half-Space Random Media," Radio Sci. , accepted for publication, 1977.3. L. Tsang and J. A. Kong, "Theory for Thermal Microwave Emission from a BoundedMedium Containing Spherical Scatterers," J. Appl. Phys. 48, 3593-3599 (1977).PR No. 120

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Electrodynamics of Media

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