Johansson, Malin

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678 LAW AND CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMSother hand, these states will receive only $i of federal funds for every dollar of theirown which they- spend on medical care.As between hospital construction and medical care, a state will obviously receivemore for its money by investing in new hospitals than by spending money on thecare of patients in existing institutions. But hospitals and medical care are to a largeextent mutually complementary. Moreover, the relative need for the one as comparedto the need for the other will vary from place to place. The arbitrary weighting infavor of hospital construction might, therefore, prove inimical to the economic budg-eting of public funds.Federal grants-in-aid are, of course, not limited to the field of health and medicalcare. The Social Security Act provides for grants to the states on a 5o-5o matchingbasis for old-age assistance, aid to dependent children and aid to the blind. A FederalAid to Education Bill providing for grants to the states on a non-matching basis wasintroduced at the last regular session of Congress. In view of the possible influencewhich the formulae under which these grants are made might exert on state and localbudgetary policies, it would appear desirable to correlate all of them as far as possiblein the interest of a rational allocation of public funds.INDEX-MEDICAL CAREAMERICAN ASS'N FOR LABOR LEGISLATION, 499.AMERICAN ASS'N FOR SOCIAL SECURITY"model "health insurance bill sponsored by, 629-32.American Fed. of Labor v. Buck Stove Co., 6oo.AIERICAN FOUNDATION, 6og.AMERICAN HOSPITAL ASS'N, 545, 607, 608.AMERICAN MEDICAL ASS'Nposition of, as to cash versus service benefits, 514,as to free choice of physician, 514, as to remunera-tion of physicians under plans, 514; enforcementby, of ethical rules, 517; development of rules of,as to contract practice, 518-22; indictment of, forviolation of Antitrust Law, discussed, 595-605;position of, as to: early health insurance movement,6o6-07, health titles of Social Security bill, 6o8;disapproval by, of Nat. Health Program, 6og, ofNat. Health Bill, 619, of Sheppard-Towner Act,611. See ANTITRUST LAWS.AMERICAN PUBLIC WELFARE ASS'Nsurvey of public medical services by, 622-23.Anderson v. Shipowners' Ass'n, 6oo.Anderson v. U. S., 6oo, 6oi.ANTITRUST LAWindictment of AMA and other medical societiesunder, 596; indictment summarized, 596-97; for-mal sufficiency of indictment in AMA case con-sidered, 597-98; question whether actions of med-ical societies against GHA were illegal under, 598-6oi; question whether practice of medicine is"trade" under, 6o-04.Atlantic Cleaners and Dyers, Inc., v. U. S., 6ox, 603,604.Brighton College v. Marriott, 602.CALIFORNIA PHYSICIANS' SERVICEprinciples controlling organization of, 566; lack ofprecedents for, 566-67; not illegal corporate prac-tice, 568-69; not subject to insurance law, 569-71;provisions of, as to: management and policy, 572,voting control, 572, free choice of physician, 573,protection of members' interests, 573-74, reserves,574-75, unit system of paying physicians, 575,supervision of physicians, 575-76, forms of con-tracts, 576-79, types of medical care covered, 577-78, dues, 579, selection of risks, 579-8o, care forindigent, 583; relations of, with hospital serviceplans, 58o-81; protection of, from tort liability,581-82.COMMISSION ON HOSPITAL SERVICEof Am. Hospital Ass'n: standards for approval ofhospital service plans fixed by, 534, 541-42, 543-44,548; model enabling act proposed by, 542.43.COMMITTEE OF PHYSICIANS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OPMEDICAL CARE, 609, quoted, 642.COMMITTEE ON COSTS OF MEDICAL CARE, 499, 607,6o8, 642.COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND LABOR, 500, 646, 67!.CONTRACT PRACTICEdefined, 5x6; historical growth of, 517-19; abusesin, 518; evolution of AMA ethical rules as to,518-22.CORPORATE PRACTICEdevelopment of, 522; basis of legal rules restrict-ing, 523-24; distinctions based on types of cor-MEDICAL CARE-INDEXporations engaging in, 524-25, 568-69; legal anal-ysis of problem of, 525-26; decisions relating to,526-27; avoided under medical care enabling acts,562; question of, in Cal. Physicians' Service,568-69.COST OF MEDICAL CAREeffect of, on adequacy of medical services, 502; un-even incidence of, 503-04; relation of disability to,504-05; effect of changing technology on, 507, 616.DisAaILrTY INSURANCEprovision for grants in aid of temporary, in Nat.Health Bill, 615, 646; inclusion of permanent, inold-age benefit system proposed, 646; need for, asshown: by dependency due to disability, 647-50,by extent of disability 'found in Nat. Health Sur-vey, 65o-5x, in Great Britain, 651, in Germany,651-52, among railroad workers, 652-53; inad-equacy of voluntary, 653; types of disability to becovered by, 654; problem as to administrative re-lation of temporary, to permanent, and to otherinsurances, 654-57; problems of, as to: coverage,657-58, definition of compensable disability, 658-59, benefit rates, 659-6o, waiting period, 66o-6s,benefit period, 661-62, eligibility, 662; estimates asto costs of temporary, 662-64, permanent, 664-65,of both, 665; provisions for, in "model" bill ofAm. Ass'n for Social Security, 63o-3i, in Cal.Health Ins. bill, 635-36, in Wagner-N. Y. HealthIns. bill, 636. See HEA.TH INSURANCE.Eastern States Lumber Dealers' Ass'n v. U. S., 599.F.Aune SECtURY AosmeN MEDICAL. CARE PNooRimbasis of FSA farm loans, 583-84; need for, 584-85;reason for prepayment plan in, 585; initial stepsin, 585-86; agreements with county medical so-cieties, 587; benefits and costs to member, 587-88;states in which, operates, 589; operation of, onFSA homestead projects, 589-9o; special plans of,in N. and S. Dakota, 590-92, in California andArizona, 592; attitudes of physicians and bor-rowers toward, 593-94.FEDERAL AID TO EDtCATION BILgrants-in-aid under, compared to those in Nat.Health Bill, 672, 678.Federal Trade Comm'n v. Raladam, 603.FREE CHOICE OF PHYSICIANlimitations upon, under modern conditions, 5ox-02; problem of, under voluntary medical careplans, 514; position as to, of AMA, 514, 520-22;under Cal. Physicians' Service, 572; under FERAReg. No. 7, 621; under Title XIII of Nat. HealthBill, 626; under Cal. Health Ins. Bill. 635, 643;under Wagner-N. Y. Health Ins. Bill, 637, 643.GRANTS-IN-AIDunder Nat. Health Bill: total of, contemplated,666; purposes of, 667; table analyzing salient pro-visions relatirig to, 668; variations in, dependingon financial resources, 669-70; procedure for, illus-trated by hypothetical child-health grant, 670-71;criticisms of formulae for, considered, as to admin-istration discretion, 672-73, as to discriminatoryeffect on progressive and on poorer states, 673-77,as to effect of varying formulae on entire healthprogram, 677-78; table showing taxes required ofstates to match, for child health, 676.Graves v. Minnesota, 603.GROUP HELTH Ass'N, INC.organization of, 595; opposition to, by medicalsocieties, 595-96; held not illegally practicing medi-cine or selling insurance, 595.Group Health Ass'n v. Moor, 570, 6o5.GROUP HEALTH FEDERATION, 515.GROUP PRACTICEdefined, 516; use of corporate form in, 522; en-couraged under Cal. Health Ins. bill, 635; advo-cated, 642.Hall D'Arth v. British Provident Ass'n, 570.Harris v. Thomas, 603, 604.HE.TH INSURANCEfirst movement for, in U. S., 498-99, 6o6-o7;grants in aid of state plans for, authorized by Nat.Health Bill, 614, 615, 628; in combination withservice to indigent, 616; under "model" bill ofAm. Ass'n for Social Security: contributions, 629,benefits, 629-30, eligibility, 63o-3 , maternity ben-efits, 631, voluntary system for uncovered workers,631-32, administration, 632-33; under Californiabill for: relation to Nat. Health Bill and SocialSecurity Act, 633, contributions, 633, medicalbenefits, 634, eligibility, 634, voluntary system,634, administration, 635, disability benefits, 635-36; under Wagner-N. Y. bill for: contributions,636, benefits, 636, administration, 637; underBiemiller-Wisconsin bill for: contributions, 637,eligibility, 637, administration, 637-38; problemsof, as to: coverage, 638, eligibility, 639-40, co-ordination of disability and unemployment benefits,641, coordination with other health services, 641-42, organization of medical care, 642-43. See Dss-ABILITY INSURANCE.HOSPITAL CONSTRUcTIONgrants for, under Nat. Health Bill, 614, 668, 669,678; by PWA and WPA, 614.HOSPITAL SERVICE PLANSeconomic need for, 528-29; origins of, 529; inNew York, 531, elsewhere, 532; standards for ap-proval of, 534, 541-42, 543-44, 548; form of cor-porate organization of, 545-46; administrative or-ganization of, 546-47; obligations of hospitals in,547-48; subscriber contracts: duration, 548-49,scope of benefits, 550-52, 557; promotional activ-ities for, 552-53; enrollment practice of, 553-54;family coverage in, 554-55; subscription chargesof, 555-56, 557; reciprocal benefits of, 556-57; ex-pansion of, 557-58; relation of Cal. PhysiciansService to, 58o, effect of Title XIII on, 627.MEDICAL CARE-INDeXHOSPITAL SERVICE PLAN ENABLING ACTSin New York State, summarized, 529-31; statespassing, 531-32; states ruling, unnecessary, 532;hospital responsibility under, 533; powers of regu-latory bodies under, 533-34; relation of, to insur-ance laws, 534; granting tax exemption, 534-35;investments authorized by, 535; requirements of,as to: directors, 535-36, eligibility of hospitals,536, rates, 536-37, examinations and reports, 537,working capital, reserves, and surplus, 537-38,type of service, 538-39, hospital responsibility,539;special provisions in, 540-41; text of model, 542-43.INStIsANCEapplicability of laws regulating, to hospital plans,5;9-32, 534, to medical care plans, 56z-62, 569-71. See DISABILITY INSURANCE, HEALTH INSUR-ANCE.INTERDEPARTMENTAL COmmImrEE TO COORDINATEHEALTHr AND WELFARE AcTrvsnls, 499-500, 609.MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTHlegislative background of provisions for, in Nat.Health Bill, 61o-ii; crippled children's programunder Social Security Act, 61-12, under Nat.Health Bill, 612; hypothetical distribution ofgrants in aid of, under Nat. Health bill, 67o-7i,675-77.MEDICAL CARE PLANSchart for analysis of, 508-09; Ross-Loos MedicalGroup, 509-10, 513; Roanoke Rapids CommunityService, 51o, 513; Stanocola Employees Med. &Hosp. Ass'n, 510, 513; Spaulding Bakeries Em-ployees' Mut. Benefit AsS'n, 5r', 513; ConsolidatedEdison Co. Mut. Aid Soc., 511, 513, 514; KingCounty Med. Service Bureau, 511, 513; Saskatche-wan Municipal Doctor System, 512- TransportWorkers' Union Plan, 512-13; should, be limitedto specific gro0ps? 513; service versus cash ben-efits in, 513-14; methods of remunerating physi-cians under, 515. See CALIFORNIA PHYSICIANS'SERVICE, FARm SECURITY ADI'N MEDICAL CAREPROGRAM.MEDICAL CARE PLAN ENABLING Ac-rShistory, of in Michigan, 559-6o; digest of Michiganbill for, 56o, with legislative changes, 56o-6i; rela-tion of, to insurance laws, 561-62, to corporatepractice, 562, to malpractice liability, 562; digestof, in Connecticut, 563, in Pennsylvania, 563-64,in.Vermont, 564, in New York, 564; unsuccessfulbills for, listed, 564.MEDICAL ETHICSrelation of, to legal rules, 517, 523-24; enforce-ment of, by AMA, 517. See CoNTRACT PRACTICE,CORPORATE PRACTICE, FREE CHOICE o PHYSICIAN.MEDICINEchanging technology of, 497, 507, 616; study ofsocial factors in, 497-98; effect of social factorsupon, 50o-o2, 617-18.Montague & Co. v. Lowry, 6oo.NATIONAL HEmTH BILLoutlined, 496; development of movement culmi-nating in, 6o6-io; special experience in relationto specific proposals of, 61-16; social forces inbackground of, 616-i8; see DisAILIwy INSURANCE,GRANTS-IN-AID, HEALTH INsuRAlCE, HOSPITALCONSTRUCTION, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH,PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, PUBLIC MEDICAL SERV-ICES.NATIONAL HEALTH CONFERENCE, 500, 609.NATIONAL HEALTH SURVEYfindings of, as to extent of disability, 649-5x.People v. Pacific Health Corporation, Inc., 568.Pratt v. British Medical Asnn, 602, 603, 604.PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICEU. S. Pub. Health Service program of, 612; inrural areas in relief program, 613; under SocialSecurity Act, 613; under Nat. Health Bill, 613,668.PUBLIC MEDICAL SERVICESearly development of, 620-21; effect of depressionon, 614; under Regulation No. 7 of PERA, 615,62X; groups in need of, 6x5; deficiencies in exist-ing, 622-23; grants in aid of, authorized by Nat.Health Bill, Title XIII, 619, 668; scope of, sub-sidized under Title XIII, 623-24; standards forapproval of plans for, under Title XIII, 624-27.SHEPPARD-TowNER ACT, 607, 61o, 611.SOCIAL SECUtrI'T ACrlimited health program provided by, 499, 6o8;maternity and child welfare programs under, 6%1;crippled children's aid under, 611; public healthprogram under, 612; relation of disability insur-ance to unemployment compensation and old-agebenefits of, 656-57, 633; grants-in-aid under, com-pared to Nat. Health Bill's, 677.The Schooner Nymph, 603.U. S. v. Standard Oil Co., 598.WAGNER, ROBERT F.quoted, 675.WAGNER NATIONAL HEALTH BILLSee DISABILITY INSURANCE, GRANTS-IN-AID, HEALTHINSURANCE, HOSPITAL CONSTRUCTION, MATERNALAND CHILD HEALTH, NATIONAL HEALTH BILL,PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, PUBLIC MEDICAL SERV-ICES.WORKMIEN'S COMPENSATION LAWSeffect, of, on contract practice, 58; relation of, todisability insurance, 616, 645, 656-57.

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