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Metatranscriptomic analysis of extremely halophilic viral communities
Authors
A Kistler
A Murray
+64 more
A Peña
B Díez
B Rodriguez-Brito
BA Legault
C Winter
CA Suttle
CC Chou
Cristina López
D Wang
DA Stahl
DG Burns
DR Webster
EO Casamayor
F Rodríguez-Valera
F Santos
F Santos
Fernando Santos
G Muyzer
G Muyzer
H Baati
H Bolhuis
H Bolhuis
I Janse
Inmaculada Meseguer
J Antón
J Antón
JA Fuhrman
JA Fuhrman
JC Snyder
Josefa Antón
JR Thompson
KE Wommack
L Maturrano
M Breitbart
M Breitbart
M Dyall-Smith
M Moreno-Paz
M Moreno-Paz
MB Mutlu
MC Yang
Mercedes Moreno-Paz
MG Weinbauer
MJ Allen
MJ Allen
MJ Allen
N Guixa-Boixareu
P Garrido
R Elevi-Bardavid
R Rosselló-Mora
RA Sandaa
Ramon Rosselló-Mora
RI Amann
RT Noble
RT Papke
S Benlloch
S Cuadros-Orellana
S Jiang
SW Wilhelm
T Bouvier
TF Thingstad
V Kunin
V Parro
Víctor Parro
WH Willson
Publication date
1 January 2011
Publisher
'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
Doi
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on
PubMed
Abstract
Hypersaline environments harbour the highest number of viruses reported for aquatic environments. In crystallizer ponds from solar salterns, haloviruses coexist with extremely halophilic Archaea and Bacteria and present a high diversity although little is known about their activity. In this work, we analyzed the viral expression in one crystallizer using a metatranscriptomic approach in which clones from a metaviromic library were immobilized in a microarray and used as probes against total mRNA extracted from the hypersaline community. This approach has two advantages: (i) it overcomes the fact that there is no straightforward, unambiguous way to extract viral mRNA from bulk mRNAs and (ii) it makes the sequencing of all mRNAs unnecessary. Transcriptomic data indicated that the halovirus assemblage was highly active at the time of sampling and the viral groups with the highest expression levels were those related to high GC content haloarchaea and Salinibacter representatives, which are minor components in the environment. Moreover, the changes in the viral expression pattern and in the numbers of free viral particles were analyzed after submitting the samples to two stress conditions: ultraviolet-radiation and dilution. Results showed that Archaea were more sensitive than Bacteria to these stress conditions. The overexpression in the predicted archaeal virus fraction raised and the total numbers of free viruses increased. Furthermore, we identified some very closely related viral clones, displaying single-nucleotide polymorphisms, which were expressed only under certain conditions. These clones could be part of very closely related virus genomes for which we propose the term 'ecoviriotypes'. © 2011 International Society for Microbial Ecology. All rights reserved.This work was supported by projects CGL2006-12714-CO2-01 and -02, and AYA2008-04013 of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN), which include funding from the European Union (‘FEDER’) and ACOM09/155 from the Generalitat Valenciana.Peer Reviewe
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