Contemporary evidence supports the centuries old notion that expired breath and the headspaces above body fluids and products can serve
as biomarkers of organ function. Clinical responsiveness to alterations in clinical status or therapy is dependent upon timely, accurate,
relevant physiological data. Current measures of urea and creatinine to assess renal urea reduction are invasive and cannot be repeated
frequently or reported quickly enough to define individual response to treatment in real time. In contrast, breath analysis is minimally
invasive and can provide real time information about low molecular weight volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as ammonia1,2
