The LiAlSiO4:Ce3+ (0-11 mol%) nanocomposites are synthesized by low temperature solution combustion method using aloe vera gel as a fuel. The prepared samples are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) to know the crystallite size, optical energy band gap by Kubelka-Munk (K-M) plot and surface morphology by scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis for elemental confirmation. The stretching frequency of all nanocomposites is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The Raman spectroscopy provides a structural fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics showed that the prepared samples obey Ohm's law. DC conductivity is studied for temperature ranging from 30-450 degrees C and activation energy is calculated by Arrhenius plot. Further, the present method was reliable, environmental friendly and alternative to economical routes

Bhagya, K. R.

Hegde, Vinayakprasanna N.

Jyothi, K. R.

Murugendrappa, M.

Nagabhushana, H.

Nagabhushana, N. M.

Prakash, A. P. Gnana

Gnana Prakash, A. P.

University of Mysore - Digital Repository of Research, Innovation and Scholarship (ePrints@UoM)

American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2012, 3, 1490-1494 doi:10.4236/ajps.2012.310179 Published Online October 2012 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/ajps) Effect of Growth Regulators on Seed Germination and Its Significance in the Management of Aeginetia indica L. — A Root Holoparasite Chellopil Raman Vijay1, Mallegowdanakoppalu Channappa Thriveni2,  Gyarahally Rangappa Shivamurthy2*  1Maharani’s Science College for Women, Mysore, India; 2Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, India. Email: *grsgyarahally@gmail.com  Received July 31st, 2012; revised August 28th, 2012; accepted September 3rd, 2012 ABSTRACT Seed germination in root holoparasites depends on receipt of certain chemical signals from the host plant. It is possible to induce germination in such seeds without the association of hosts by using growth regulators under in vivo and in vitro conditions. IAA, GA3 and Kinetin have been used to induce seed germination in Aeginetia indica L. to analyse the possible ways of exploiting knowledge of germination for the management of this weed. Seeds pre treated with 50 mg·L–1 of GA3 showed the production of aseptate, uninucleate root hair-like tubules, which probably help in the an-chorage with host root. Under in vitro, GA3 (5.0 and 7.5 mg·L–1) has been found to induce and enhance percentage of seed germination. Therefore, it is concluded that GA3 could be used to bring suicidal germination of seeds thereby manage this parasitic weed effectively. Further production of uninucleate tubules and organisation of conventional bi-polar seedling under the influence of GA3 is being reported for the first time in this taxon.  Keywords: Aeginetia indica; Seed Germination; Suicidal Germination; Growth Regulators; Embryonal Tubules 1. Introduction Aeginetia indica L. is a herbaceous root-holoparasite causing considerable yield reduction in sugar cane, rice, maize, sorghum, fodder grasses and host of other Mo- nocotyledonous taxa in India, China, Japan, Philippines, Indonesia etc. [1]. It produces abundant minute yellow white seeds (Figure 1(A)). Longisection of the seed shows an undifferentiated embryo consisting of radicular and plumular pole without any semblance of embryonal or-gans like cotyledons, hypocotyl, epicotyl etc. (Figure 1(B)). It is established that seed germination in root-holo-parasites depends on receipt of certain chemical signals from the host plant [2]. However, it is possible to induce germination in such seeds without the association of hosts in vitro [3]. Seed germination studies on Aeginetia indica are limited to Chennaveeraiah et al. [4] and French and Sherman [5]. Information on the details of seed ger-mination and seedling morphogenesis is a prerequisite for developing methods for the management of parasitic taxa of Scrophulariaceae and Orobanchaceae [6], and hence the present study. Different growth regulators were used to induce seed germination to analyse the possible ways of exploiting knowledge of germination for the management of this parasitic weed. 2. Material and Methods Seeds of A. indica were collected from Kerekatte, Chi-kamagalore District and Belthangady, South Canara Dis-trict, Karnataka, India, during August and September. Seeds were harvested from mature capsules just before dehiscence, shade dried and stored in butter paper enve-lopes, under laboratory conditions. Both in vivo and in vitro culture methods were employed to know the effect of growth regulators like GA3, IAA and Kinetin. In vivo studies were conducted by pretreating seeds with growth regulators whereas in in vitro studies MS medium [7] was supplemented with different concentrations of growth regulators to establish their effects on seed germination. In vivo culture was carried out in sterile petri plates lined with moist filter paper at room temperature (28˚C ± 2˚C) with constant relative humidity. Before incubation seeds were surface sterilized with nascent chlorine water and washed with distilled water. About 300 seeds were taken and arranged on the filter paper in rows to facilitate  *Corresponding author. Copyright © 2012 SciRes.                                                                                 AJPS Effect of Growth Regulators on Seed Germination and its Significance in the Management of Aeginetia indica  L.—A Root Holoparasite 1491recording of mode and percentage of germination. The experiments were run in triplicates and average results were recorded. 3. Results 3.1. In vivo Studies In vivo seed cultures raised on moist filter paper main-tained under either light or dark conditions for three months failed to show any signs of germination. Seeds water washed for two, four, six and eight days gradually turned yellow to pale and when placed on moist filter paper failed to germinate even after 10 weeks in both light and dark conditions. Cold treatment showed swell-ing of seeds only. Seeds pretreated with GA3 (1 mg·L–1) did not show any signs of germination even after 30 days. Seeds kept in GA3 (50 mg·L–1) showed 63.2% germination within  20 days, while those maintained in 100 mg·L–1 showed very low percentage of germination. During germination the cells of the embryo at radicular end become swollen and spheroidal. When transferred on to moist filter paper one to six of these spheroidal cells elongate themselves into cylindrical root hair-like embryonal tubules each measuring 600 - 1240  in length & 25 to 30  in breadth (Figures 1(D) and (E)). The outgrowths remained uni-cellular and uninucleate (Figure 1(F)). No further growth and differentiation was seen. Seeds pretreated with Ki-netin and IAA at different concentrations viz. 1 mg·L–1, 50 mg·L–1 and 100 mg·L–1 and sown on moist filter pa-per did not show any signs of germination. 3.2. In vitro Studies In in vitro culture of seeds inoculated on M S medium supplemented with IAA (0.1 mg·L–1) germination oc-curred in 28 days. The first observable change in the   Figure 1. (A) Seeds; (B) L.S. of ripe seed showing seed coat (sc), endosperm (end) and undifferentiated embryo (emb); (C) Seed pretreated with GA3 (50 mg·L–1) in its early stage of germination, note the emerged spheroidal cells (sp); (D) and (E) Germinated seed(s) with one and five tubules (tu) respectively; (F) Enlarged basal region of the tubule. Note the presence of nucleus (n) and thickened cell wall (cw) at the tip of the tubule. Bars = 250 m (A); 25 m (B); 50 m (C); 250 m (D) and (E); 23 m (F). Copyright © 2012 SciRes.                                                                                 AJPS Effect of Growth Regulators on Seed Germination and its Significance in the Management of Aeginetia indica  L.—A Root Holoparasite 1492  germinating seeds was an increase in volume of the em-bryonal cells at the radicular end, which ultimately emerge out rupturing the seed coat. The emerged part developed into a mass of rounded cells called tubercle. The per-centage of germination was 1.9 at the end of 40 days. 51.2% of the germinated seeds developed tubercles. In 60 days the percentage of germination increased to 23.16. In nearly 70.2% of the germinated seeds tubercles de-veloped. Further development ceased and the embryo died by end of 10 weeks. Seed germination within 40 days with IAA (1.0 mg·L–1) was 14.7%, 83.2% of which produced tubercles. In 60 days germination percentage increased to 48.16%. In 95.8% of the germinated seeds tubercles were initiated and they gradually increased in size as a mass of paren-chyma cells. L.S. of the germinated seeds showed or-ganization of the radicular and plumular meristem. In 6.2% of the seeds roots arose endogenously and are thick horn like measuring about 1 - 4 mm in length (Figure 2(A)). Proliferation of the plumular pole was observed whose cells were quite distinct with dense cytoplasm and prominent nuclei. With IAA (2.5 mg·L–1) 6% germination occurred in 40 days. The percentage was increased to 14% by 60 days. Tubercles were initiated in 30% of the seeds. No further growth was noticed. With IAA (5 mg·L–1 and 7.5 mg·L–1) only swelling of the seeds were seen without any signs of germination even after 60 days. GA3 (0.1 mg·L–1) has not shown any influence on seed germination even after 60 days except swelling of seeds. With GA3 (1.0 mg·L–1), 14.3% seeds germinated in 40 days out of which 48.2% produced two to five mm long tubercle. On transfer to fresh medium they produced small mounds of new tissue. In some of them roots dif-ferentiated at the free surface. The percentage of germi-nation increased to 52.4% by the end of 60 days. After ten weeks they turned sepia brown and died. With GA3 (2.5 mg·L–1) 29.4% seeds germinated by the end of 40 days, it was 58.3% by the 60th day. 66.4% of the seeds germinated in 40 days and 83.1% in 60 days. The radicular pole emerged through the micropyle to form a golden - yellow tubercle which was globular with smooth surface. Comparatively the peripheral cells of the tubercle were rich in starch. Ultimately, a large lobed yellowish mass of varied shape resulted. Roots devel-oped endogenously and emerged through its exposed surface. Further growth was not seen. The germination was 6.45% in 25 days with GA3 (5.0 mg·L–1). By 40 days it recorded 46.3% and was 68.2% in 60 days. Of the 84.2% of germinated seeds, cells of the radicular end of embryo increased in size and protruded out through micropyle, following rupture of seed coat. It proliferated further to form a golden yellowish tubercle. Simultaneously cells of plumular pole by cell division and cell enlargement extend out of seed coat. The shoot apex took its origin from the exposed plumular part. Due to unequal growth of the embryonal tissue, the seed coat was pushed to a side. The shoot apex developed on the lateral side. In a few cases the root developed adjacent to the shoot apex (Figure 2(B)). Percentage of germination with GA3 (7.5 mg·L–1) showed an increase at all the observation periods, with 21.6% in 30 days, 56.2% in 40 days and 71.4% in 60 days. Tubercles developed from the radicular pole of the embryo in 52.1% of the germinated seeds in 30 days, 68.8% in 40 days and 89.1% in 60 days. In nearly 10.2% of the germinated seeds branched roots without root cap and root hairs developed from the free surface of the pro-liferated tissue, away from the medium. Simultaneous    Figure 2. (A) Two months old culture on medium supple-mented with IAA (1.0 mg·L–1) showing a branched root (r); (B) L.S. of callus grown on MS medium supplemented with GA3 (5.0 mg·L–1) showing plumular pole (pp) inside the seed coat (sc). Note development of radicle (ra) near the plumu-lar pole; (C) L.S. of two and a half months old culture on medium supplemented with GA3 (7.5 mg·L–1); (D) L.S. of seedling showing root (r) and shoot meristem (sm). Bars  50 m (A); 250 m (B); 40 m (C); 240 m (D). Copyright © 2012 SciRes.                                                                                 AJPS Effect of Growth Regulators on Seed Germination and its Significance in the Management of Aeginetia indica  L.—A Root Holoparasite 1493with the growth of the radicular pole, the plumular pole also proliferated and extended out of the testa organizing an endogenous meristem on its lateral side. Ontogenetic study of the embryo during seed germina-tion on MS medium supplemented with GA3 (5.0 mg·L–1 and 7.5 mg·L–1) was made. The first noticeable change in the seeds was an increase in volume of embryonal cells at the micropylar end. As the embryo increased in size, the seed coat ruptured and exposed the epidermal cells of the radicular end. This end later developed into a mass of tissue—the tubercle by cell division and cell enlargement. On transfer to fresh medium, the tubercle produced a small mound of tissue. Sections of the germinated seeds revealed the in-situ enlargement and proliferation of the radicular pole of the embryo, while the quiescent plumu-lar end stayed in the cup-shaped endosperm tissue en-closed by the seed coat (Figure 2(C)). As growth con-tinued the cells of the plumular end differentiates into a shoot meristem and the seed coat is sloughed off. Ini-tially the growth of the tubercle was uniform, later it be-came asymmetric. The procambium extended from the root to the shoot meristem (Figure 2(D)). The root apex consisted of densely protoplasmic cells with prominent nuclei. Further growth could not be traced as the cultures turned sepia brown and died. Anatomical observations revealed lysis of procambial elements. On medium supplemented with Kinetin (2.5 mg·L–1), germination was initiated in 30 days in only 0.3% of seeds. In 40 days it was 2.2% and by 60 days it increased to 10% and this is the maximum percentage recorded for Kinetin treatment. In 91.2% of the germinated seeds the initial increase in size of the seed was followed by the rupture of the testa, exposing epidermal cells of radicular end of the embryo. Cells of radicular pole emerged out forming a protuberance of spheroidal cells. It grew both by cell division and cell enlargement to form a yellowish massive tissue of variable shapes. On transfer to fresh medium it proliferated further organizing mounds of tis-sue. The peripheral cells of the proliferated tissue had more of starch. Occasionally roots developed from the free end of the massive tissue. Sections of this region showed the presence of procambium in a few cases. Pro-liferation of the plumular cells occurred without further differentiation. Plumular differentiation occurs only after the establishment of haustoria with its host. Other con-centrations of Kinetin have insignificant effect on ger-mination (Table 1). 4. Discussion The present study has revealed that seeds of A. indica germinate without any root exudate under laboratory conditions. It is apparent that host stimulus itself is not a must and could be substituted by growth regulators and  Table 1. Percentage of germination of Aeginetia indica seeds on M.S. medium supplemented with Kinetin in different concentrations. Percentage of germination (in days) Concentration of Kinetin (mg·L–1) 30 40 50 60 0.00 - - - - 0.10 0.00 0.33 3.51 4.66 1.00 0.00 1.11 4.55 6.44 2.50 0.30 2.20 8.44 10.11 5.00 0.00 1.11 1.11 1.11 7.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00  minerals under light conditions. The study also showed that the light factor is essential for germination contrary to the observations made by French and Sherman (1976) who stated that light inhibits germination. Pretreatment with 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was also not a prerequisite to break dormancy as the seeds readily ger-minated.  Chennaveeraiah et al. [4] obtained a callused embryo when pre-soaked seeds sown on modified Whites’ me-dium containing mineral elements supplemented with coconut milk (10%) + Kinetin (2 ppm) or both Kinetin (2 ppm) and 2,4-D (2 mg·L–1). They noticed occasional development of roots but no plumule morphogenesis. Root hair-like tubular aseptate uninucleate outgrowths produced by seeds pretreated with GA3 (50 mg·L–1) have not been reported in any member of Orobanchaceae ear-lier. These tubules probably help in the anchorage of seeds with the host root and may be compared with the sticky embryonal tubules of Balanophora abbreviata Bl. of Balanophoraceae [8]. The unicellular embryonal tu-bules of the present study cannot be compared with the multicellular, multiseriate structures called tendrils re-ported by French and Sherman [5]. 1.0 mg·L–1 IAA induced development of a mulberry shaped nodule/tubercle from the protruded radicular end of the embryo from which endogenous horn like roots without root caps differentiated. The plumular pole of the embryo enclosed in the seed coat becomes active and develops into shoot only after the establishment of con-tact with the host root in nature. While under in vitro conditions it becomes active and develops into shoot only after the formation of tubercle and endogenous roots from the radicular pole of the embryo leading to the for-mation of bi-polar embryo. In the present study morpho-genesis of the plumular pole led to the differentiation of shoot meristem in the proliferated plumular tissue ad-joining the seed coat unlike the shoot differentiation from the mass of tissue called tubercle arising from the “germ- tube” at the radicular pole of the embryo of Orobanche crenata [9]. Therefore, IAA appears to induce polar Copyright © 2012 SciRes.                                                                                 AJPS Effect of Growth Regulators on Seed Germination and its Significance in the Management of Aeginetia indica  L.—A Root Holoparasite Copyright © 2012 SciRes.                                                                                 AJPS 1494 growth in A. indica leading to conventional bi-polar ori-gin of root and shoot without the intervention of host plant, a feature similar to Cistanche tubulosa [10]. Of all the growth regulators maximum percentage of germination occurred at GA3 (5 mg·L–1 and 7.5 mg·L–1) and almost all the seedlings exhibited plumule morpho-genesis. The organization of a conventional bi-polar seed-ling under the influence of GA3 (5.0 mg·L–1) has never been recorded earlier in this taxon. It is clear from the above findings that it is possible to grow this parasitic plant in culture without the influence of host root exudate. Therefore it is concluded that GA3 (5.0 and 7.5 mg·L–1) could be used to bring suicidal germination of seeds in the management of this parasitic weed. 5. Acknowledgements Financial assistance from the UGC in the form of FIP teacher fellow to C.R. Vijay is gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES [1] C. Parker and C. R. Riches, “Parasitic Plants as Weeds,” In: M. C. Press and J. D. Graves, Eds., Parasitic Plants, Chapman and Hall, London, 1995, pp. 27-255. [2] R. G. Stewart and M. C. Press, “The Physiology and Bio- chemistry of Parasitic Angiosperms,” Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, Vol. 41, 1990, pp. 127-151. doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.41.060190.001015 [3] K. R. Shivanna and N. S. Rangaswamy, “Seed Germina- tion and Seedling Morphogenesis of the Root Parasite So- pubia delphinifolia G. Don,” Zeitschrift für Pflanzen- physiologie, Vol. 80, No. 2, 1976, pp. 112-119. [4] M. S. Chennaveeraiah, K. Nataraja and P. S. Chikkan- naiah, “In Vitro Culture of the Seeds of Root Parasite: Ae- ginetia indica Linn.,” Current Science, Vol. 40, No. 24, 1971, pp. 668-669. [5] R. C. French and L. J. Sherman, “Factors Affecting Dor- mancy, Germination and Seeding Development of Aegi-netia indica L. (Orobanchaceae),” American Journal of Botany, Vol. 63, No. 5, 1976, pp. 558-570. doi:10.2307/2441819 [6] A. Sahai and K. R. Shivanna, “Seed Germination and Seedling Morphogenesis in Parasitic Angiosperms of the Scrophulariaceae and Orobanchaceae,” Seed Science and Technology, Vol. 10, No. 3, 1982, pp. 565-583. [7] T. Murashige and F. Skoog, “A Revised Medium for Ra- pid Growth and Bioassay with Tobacco Tissue Culture”, Physiologia Plantarum, Vol. 15, 1962, pp. 473-479. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x [8] D. A. Govindappa and G. R. Shivamurthy, “Seed Germi- nation in Balanophora abbreviata Blume,” Phytomorph- ology, Vol. 26, No. 2, 1976, pp. 135-138. [9] R. Kadry and R. Tewfic, “Seed Germination in Oroban- che crenata Forsk.,” Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift, Vol. 50, 1956, pp. 270-286. [10] T. S. Rangan and N. S. Rangaswamy, “Morphogenic In- vestigations on Parasitic Angiosperms. l. Cistanche tubu- losa (Orobanchaceae),” Canadian Journal of Botany, Vol. 46, 1968, pp. 263-266.    

Facile green synthesis, characterization and transport properties of LiAlSiO4:Ce3+ nanocomposites

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Facile green synthesis, characterization and transport properties of LiAlSiO4:Ce3+ nanocomposites

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