In this paper an insulation structure from apparel cutting waste was designed and its sound insulation properties were investigated. Shredded polyester apparel cuttings were used as the raw material for an insulation structure. The obtained results show that the insulation structure made from apparel cutting waste has good sound absorption compared to standard sound and thermal insulators. The average sound absorption of the samples was from 54.7% to 74.7%, for a frequency range of 250-2000Hz. The research demonstrates a way to decrease environmental pollution by using polyester apparel cuttings waste for insulation purposes in roof construction and internal walls. 



Key Words: apparel cutting waste, building insulation materials, sound insulatio

Jordeva, Sonja

Popeski-Dimovski, Riste

Tomovska, Elena

Trajković, Dušan

Zafirova, Koleta

UGD Academic Repository

 15th AUTEX World Textile Conference 2015 June10-12, 2015, Bucharest, ROMANIA      SOUND INSULATION PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURE DESIGNED FROM APPAREL CUTTING WASTE  Sonja Jordeva 1, Elena Tomovska2, Dušan Trajković3, Riste Popeski-Dimovski4, Koleta Zafirova2* 1 University “Goce Delčev”, Faculty of Technology, Štip, Macedonia  2 University ”Ss Cyril and Methodius”, Faculty of Technology& Metallurgy, Skopje, Macedonia 3 University of Niš, Faculty of Technology, Leskovac, Serbia 4 University ”Ss Cyril and Methodius”, Institute of Physics, Skopje, Macedonia  ABSTRACT   In this paper an insulation structure from apparel cutting waste was designed and its sound insulation properties were investigated. Shredded polyester apparel cuttings were used as the raw material for an insulation structure. The obtained results show that the insulation structure made from apparel cutting waste has good sound absorption compared to standard sound and thermal insulators. The average sound absorption of the samples was between 54.7% and 74.7%, for a frequency range of 250-2000Hz. The research demonstrates a way to decrease environmental pollution by using polyester apparel cuttings waste for insulation purposes in roof construction and internal walls.   Key Words: apparel cutting waste, building insulation materials, sound insulation  1. INTRODUCTION   Traditionally, textiles in buildings are predominantly used for aesthetics; however they also demonstrate various functional performances. Decorative textile materials (carpets, curtains, upholstery, textile wall coverings etc.) can assist in acoustic conditioning of space. Moreover, as the most common sound absorbing materials are porous, textile materials can be used as sound insulating and sound absorbing materials in building. The most common structure for this purpose is non-woven textiles. Many scientists, such as Shoshani and Yakubov [1, 2, 6], Shoshani and Wilding [3], Shoshani and Rosenhouse [4], Lou et al.[5], have studied the acoustic behaviours of non-woven fabrics. Other researchers have also conducted similar work on woven [7, 8, 9] and knitted fabrics [10, 11]. Garai and Pompoli’s [12] and Narang’s [13] investigations were devoted to examining the sound absorption coefficient of polyester fibre materials with regard to mass density and sample thickness values.  However, only few have considered textile waste as an insulation material. Studies have been conducted on the thermal insulation properties of textiles [14, 15], as well as using it as sound absorption material [5]. In general, when recycling textile waste, fabrics with loose structure, such as knits, are preferred as taking the material back to fibrous form requires less effort and lower energy consumption compared to woven fabrics. Whether the material is virgin or recycled, the efficiency of sound absorption materials is related to the porous structure and thickness of the elements. Today’s most burning environmental problems arise from ever increasing volumes of worldwide production and consumption and the associated material flows. According to the 2011 FAO/ICAC survey issued by the United Nations, the world fibre consumption, and therefore the consumption of final product made of fibres, e.g. clothing, home textiles or industrial textiles, has grown nearly 30 times since the 1950s [16]. The growing consumption of textile products is an indicator of the growing amount of textile waste generated in the world today. Therefore, finding innovative ways of reusing textile waste can lead to environmental, sustainable and economic benefits. This research aims to develop a new insulation structure composed from apparel cutting waste from woven polyester fabric and investigate its sound insulation properties.  1   15th AUTEX World Textile Conference 2015 June10-12, 2015, Bucharest, ROMANIA    2. EXPERIMENTAL  2.1 Materials  Polyester fabric cuttings were used as raw material for designing a new insulation structure. The characteristics of fabrics used for preparation of samples A, C, and D are shown in Table 1. Differences among the three fabrics arise from mass, structural characteristics and fibre content. Sample B obtained from knitted polyester fabric 70/25/5 PES/cotton/ Lycra in partly fibrous form was used for comparison.   Table 1. Properties of used fabrics  Fabric A C D Thickness (mm) Cv (%) 0.16 2.17 1.2 1.80 1.6 1.38 Mass per unit area  (g/m2) Cv (%)          92  3.13 245  1.16 272  1.38 Warp density  (cm-1)  74 37 44 Weft density  (cm-1)   45 25 28 Warp count (tex)  7.4 36 36 Weft count (tex)    7.4 36 36 Fiber content (%) 100 PES 100 PES 70/25/5 PES/Co/Ly  To prepare the fabric cuttings for the insulation structure they were additionally shredded in different sizes using a cutting machine with rotational knives, (Table 2). Subsequently, the shreddings were used as filler in casings made of 100% polypropilen non-woven fabric. To be comparable to commercially available insulation materials the designed sample thickness was 100mm. The isolation structure was secured by stitching with  stitches along its length and width distanced on 15 cm (Figure 1). A total of ten samples, of which nine samples with different degree of shredded fabric and one sample with partially fibrous structure were prepared. Table 2. Sample characteristics and preparation  Sample Type of material Fabric form ρ(kg/m3) А1 cutting waste partially cut, pieces with different size  215,6 А2 cutting waste cut into small pieces with different size 209,1 А3 cutting waste in original form without preparation  226,4 А4 cutting waste in original form without preparation 249,4 B knitted fabric partially fibrous mechanical recycling 127,0 C1 cutting waste cut, pieces’ average dimensions 6x4cm 249,4 C2 cutting waste cut, pieces’ average dimensions 8x4cm 265,4 D cutting waste cut, pieces’ average dimensions 8x4cm 173,9 ABC cutting waste -fabric A knitted fabric partially fibrous -fabric B cutting waste -fabric C  A- cut, pieces with different size  B- knitted fabric partially fibrous C-cut, pieces’ average dimensions 6x4cm 164,3 ABD cutting waste -fabric A knitted fabric partially fibrous -fabric B cutting waste -fabric D A- cut, pieces with different size  B- knitted fabric partially fibrous D- cut, pieces’ average dimensions 8x4cm 163,0 2   15th AUTEX World Textile Conference 2015 June10-12, 2015, Bucharest, ROMANIA        Figure 1.  New insulation structure Figure 2. Change of sound amplitude with frequency for sample A4 and reference   2.2 Determining sound absorption properties  As the obtained sample dimensions were not suitable for standard sound absorption tests, a modified testing procedure based on impendence tube technique was used. The procedure used a sound generator (KYE Systems Corp Multimedia hi fi speaker system sp-diameter), microphone (А4 mi-10), GoldWave computer software for sound recording and filtering, and Origin software for analyzing the recorded sound. The sound signals were generated for 30s on frequencies of 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000Hz, i.e. 5s on each frequency. Three tests for each of the samples were conducted. The recorded sound was filtered using Gold Wave software on each of the 6 frequencies, with cutoff frequency of ±5%. The same procedure was conducted for a referent sample, using air as a sound transmission medium. The amplitudes of the sound signal on each frequency for each sample were recorded. An example of the referent sound amplitude dampening when inserting an insulation structure is given on Figure 2.  3. RESULTS   To calculate the sound absorption coefficient (α) the difference of amplitude of the sample sound absorption and the referent sound absorption was used:                                                    (1) where: b – amplitude of the sound waves through the insulation structure c – referent amplitude of the sound waves   The results for the sound absorption coefficients of the samples are given in Table 3, whereas the resulting sound absorption curves on Figure 3.  In order to obtain a single figure rating the noise reduction coefficient (NRC) defined as the arithmetic average of sound absorption coefficients at 250, 500, 1000, and 2000Hz was calculated for the samples, Table 3.  All samples show increasing sound absorption with the increase of frequency. For the lowest measured frequency of 125Hz the sound absorption is minor, ranging from 11.89% to 34.95%. At mid frequencies (500, 1000 Hz) an increase of sound absorption can be seen, achieving the maximum values at 1000Hz for most of the samples, ranging from 69.9% to 91.5%. The high frequencies show a trend of decreasing sound absorption.  3   15th AUTEX World Textile Conference 2015 June10-12, 2015, Bucharest, ROMANIA     Table 3. Sound absorption characteristics of samples  Sample α (%) NRC (%) 125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz 4000 Hz A1 22.52 41.36 68.94 85.56 80.99 70.33 69.21 A2 11.89 23.69 69.45 81.45 95.43 73.99 67.51 A3 29.70 44.62 67.57 77.83 68.27 56.07 64.57 A4 34.95 55.01 84.16 84.78 67.78 56.07 72.93 B 30.09 41.53 63.00 91.50 85.05 62.81 70.27 C1 14.05 41.28 70.40 77.97 70.99 71.68 65.16 C2 32.07 57.72 71.36 75.70 72.59 53.76 69.34 D 13.33 42.20 46.74 78.89 50.99 88.25 54.71 ABC 16.22 50.60 64.25 69.90 91.98 86.71 69.18 ABD 36.76 50.02 76.93 82.75 89.38 61.27 74.77  4. DISCUSSION  The obtained insulation structures exhibit sound absorption properties typical of fibrous materials. The sound absorption curves of all samples show  the same trend with maximum absorption achieved at the interval of 1000Hz to 2000Hz. Improved absorption at higher frequencies is typical of porous structures, as they function through the mechanism of dissipative absorption which is particularly efficient at high frequencies.    (a)  (b)  (c)  (d) Figure 2. Absorption curves for samples A (a), C (b), B and D (c), ABC and ABD (d)  Sound insulators function by blocking the transmission of airborne sound, thus any gaps in the structure allow sound to “leak”, in just the same ways that water can pass through 4   15th AUTEX World Textile Conference 2015 June10-12, 2015, Bucharest, ROMANIA    seemingly insignificant holes. Therefore, the more homogenous the textile structures the better their sound insulation properties should be. As homogeneity is easily achieved in structures containing materials in partially fibrous form, such as sample B, in comparison to those made of fabric cuttings, structure B should theoretically have better sound absorption properties. However, the variation coefficient of NRC for the tested samples is 7,3% indicating that all obtained structures, regardless of the preparation method, have comparatively similar sound absorption properties. In other words, when taking into account the human perception of sounds the difference in sound insulation provided by the various samples is negligible. The achieved sound absorption with NRC ranging from 54,71% to 74,77% is comparable to commercially used insulators, such as glass wool (NRC=66,3% for thickness of 50mm and density of 50kg/m3), stone wool (NRC=63,8% for thickness of 50mm and density of 80kg/m3) or polystyrene (NRC=51,8% for thickness of 50mm and density of 28kg/m3) [17].  5. CONCLUSIONS  The research work presented in this paper was concentrated on the analysis of sound insulation properties of a novel insulation structure composed from polyester apparel cutting waste. The obtained noise reduction coefficient of this structure is similar to the values of insulators commercially used in building for thermal and sound insulation. Applying textile waste as an insulation material may bring environmental, sustainable and economic advantages, as the material in question is readily available and the production process is simple and cheap, although its use is limited to internal walls and roofing constructions.   6. REFERENCES  [1] Shoshani,Y., and Yakubov,Y., A model for calculating the noise absorption capacity of nonwoven fiber webs, Textile Research Journal, 1999, Vol.69, pp.519 [2] Shoshani,Y., and Yakubov,Y., Numerical assessment of maximal absorption coefficients for nonwoven fiberwebs, Applied  Acoustics, 2000, Vol.59, pp.77 [3] Shoshani,Y., and Wilding,M.A. Effect of pile parameters on the noise absorption capacity of tufted carpets, Textile Research Journal, 1991, Vol.736, pp.736 [4] Shoshani,Y., and Rosenhouse,G., Noise-insulating blankets made of textile, Applied Acoustics 1992, Vol.35, pp.129 [5] Lou,C.W., Lin,J.H., and Su,K.H., Recycling polyester and polypropylene nonwoven selvages to produce functional sound absorption composites, Textile Research Journal, 2005, Vol.75, pp.390 [6] Shoshani,Y., and Yakubov,Y., Use of Nonwovens of variable porosity as noise control elements, International Nonwovens Journal, 2001, Vol.10, pp.23 [7] Shoshani,Y., and Rosenhouse,G. Noise absorption by woven fabrics, Applied Acoustics, 1990, Vol.30, pp.321 [8] Shoshani,Y.K. Noise absorption by a combination of woven and nonwoven fabrics. Journal of Textile  Institute, 1991, Vol.82, pp.500 [9] Zafirova,K.,Uzunovich,R. Some Investigations of Sound Absorption Properties of Upholstery Textile Materials,Tekstilna Industrija, 1998, Issue.1-2, pp.19 [10] Dias,T., and Monaragala,R. Sound absorbtion in knitted structures for interior noise reduction in automobiles, Measurment Science and Technology, 2006, Vol.17, Issue 9, pp.2499-2505 [11] Dias,T., Monaragala,R., and Lay,E. Analysis of thick spacer fabrics to reduce automobile interior noise, Measurment Science and Technology, 2007, Vol.18, Issue 7,pp.1979-1991 [12]. Garai,M., and Pompoli,F. A simple empirical model of polyester fibre materials for acoustical applications, Applied  Acoustics, 2005, Vol.66,Issue 12, pp.1383-1398 5   15th AUTEX World Textile Conference 2015 June10-12, 2015, Bucharest, ROMANIA    [13] Narang,P.P. Material parameter selection in polyester fibre insulation for sound transmission and absorption, Applied  Acoustics,1995, Vol. 45, Issue 4, pp.335-358 [14] Briga-Sa,A. at all., Textile Waste as an alternative thermal insulation building material solution, Construction and Building Material, 2013, Vol.38, pp.155-159 [15] Jordeva S.,Textile waste as a thermal insulation material, Tekstil, 2014, Vol.63, Issue 5-6, pp.174-178  [16] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC) A summary of the world apparel fibre consumption survey 2005-2008(2011), [available at: www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/est/COMM_ MARKETS_MONITORING/Cotton?Documents/World_Apparel_FiberConsumption_Survey_2011_-_Summery_English.pdf, accessed: June 2014] [17] Asdrubali F., Green and sustainable materials for noise control in buildings, 2007, 2-7 September Madrid, 19th International Congress on Acoustics   Corresponding author:  Koleta ZAFIROVA Institute for Textiles, Faculty of Technology & Metallurgy, University ”Ss Cyril and Methodius” 1000 Skopje, Macedonia Phone: ++389 71 251992        Fax:           E-mail:koleta@tmf.ukim.edu.mk              Co-author(s):  Sonja JORDEVA Faculty of Technology, University Goce Delcev,  Stip, Macedonia E-mail:jordeva_sonja@yahoo.com  Elena TOMOVSKA Faculty of Technology & Metallurgy, University  ”Ss Cyril and Methodius” 1000 Skopje, Macedonia  E-mail:elena.tomovska @googlemail.com        Dušan TRAJKOVIĆ Faculty of Technology, University of Niš Leskovac, Serbia E-mail: dusant@excite.com  Riste POPESKI-DIMOVSKI Institute of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and  Mathematics , University ”Ss Cyril and Methodius 1000, Skopje, Macedonia  6  

Sound insulation properties of structure designed from apparel cutting waste

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