土川, 忠浩

堀越, 哲美

小林, 陽太郎

Osaka City University Repository

-167-
INFLUENCE OF LOCAL CLlMATE UPON FORM AND 
LANDSCAPE OF RURAL HOUSES AND SETTLEMENTS 
ALONG THE COAST OF ENSHU 
*1 "'1"1.........TTl'._ 'Tt'l1'Y""YI'Y1'J."，..*2 TETSUMI HORIKOSHI " T ADAHIRO TSUCHIKA WA 
and 
*ヨ
YOTARO KOBAYASHI -' 
ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the characteristics of ‘'Clima-
tically-adapted" settlements and rural houses along the Coast of Enshu which is 
one of the strongest wind region in Japan and mainly the effects of the local wind on 
their architectural design. 明日 majordirection of the prevailing wind was found to 
be northwest in Atsumi Peninsula and west in Hamamatsu. The forms and patterns 
of settlements and dwellings with environmental control devices， e.g. windbreak， 
were collected and recorded; this landscape ref1ects unique climatic condition in 
this region and these forms and patterns were called ''Climatic Landscape" after 
Yazawa. In the Atsumi region as a typical feature， some settlements lie in groups 
in the forest. The effects of the strong wind appeared with the windbreak "Hosoba-
gaki" made of Chinese black pine in the winter wind direction. On the other hand 
some of indoor climate at the rural houses were measured and tendency of their 
thermal charcteristics was observed. 
* 1Department of Housing & Design Osaka City University 
*2 Department of Architecture Gifu National College of Technology 
*3 Department of Regional Planning Toyohashi University of Technology 
1. INlRODUCTION 
百lereare many rUlal houses equipped with a wind-
break in Japan. As to the effect of c1imate especially 
wind upon the form of Japanese houses there are many 
excellent previous works: Misawa 1929， Yazawa 1936， 
Ito 1939， Iwasaki 1939， Murata 1939， Katsuya 1940， 
Muramatsu 1943， Kuribayashi 1949， Sekiguchi 1950， 
lkeda 1950， Owada 1976， Yoshino 1981 and so on. As 
for the region along the Coast of Enshu wind system 
was investigated in central Japan by Kawamura (1966) 
and Owada (1976， 1977) observed Ibuki~roshi and 
local c1imate in the Atsumi Peninsula. Another study 
was carried out from point of agriculture by Ito (1952)， 
and then Fujita (1940) pointed out a specific form of 
house's hedge in Hamamatsu. However， an investigation 
has not been carried out from point of climatic landscape 
which was the concept proposed by Yazawa (1948). On 
the other hand a specific form concerning settlemen，ts 
and dwellings along the Coast of Enshu is observed. 
The objective of this paper is to indicate the character-
istics of settlements and rural houses which adapted 
themselves to climatic environment and topographic 
condition in this region from the view-point of climatic 
landscape and indoor c1imate. Especially the effect 
of wind was treated. Then the authors (Horikoshi 
et 'al 1984) called those settlements and houses 
“Clima tically-adapted Architecture ". 
2. OBJECT OF FIELD SURVEY 
Figure 1 shows the region along the Coast of Enshu 
which is the object of this study; eighteen hamlets from 
the Cape lrago to the Delta of Tenryu River were 
selected f orthe field survey.τbe authors observed 
and measured forms and dimensions of rural houses 
and their environmental control devices in this region 
Measurement concerning indoor climate were carried 
out at Akabane and at Yonezu; the verbatim notes on 
climatic and geographical experiences were takl:n from 
、?
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-168-
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必Sapp
Toky。
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FiCl. 1 Distribution Map of Settlements along 
The Sea ?r E_nshu the Coast of Enshu. ( The Pacl.fic Ocean 
the interview with older inhabitants at the hamlets 
Topographic characteristic and landsωpe of each 
hamlet were as follows: hamlets linked together and 
located on the tableland in the southern coast of白e
Atsumi Penisula. Most of houses along the coast of the 
Lake Hamana site in a narrow space between a slope 
and the lake. Houses lie along a road in the dune of 
Hamamatsu. In the Delta of the Tenryu River rural 
houses are scattered and locate at Ielatively high gIound.， 
3. CHARACl芭RISτlCSOF LOCAL WlND 
τbe characteristics of local wind in the area was 
N 
Fig. 2 Direction of Prevailing Wind and its 
Frequency in the Atsumi Peninsula. 
evaluated by the use of and analysis of data based on 
the network systems for air pollution observation. 
Figures 2 and 3 show the direction of prevailing wind 
and its frequency as a wind rose. 百leprevalenωof 
northwestern wind was especially remarkable during 
winter period in Atsumi Peninsula. However， western 
wind was mainly prevailing from the Lake' Hamana 
to th巴 TenryuRiver. Examples of the distribution 
and daily change of wind direction and force are shown 
Fig. 3 Direction of Prevailing Wind and its 
Frequency in Hamamatsu City and Ils 
Suberbs. 
( 2 ) 
1982-2-10 3:00 
Atsuml Bay 
1982-2-10 6:00 
1982-2-10 9:00 
Atsuml 
¥ 
1982-2-10 12:00 
The Sea of Enshu 
¥ 
Tne Sea of Enshu 
L、
~一工、
The Sea of Enshu 
¥ 
The Sea of Enshu 
1982-2-10 15:00 
1982-2-10 
Atsumi 
1982-2-10 21:00 
Atsuml Bay 、
1982-2-10 24:00 
AtγFY 
一169-
The $e司 ofEnshu 
The Sea of Enshu 
The Sea of Enshu 
The Sea of Enshu 
Fig.4 Example of Geographical Distribution and Daily Change of Wind Direction 
and Force in the Atsumi Peninsula. 
in Figures 4 and 5; in summer period the sourtbern 
wind blows frequently. As to the wind forces it can 
be seen that its speed is considerably strong in winter. 
4. RELA nON BE1WEEN 1HE DlREcnON OF 
PREVAlLlNG WIND AND RURAL HOUSES 
In this paper the following definition was adopted; 
c1imatic landscape in this survey mぬnsthe reflection 
of the mutual effect of local cJimate， especially local 
( 3 ) 
wind， upon inhabitant's daily living condition. Then 
forms and location of rural houses and its windbreak 
were considered as the appearance of tbe climatic 
landscape. Windbreak with which the rural houses 
were equipped were cJassified into the following three 
pa tterns in this area. 
1) A tal hedge of Chinese black pine; it is called 
“Hosoba-gaki" in Japanese and in general its 
elevation is more than about 5 meters. 
-170ー
2) A windbreak which consists of a gross copse 
facing to northwest and “Hosoba-gaki" facing 
southward. 
3) A windbreak forest of a copse or pine tree. 
The following results were obtained for each area 
mentioned in section 2. 
i) Along the Coast of the Lake Hamana 
Topographic condition， site plans of houses and 
windbreaks were observed and analyzed in the region 
along the Coast of the Lake Hamana. Most of wind-
break were composed with Chinese black pine's hedges. 
Figure 6 shows th巴 geographicaldistributions from 
north to west， the houses equipped with and without 
“Hosoba-gaki" hedge. In case that a settlem巴ntfaced 
on the lake in the direction from north to west， the 
houses with "Hosoba-gaki" prevai1ed. However， at 
lride Hamlet few houses were equipped with “Hosoba-
gaki"， because the hamlet faced to slope in the direc-
tion of northwest and fac巴don the lake in the direc-
tion of southeast. As Kanza Hamlet located in a valley 
it can be se喝nthat the prevai1ng wind was strong and 
a number of houses had hedges which were taller than 
1982-7-4 21:00 
five meters. Figure 7 shows the frequency of the 
orientation which a house with "Hosoba-gaki" faces 
on the lake and windrose in this point. The distribu・
tion of wind direction corresponded with the orienta-
tion of the house with “Hoseba-gaki ". 
i) In the Atsumi Peninsula 
ln Atsumi region some hamlets lied gathering in 
the windbreak forest against sea breeze as shown in 
Figure 8. “Hoso ba-gaki" was treated as a supple-
mentary windbreak. The houses were bui1t in hollow 
spaces and were equipped with “Nagaya-mon" gates 
and stone walls in two to three meters tal; where 
“Nagaya-mon" is an integrated bui1ding of a shed 
and a gate. The windbreak facing to northwest were 
grosser and most of“Nagaya-mon" and porches faced 
southward to southeast direction as shown in Figure 9. 
τ"hese directions opposite with the direction of the 
prevai1ng wind. Two examples for house located in 
isolation are shown in Fiture 10. Their windbreak 
were grosser than in ga ther巴dhouses and enclosed the 
main house and the shed. 
俗、、一一-
THE SEA OF ENSHU 
¥込
1983-1-20 9:00 
1983-1-20 21:00 
Fiq.5 Example of Geograohical Distribution and Daily Change of Wind Direction 
and Force in the Hamamatsu City and. its Suberbs. 
(4 ) 
- 171-
凶企""'---'
o 50100m 
Fig. 6 Geographical Distribution of Rural Houses with “Hosoba -gaki" along the 
Caost of the Lake Hamana. 
N 
s 
N 
w 
s 
N ωμ 
E Wオヤヶ E
E 
H岬~AM"'TSU
Kita 5h町、副
Windbr国防dinzdion
NW 
s 
SSE 
SE 
ESE 
。 10 
HAM必~ATSU
Kyowa 
Shirasu 
20 
Number 
Fig.7 Comparison of wind Direction with Geographical Distribution of Rural 
Houses with Windbreak in Shirasu， Kyowa and Shonai. 
( 5 ) 
-172-
chinease black 
pine hedge 
. Hosoba-gaki" 
Taka七suJくa
Akabane 
A: entrance 
Fig.8 Examples of Climatic Landscape in the Atsumi Peninsula. -in Takatsuka and 
Komatsubara -
( 6 ) 
ii) In Yonezu and Ryuyo 
In this area a slightly high ground was selected a good 
site for a house; almost windbreaks were“Hosoba-gaki" 
with which houses were enclosed and its elevation 
was from five to six meters. Examples of landscape 
at Yonezu and Ryuyo are shown in Figure 11. An 
entrance in each house was characterized by a zigzag 
Akabane 
"Naqaya-mon" 
South 
32・270
ヰ守
Takatsuka 
1 Nagaya-monll 
South 
4 2. :1必
I I 
/ 
without 
porch South 
41..5'lo 
守
O. 81. 
-173-
hedge and trees facing to northwest were gross. lt 
partially results in strong wind by reason of flat land 
However， the houses built on the formerly groin in the 
last about ten years were equipped without “Hosoba. 
gaki". It was partially owing to improvement of air. 
tightness of openings in houses and gathering by urbani. 
zation. The authors are an氾ousabout storm damage 
and the other accident from these changes. 
5. MICROCLIMATE IN RURAL HOUSES WITH 
“日OSOBA.(;AKI"
Measurement of indoor climate and wind distribu-
tion around a house were carried out in winter and 
summer periods. Figure 12 shows examples of daily 
temperature changes in two kinds of houses， i.e. a 
hosue with a tin-roofed thatch and a house with tiled 
roof; these plan are the traditional "Tanoji" type 
(four squ釘erooms arrange in parallel-series). In the 
traditional house with a thatch air tempera ture changes 
at north-side living room was lower than in south-side 
Fig. 9 Direction of “Nagaya -mon" and Porch room in summer period; it-seems that the reason of 
and their Frequency in Akabane and this difference results in partly thermal inertia of 
Takatsuka. structure and ground， and in partly thermal resistance 
windbreak 
black 
Fig.l0 Examples of Houses Located in 1so1ation. 
一 inTakatsuka and Dodo -
(7 ) 
???， ， ?
d 
・shed
Examples of Houses Located in the Dune. Fig.ll 
S.p.II，I983 
???? ?
????? ?•• 
?? ??? ???•. •. 
? ?? ?
?
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.• 
• • ??
??• 
• U 30 
24 
。
??
??????
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??
?
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???? ?.•• ???
?
?
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? ???
???
?
? 。 。 ??
?
?????•• 
. ・. . . .・
().，1出泌， . . 
Kawara bukl 
s・p.9，1抽3
ぬJNbukl 
0・clock
Ryuyo 
16 12 6 
HAMAMATSU 
Yonczu 
6 6 宇)141"."咽o.
・ 4‘6
• • . A 
州凶ot・. 
。
HAMAMATSU 
Yontlzu 
20 
.U 3 
E 
fi 25 
E 
E 
<l 
2 
?????? ?
?
??? ? ?
??
??
??
〕
????
?
?
?
、??
?• 
. 
entrance 
Katteba; 
lkitchen) 
Kita.Oe 
24 
0・cl出除
18 
Fig.12 Daily Temperature Changes in Two Kinds of Houses in Yonezu. 
-Exampleー
7 6 
(8 ) 
。
-175 -
Fig.13 Distribution of Wind Direction and force around a house in Yonezu. 
。froof materials. In the tin-roofed house air tempera-
ture difference between the similar two rooms were 
observed at night but not observed during daytime. 
Maxirnum and minimum air temperatures at south-
side rooms of these two houses were nearly eq凶 1each 
other. Though difference of indoor climate between 
the two kinds of structure was observed， the effect of 
climatic landscape upon the room temperature was 
not clearly distinct. Further investigation is neceぉary
to make this relation clear. Geographical distribution 
of wind direction and force around the tin-roofed house 
was observed by moving observation. This result 
is shown in Figure 13 by way of example. The effect 
of windbreak appeared as low speed area inside 
the "Hosoba也aki"hedge which was more than five 
meters high. This phenomenon results that wind 
force is decreased by the hedge. Therefore it is predic-
ted that the influence of wind on inha bitants' cold 
sensation isreduced in winter. 
( 9 ) 
6_ CONCLUSION 
百四 direction of local prevailing wind corresponded 
with the orientation of the Japanese traditional wind-
break or hedge in the region along the Coast of Enshu. 
Both of prevailing wind and tophographic conditions 
affected whether houses were equipped with windbreak 
or without along the coast of the Lake Hamana. Con叶' 
sequ凶entlythe c∞oncωep似t
for an investigation of biωoclimatic a紅rchitωecはtureand is 
good f.“or basis on environmental control in design of 
“Cli町m】atically-唱量dapted Archi比tectur向e". On the other 
hand some of the indoor climate at the rural houses 
in this region were measured and tendency of their 
thermal characteristics was observed. However further 
investigation and more measurements on indoor climate 
are requested to clear its relation with climatic land-
scape more. 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
明leauthors would like to thank Mr. Fujishiro at 
? ???
Ohkusa Elementary School， Mr. Ito at Kiyota Element-
ary School， Mr. Kobayashi at Muro Elementary SchooJ， 
Dr. Obase at Syowa Women's University and Dr. Ogawa 
at Aichi University of Education for their kind advice 
and to thank Mr. Kawagoe for his kind assistance in 
the fieJd work. This study was supported in part by 
the grant from the Nippon Life Insurance Foundation. 
REFERENCE 
1. Fujita， M.， 1940:“A History of Japanese Folk 
HousesヘToeShoin， Tokyo. (in Japanese) 
2. Horikoshi， T.， Obase， R. & Ogawa， M.， 1984:  
Climatic Landscape of 
RuraJ Houses and Settlements in Hamamatsu 
City and its Sub巴rbsalong the Coast of Enshu， 
Res. Rep. A.l.J. Tokai (22)， 305-308. (in Japa-
nese) 
3. Ikeda， M. 1960:“Egune" and "Kizuma" in Kita・
kami Plain， Shakaichiri， 18-21. (in Japanese) 
4. Ito， G.， 1952: Regional Strcutrue of AgricuJture 
in the Atsumi PeninsuJa， Res. Rep. Aichi Gakugei 
Univ. 12，41-47. (in Japanese) 
5. Ito， R. 1939: Typ巴sand Function of“Yashiki・
Mori" (forest in farmyard) on the Musasino Up-
land， Western Suburb of Tokyo， Geogr. Rev. Jap. 
15，624-642，672-685. (in Japanese with English 
abstract) 
6. Iwasaki， K.， 1941: Distribution of Windbreaks 
aJong the Coast of the Cape Muroto in Tosa， 
Geogr. Rev. Jap. 15， 110-133. (in Japanese) 
7. Katsuya， M.， 1940: RuraJ Houses with Windbreaks 
in Izumo Hikawa PJain， 1.Sci. Labour 16， 463-
467. (in Japanese) 
8. Kawamura， T.， 1966: Surface Wind Systems over 
Central Japan in the Winter Season -with special 
reference to winter monsoon-， Georg. Rev. Jap. 
39， 538-554. (in Japanese with English abstract) 
9. Kuribayashi， S.， 1949:“Yashiki-Mori" in Makino-
hara， Geogr. Rev. Jap. 22，293-300. (in Japanese) 
10. Misawa， K. 1929: Landscape in the Piedmont of 
Mt. Yatsugatake， Geogr. Rev. Jap. 5， 790-821. 
(in Japanese) 
11. Murata， T.， 1939: On Landscape in lzawa Fan， 
Geogr. Rev. Jap. 15， 711-728. (in Japanese) 
12. Muramatsu， S.， 1943: ReJation between Wind and 
Houses， J.Geogr. (657)， 413-421. (in Japanese) 
13. Owada， M.， 1976: Local Climatological Study on 
the Ibukioroshi in the Nohbi Plain， Chirigaku 
Hokoku Aichi Univ. Educa. 45， 132-139， (in 
Japanes巴)
14. Owada， M. & Kushioka， Y.， 1977: Local Climato・
Jogical Observations in the Atsumi Peninsula， Aichi 
Prefecture， Central Japan， 1.Agr. Met. 32， 195-
201. (凶Japanesewith English title) 
15. Sekiguchi， T.， 1950: Rural Houses and Prevailing 
Wind， Pap. Met. Geoph. 1，67 -76 
16. Yazawa， T.， 1936: On the Distribution of Wind-
Mantles in the Vicinity of Tokyo， Geogr. Rev. 
Jap. 12， 47-66， 248-268. (in Japanese with 
English abstract) 
17. Yazawa， T.， 1949: Climatic Landscape， Shizen 43， 
24-33. (in Japanese) 
18. Yoshino， M.T.， 1981: Distribution of Windbreak 
。fFarmers Houses on the Nasu-Fan in Tochigi 
Prefecture， Ann. Rep. Educa. Bunkyo Univ. (15)， 
1-8. (in Japanese with English title) 
(昭和6Jf.11月II日受用)
要 約
逮州灘沿岸における住居・集落の気候最観
天m川下流域から渥美半島にわたる，遠州灘沿岸は，
強風峨であり，風を中心と した気候条件ーに適応した居住
環境がみられる。そこで，本研究は，主に卓越風と住宅
の屋敷森 ・ほそば垣IC:表われる気候景観と住居・集落形
態の関係を明らかにしようするものである。 冬季の卓越
風は， 渥美では北西~西北西で，浜総では西であり，屋
敷森 ・ほそ'i垣との関係が認められた。また，卓越風を
遮る地形の効果がみられた。また室内環績においては.
小気候の影響は大きくはなかったが，樹木の防風効果は，
通風舗道の測定より認められた。
(10) 


INFLUENCE OF LOCAL CLlMATE UPON FORM AND LANDSCAPE OF RURAL HOUSES AND SETTLEMENTS ALONG THE COAST OF ENSHU

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INFLUENCE OF LOCAL CLlMATE UPON FORM AND LANDSCAPE OF RURAL HOUSES AND SETTLEMENTS ALONG THE COAST OF ENSHU

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