Fukuzumi, Tetsuya

Nakagawa, Koichi

Nemoto, Hiroo

Osaka City University Repository

Journal of Geosciences, Osaka City University
Vol. 48, Art. 10, p. 159-163, March, 2005
Validity of the Revised Questionnaire Seismic Intensity Method
for the 2003 Tokachi-oki Earthquake
f: t\ X~ 1~ ~lvi (z rt ,. fIll
Tetsuya FUKUZUMI, Hiroo NEMOTO and Koichi NAKAGAWA
Department of Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto,
Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
Abstract
The validity of the revised questionnaire seismic intensity (RQSI) method is examined using data
for the 2003 Tokachi-oki (Off Tokachi) earthquake. The new seismic intensity coefficient employed in
the RQSI method was defined using data for the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe), 2000 Western Tottori
Prefecture and 2001 Geiyo earthquakes, and is shown in this study to additionally provide a better
correlation between the questionnaire-based and measured seismic intensities for the 2003 event
compared to the previous methods. This result demonstrates that the RQSI method and new seismic
intensity coefficient are valid for interplate earthquakes in addition to the intraplate and intraslab events
on which it was defined.
Key-words: Questionnaire seismic in tensity, Measured seismic intensity, Seismic intensity
coefficient, The 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake
1. Introduction
Information on seismic intensity is important in the
planning of measures to mitigate future earthquake
disasters. In 1979, Ohta et ai. proposed a method for
estimating the seismic intensity through a questionnaire
survey (Ohta et ai., 1979). This questionnaire method has
been widely used to evaluate several damaging
earthquakes, and its reliability over the seismic intensity
range of II to V has been confirmed with respect to the
former Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) intensity scale
(since revised in 1996). However, this questionnaire-based
method underestimated the seismic intensities of VI and
VII of the JMA intensity scale for the 1995 Hyogo-ken
Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake. Thus, the questionnaire method
has been modified recently (Ohta et aI., 1998; Inoue et ai.,
1999), and the results from these modified methods are
now consistent with the JMA seismic intensity, although
the seismic intensity coefficient between the measured
seismic intensity and original questionnaire survey data has
yet to be investigated.
The revised questionnaire seismic intensity (RQSI)
method of Fukuzumi et ai. (submitted, 2005) introduces a
new seismic intensity coefficient that provides a better
relationship between questionnaire survey data and
measured seismic intensities. The coefficient was
determined using data for the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu
(Kobe), 2000 Western Tottori Prefecture, and 2001 Geiyo
earthquakes by a regression analysis of the relationships
between the measured seismic intensities and the average
"category number" reflecting the strength of earthquake
motion (Table 1). Figure 1 shows an example of this
relationship. The seismic intensity coefficient was thus
determined from the measured seismic intensity
conesponding to the average category number (Table 2).
Categories with a poor correlation (R < 0.6) with measured
seismic intensity were not assigned values.
In this study, the validity of the RQSI method is
examined using questionnaire survey data obtained for the
2003 Tokachi-oki (Off Tokachi) earthquake, concentrating
on the conformity in the high-intensity range of VI-VII in
the former JMA intensity scale.
160 Validity of the Revised Questionnaire Seismic Intensity Method for the 2003 Tokachi-oki Earthquake
6r------,-----r-----,c----.---~
Q. Was there any damage to the building?
Table 1. Ex.amples of categories on the questionnaire
(originally in Japanese).
.... 1 NoneQ)
.D
E 2 Fine cracks in plaster
:::l
l::
>-, 3 Small cracks in walls, fall of pieces of plaster
....
0
bll 4 Large and deep cracks~
'"U 5 Collapse
Table 2. Newly determjned seismic intensity coefficients
for the RQSI method based on the relationship
between measured and questionnaire-based
seismic intensity.
Category number
2 3 4 5 6 7
11 1.07 4.47 7.10
12 2.35 3.94 5.53 7.12
13 2.59 4.15 5.26 6.11 6.82 7.41
14 2.89 4.25 5.62 6.98
15 3.20 4.10 5.00 5.90 6.80 7.70
16 1.86 4.06 5.63 6.84 7.83
17 3.64 4.61 5.57 6.53 7.49 8.45
18
20 0.06 2.33 4.60 6.87 9.13
~
0)
21 1.33.D 3.43 5.54 7.64 9.75E
::> 22 2.22 4.76 7.30 9.84 12.38c:
c:
.9 23
Vi
0)
24::>a
25 0.51 1.20 2.83 6.68
26
27
28
29
30 0.28 0.61 1.31 2.84 6.15
31 3.63 4.76 5.90 7.03 8.17
32 4.83 6.09 6.98
33 4.68 6.6876
o
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lilo
.................. · .......... ·0
0:0
o
o 0
'®l 'i0:0:
0° 0
",:5,0
0'
-- ~i=1.42exp(0.184'M) R=0.845
°
5
3
4 ....
2'-------'------.1---..1--_---1__-.1
2
~
Q)
.D
E
::J
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e:-
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OJQ)
13
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Q)
OJ
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Q)
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145144143142
Longitude (E) (degree)
141
Location of seismic observation sites used in this
study. Open circle denote JMA sites, crosses
denote K-NET sites, and the star indicates the
epicenter of the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake.
140
Fig. 2
Q)
Q) 440,
Q)
~
~
Q)
"0 43
.;:l
~
-.J
42
Measured seismic intensity ('M)
Fig. I Example of relationship between measured
seismic intensity and average category number
returned for each question.
The questionnaire form designed by Ohta ef at. (1979)
was used in this study (English version, Ohta et at., 1986)
(Table 1). Each question presents 3 to 7 categories of
effect, and a category number is assigned to each category.
Questionnaire survey data obtained for the 2003 Tokachi-
oki earthquake were collected by the Laboratory of Urban
Disaster Protection Planning, Graduate School of
Engineering, Hokkaido University and compiled by the
present authors. The measured seismic intensity was
compared directly with the average seismic intensity
obtained from 4 or more questionnaire survey results
within a 1.5 krn radius of each seismic observation site.
The observation sites are operated by JMA and K-NET for
the National Research Institute for Earth Science and
Disaster Prevention (NIED) (Fig. 2, Table 3).
2. Data
45 1--t--+-T-f-----~+--+-----+--1
Tetsuya FUKUZUMI, Hiroo NEMOTO and Koichi NAKAGAWA 161
Questionnaire seismic intensity by Ohta et al. (1979) (I
JMA
)
6
(1)
(2)
543
-- 1M = 1.35 IJMA - 0.963 H1'
0 I0
0:/
0
'l
7 02
2
6
Ne
l Q = (aNer 2: f3;(mJ
;=1
Fig. 3 Relationship between questionnaire-based and
measured seismic intensity using the method
of Ohta et ai. (1979) for data from the 2003
Tokachi-oki earthquake.
-"
5
~
'iii
c
.'B
.e::
(J
E 4
<JJ
'w
<JJ
"0
~
:::J
<JJ
m
ill 3:2
The JMA questionnaire-based seismic intensity (IrMA)
is then calculated from l Q by
( )
0.567
IJMA =2.958 IQ -1.456
Here, a: is a condition coefficient, Ne is the number of
effective replies, m; is the category number indicated in the
ith question item, and !J,(m;) is the seismic intensity
coefficient.
The RQSI method only requires calculation of
equation (1), and does not involve a condition coefficient
(a:). Figure 3 shows the relationship between the averaged
questionnaire results and measured seismic intensity using
the method of Ohta et al. (1979) for questionnaire survey
data obtained after the 2003 Tokachj-oki earthquake, Fig. 4
shows that for the modified method of Ohta et at. (1998),
and Fig. 5 shows the relationship obtained using the RQSI
method. Regression analysis of each of these three
relationships yields the following equations:
1M =1.35IJMA - 0.963 (R = 0.772) (Ohta et at., 1979) (3)
Table 3. List of seismic observation sites
used in this study.
Operated Measured
Site name seismic
by intensity
Hakodate JMA 3.8
Hakodate K-NET 3.9
Otam JMA 3.8
Otaru K-NET 3.2
Muroran JMA 3.4
Muroran K-NET 4.6
Kushiro K-NET 5.6
Kitami JMA 4.8
Kitami K-NET 4.3
Yubari JMA 3.6
Iwamizawa JMA 4.2
Iwamizawa K-NET 4.4
Rumoi JMA 2.6
Tomakomai JMA 4.7
Tomakomai K-NET 4.5
Ashibetsu K-NET 3.2
Ebetsu JMA 3.9
Akabira JMA 3.1
Monbetsu JMA 3.0
Monbetsu K-NET 3.3
Mikasa JMA 4.3
Nemuro JMA 4.4
Takikawa JMA 4.0
Utashinai JMA 3.1
Furano K-NET 3.9
Noboribetsu K-NET 4.1
Eniwa JMA 4.0
Date JMA 3.9
Date K-NET 4.0
Kitahiroshima K-NET 4.2
Ishikari JMA 4.4
3. Analysis and results
I M =1.251JMA -0.620 (R=0.769) (Ohtaetat.,1998) (4)
The questionnaire seismic intensity equation proposed
by Ohta et at. (1979) is used to calculate the former JMA
intensity from the questionnaire survey data. The seismic
intensity from questionnaires (IQ) is calculated for each
reply to each question by
IM =1.02IJMA -0.0683 (R=0.801) (RQSI)
where 1M is the measured seismic intensity.
(5)
162 Validity of the Revised Questionnaire Seismic Intensity Method for the 2003 Tokachi-oki EaJ1hquake
6.----..---------,-------,,------.,.,
Questionnaire seismic intensity by Ohta et al. (1998) (I
JMA
)
The relationship between the measured seismic
intensity and that determined by questionnaire survey using
the RQSI method was examined using data for the 2003
Tokachi-oki earthquake. The RQSI was thus shown to
provide a better correlation with the measured intensity
compared to the previous questionnaire-based methods. It
is therefore clear that re-determined seismic intensity
coefficient of the RQSI method is valid for a range of
earthquake types, including the interplate 2003 Tokacm-
oki earthquake.
also provides a better fit to the measured intensity than the
previous questionnaire methods. The original and
modified questionnaire-based seismic intensities tend to
underestimate the intensity in the high-intensity range for
the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake. Although there is only a
small improvement in the correlation coefficient by the
RQSI method, the slope of the line is much closer to unity
(1.35 for Ohta et at. (1979), 1.02 for RQSI), indicating that
the RQSI method provides a better fit.
These results demonstrate that the RQSI method,
which was defined using data for the 1995 Hyogo-ken
Nanbu (Kobe) and 2000 Western Tottori Prefecture
earthquakes (both intraplate earthquakes) and the 2001
Geiyo earthquake (intraslab earthquake), is also applicable
to the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake (interplate earthquake).
Therefore, the re-determined seismic intensity coefficient
of the RQSI method appears to be effective for not only
intraplate and intraslab earthquakes but also interplate
earthquakes.
Moreover, the seismic intensity coefficient by Ohta et
at. (1979) obtained from the relationship between
questionnaire and the former JMA seismic intensities. It is
thought that the main difference of the seismic intensity
coefficient between Ohta et at. (1979) and RQSI suggests
the difference of the former JMA and measured seismic
intensities.
s. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
6
6
o
5
5
0:
4
4
o
bo
00
. 0
· ...... 0
3
3
-- ' M = 1.25 IJMA - 0.620 R=0769 :/
I
0 /c00
of 0
7/;:::,0
4 ..
2
2
3 .
6
-- 1M = 1.02 IJMA - 0.0683 R = 0.801
Fig. 5 Relationship between questionnaire-based and
measured seismic intensity using the RQSI
method of Fukuzumi et al. (submitted, 2005)
for data from the 2003 Tokachi-oki eaJ1hquake.
Questionnaire seismic intensity by RQSI ( I
JMA
)
Fig. 4 Relationship between questionnaire-based and
measured seismic intensity using the method
of Ohta et ai. (1998) for data from the 2003
Tokachi-oki eaJ"thquake.
_" 5 ~
~
'00
c
2
.!'"
OJ
E
rn
'iii
rn
~
::J
rn
ro
Q)
:2
_:. 5
~
'00
c
.~
u
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Vl
'iii
Vl
u
~
::J
Vl
ro
Q) 3:2
4. Discussion
A high correlation was achieved between questionnaire
survey data by the RQSI method and measured seismic
intensity for the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe), 2000
Western Tottori Prefecture and 2001 Geiyo earthquakes.
For the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake, the RQSI method
The authors would like to thank Mr. Nobuo Takai of
the Laboratory of Urban Disaster Protection Planning,
Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, and
Prof. Shigeyuki Okada of the Nagoya Institute of
Technology for cooperation in collection of questionnaire
survey data for the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake. The
authors would also like to express their gratitude to Prof.
Yutaka Ohta of Aichi Shukutoku University and Dr.
Mohamed Rashed of Suez Canal University for valuable
Tetsuya FUKUZUMI, Hiroo NEMoTo and Koichi NAKAGAWA 163
comments. Some of the data used in this study were
provided by JMA and K-NET.
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Revised manuscript accepted February 14, 2005.
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NOTES FOR CONTRIBUTORS
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Validity of the Revised Questionnaire Seismic Intensity Method for the 2003 Tokachi-oki Earthquake

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Validity of the Revised Questionnaire Seismic Intensity Method for the 2003 Tokachi-oki Earthquake

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