Nishimura, Takashi

Yamanaka, Kiyomasa

Osaka City University Repository

Issues on Transport and Location Planning of Temporary Disposal Sites for Earthquake
Rubble
Kiyomasa YAMANAKA* and Takashi NISHIMURA**
(Received September 30, 2000)
Synopsis
Many facilities and building were destroyed casused by the Hanshin-Awaji Great Earthquake,and
enormous amount of rubble arose,and rapid transport and disposal became necessary. Rubble disposal is
done by the following flow; dismantling of collapsed buildings ~ carrying rubble to the temporary
disposal sites --+ intermediate disposal (classifing,recycling,burning etc.) --+ final disposal (filling
in the sea or valley). The temporary disposal sites are necessary because a vast amount of rubble can not
be treated in the existing disposal plants. Location of temporary disposal sites decides the efficiency of
whole rubble disposal. In this paper, rubble generation and intermediate disposal of the rubble were
analyzed and several types. of mathmatical formulation for location planning of the temporary intermediate
disposal sites were considered
Keywords: Hanshin-Awaji Great Earthquake, earthquake rubble, rubble generation, intermediate disposal,
location planning
1. Analysis of the rubble generation
A relationship between the number of the collapsed building and volume of the rubble generation
was analyzed based on the each city basis. The proportion of the collapsed building types was 75.8%
wooden, 19.4% rein-forced and 4.8% steel-framed in the damaged citis and towns.
Not only the weight of the rubble, but also the volume of the rubble was analyzed for transportation
and disposal problem..rhe results were shown in Figure-I and Table-I.
including all types of buildingweight (1000t)
7000
~
en
t= 6000c
.......
0
0 50000
~
.S 4000
"-'"~
:c 3000
.0
2 2000~
0
.:E 1000bl)
'd)
~ 0
2 3 4 5 6
number of collapsed buildings (ten thousands)
Figure-! Relationship between weight of rubble and number of collapsed buildings in (city average)
* Civil Engineer,Dept.of Public Works, Hyogo Prefecture
**Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering
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Table-! The averagd rubble weight and volume from unit floorage of collapsed building
waste type weight(kg/m2) volume(m3/m2) ratio(m3/t)
wooden 69.8 0.26 3.725
concrete 171 0.151 0.883
metal 6.2 0.023 3.71
tile, glass, pottery 79 0.065 0.823
plastic 0.7 0.004 5.714
others' 30 0.036 1.2
2. Classification of the rubble disposal sites actually used
The temporary disposal sites of the earthquake rtibble actually used in each city were classified as
shown in Figure-2 and Figure-3. Types of the land use of the disposal sites were play grounds, flood
plains, developing lands, existing waste plants, parks, large parking lots, the reclaimed lands and others.
Areas of the developing lands and reclaimed lands situated along seaside were considerably large, and
others were comparably small.
Uill ground III flood plain
D existing disposal place • park
o development land
IiliJ parking lot
• reclaimed land [Jothers
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Figure-2 The classification of the temporary disposal sites
mJ ground II tood pan
o existilg disposal place • J:Brk
o developmEflt land
IJ J:B ri<inglot
• reclcimed land EJ others
OOA» 20% 60% 80% 100%
Figure-3 Classification of the area of the temporary disposal sites
3. The total area of the temporary disposal sites in each city
The scales of th~ total area of the temporary disposal sites in the seven typical damaged cities were
plotted in Figure-4. The seven cities are Kobe, Amagasaki, Nishinomiya, Ashiya, Itami, Takarazuka and
Kawanishi. From this figure, the averaged area for the temporary disposal sites is appeared to be 7.46 ha
per ten thousands collapsed buildings.
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(ha)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 2 3 4 5 6 7
number of the buildings collapsed (10 thousands)
Figure-4 Relationship between the scale of the temporary disposal sites and the number of
buildings collapsed, in city area basis
4. Intermediate treatment of rubble at the temporary disposal sites
The intermediate treatment of the earthquake rubble at the temporary disposal sites aims to
classify,to reduce weight by burning or recycle. Results of the case study of the intermediate treatments at
the temporary disposal sites in seven cities are shown in Table-2, in which averaged ratios of weight
reduction or recycling are calculated for each city. The reduction ratio means the rate of weight reduction
by wooden material burning divided by the total rubble weight,and the recycling ratio means the recycled
weight of metallic and wooden materials divided by the, total rubble weight. The recycled ratio of Kobe
city was very low because of the disability of intermediate treatment from the over-capacity concentration
of the rubble.
Table-2 Reduction and recycling ratio at the intermediate treatment
Reduction weight rate(%) Recycle ratio(%)
Kobe City 8.1 0.9
Nishinomiya City 8.8 8.1
Amagasaki City 8.9 21.5
Ashiya City 15.6 21.9
Takarazuka City '6.5 24.4
Kawanishi City 24.5 8.1
Akashi City 11.3 32.8
5. Issues on the planning model for the temporary disposal site
5.1 Objectives of ihe planning model
There are several aims desired to be introduced in the planning model of the location of temporary
disposal sites. As such objectives, the following measures will be considered,
CD transportation cost of the rubble from point of generations to the temporary disposal sites, and from
the temporary disposal sites to the final disposal sites,
(2) usage cost of the temporary disposal sites if the private lands are utilized to the temporary disposal
sites, the compensation cost will be necessarY,though public lands utilized for the temporary disposal sites
also cost opportunity costs,
@ environmental impact' around route and intermediate disposal sites the rubble transport and disposal
affect environmentally along the transport route and around the temporary disposal sites.
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5.2 Restraints of the problem
Some restraints are necessary for the program formulation. As such retraints, the following
measures will be considered,
CD total area of the temporary disposal sites the rubble generation points and volume with waste type are
assumed to be decided from the magnitude of the earthquake for each city, and the total area of the
temporary disposal sites is given, then the summation of the temporary disposal sites is restricted to
exceed the required total area,
@ the averaged reduction and recycling ratios at the intermediate disposal are given by the technical
level at then time.
5.3 Some assumptions
CD locations of the final disposal sites are given,
@ candidates for the temporary disposal sites are given with transportation cost between every pair of
the rubble generation point and the temporary disposal site, by the network flow assignment technique,
@ road network condition is given with blocked streets and narrowed streets, according to the practical
road situations,
@ environmental impact rates are given with heavy truck running or intermediate treatment(crashing,
burning,etc.), at the temporary disposal site,
® rubble generation point is assumed to be the center of the predetermined district.
5.4 Type of formulation
.There are several objectives in the location planning of the temporary disposal s!tes for the
earthquake rubble as described above. Then the optimal solution will be expressed by the multi-objectives
programming problem. If the parameters of the problem will be assumed to be constant for simplification,
the problem will be formulated as a goal-programming with multiple linear objectives. This
multi-objective linear programming problem is able to be solved for practical use. But more simple
formulation will be also useful for alternative plan. As such simplification, the following type of linear
programming formulation will be considered, for example,
CD only the total transportation cost of rubble transport is minimized, then this will be a linear
programming problem, the well-known transportation problem,
@ the total environmental impact is minimized under the predetermined volume of the earthquake
rubble, then this will be also linear.
6. Summary of the analysis
. In this paper, the rubble transport and intermediate treC\tment at the temporary disposal sites in the
case of the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake were analyzed in several cities around Kobe. In this analsis,
CD a relationship between the number of the damaged buildings and the volume of the rubble generation
was obtained based on the city unit analysis, and
@ the temporary disposal sites were also analyzed, and averaged area of the temporary disposal site was
appeared to be 3.2 ha in this study, and about 7.5 m2 was required to treat a single averaged building in
the temporary disposal site, and
@ the weight reduction rates, by burning wooden materials or recycling metallic or wooden materials,
were obtained in the case of relating cities.
On the location model for the temporary disposal sites, some possible objective and restraint
measures were enumerated with necessary assumptions for problem simplification. Linear programming
approach will be utilized in some type of the partial problem.
References
1) Environmental Creation Center, 1997, Disposal records of the disaster waste, Hyogo Prefecture(English
equivalent;in Japanese)
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Issues on Transport and Location Planning of Temporary Disposal Sites for Earthquake Rubble

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Issues on Transport and Location Planning of Temporary Disposal Sites for Earthquake Rubble

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