Cooreman, K.

De Coen, W.M.

Parmentier, K.

Smagghe, G.

Verhaegen, Y.

Open Marine Archive

Did the use of TBT-based antifouling paints cause severe damage to 
the common shrimp (Crangon crangon) population of the Southern 
Bight? 
Verhaegen Yves1,2, Koen Parmentier1, Kris Cooreman1, Wim de Coen3 and Guy Smagghe4 
1 Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Animal Sciences Unit, Fisheries Department, 
Ankerstraat 1, B-8400 Ostend, Belgium 
E-mail: Yves.Verhaegen@ilvo.vlaanderen.be  
² Laboratory of Agrozoology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 
653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium 
³ Laboratory of Ecophysiology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of 
Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium 
 
The organometal tributyltin (TBT) is a potent biocide that has been used ubiquitously in antifouling 
paints since the 1970s. The clearly visible adverse effects (i.e. imposex and intersex) on marine 
gastropod populations urged the EU and IMO to adopt measures to reduce and finally ban the use 
of TBT-based antifouling paints on ships in 2003. Along the coast of the Southern North Sea, the 
common shrimp (Crangon crangon) is a famous regional delicacy which dominates the inshore 
benthic communities. Landing and effort data of the Belgian fishing fleet (Redant and Polet, 2002) 
reveal that the local shrimp stock has strongly decreased since the 1970s until 2003, hampering the 
viability of the Belgian shrimping fleet. Several potential causes have been proposed, of which a 
decreased areal of nursing grounds (i.e. marshes and creeks) seemed the most likely. But 
surprisingly, recent landing and effort data reveal that the local shrimp stock quickly recovered 
since 2007, reaching a historically high level in 2010. Coincidently, environmental TBT 
concentrations had been strongly decreasing during the last decennium, mainly due to the TBT ban. 
In vitro research reveals that TBT interferes in the signaling of shrimp nuclear receptors (Verhaegen 
et al., 2011), which are the molecular targets of several vital hormones (e.g. steroids). 
Unfortunately, end-point physiological effects of the environmental TBT concentrations cannot be 
determined through the classical approach (i.e. long term laboratory exposure) due to a poor 
survival of shrimp under captivity. Physiological effects however are regulated by gene expression, 
and modern molecular techniques such as microarrays allow the quantification of gene expression. 
Hence, short term laboratory exposure at environmental TBT concentrations, and subsequent gene 
expression profiling using a shrimp specific microarray, (should) reveal that TBT indeed had a 
significant impact on shrimp endocrinology prior to the TBT-ban in 2003.  
 
 
References 
Redant F. and H. Polet. 2002. De garnaalvisserij: een kustgebruikersgroep met kopzorgen. De Grote 
Rede 5:13-17. 
Verhaegen Y., K. Parmentier, L. Swevers, E. Renders, P. Rougé, W. De Coen, K. Cooreman and 
G. Smagghe . 2011. The heterodimeric ecdysteroid receptor complex in the brown shrimp 
Crangon crangon: EcR and RXR isoform characteristics and sensitivity towards the marine 
pollutant tributyltin.  General and Comparative Endocrinology 172(1):158-169. 
 
 
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Did the use of TBT-based antifouling paints cause severe damage to the common shrimp (<i>Crangon crangon</i>) population of the Southern Bight?

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