Bouma, T.J.

Cozzoli, F.

Herman, P.M.J.

Ysebaert, T.J.

Open Marine Archive

 - 22 -
MODELLING BIOTA-MUD INTERACTIONS IN ESTUARIES 
Cozzoli Francesco, Tom Ysebaert, Tjeerd J. Bouma and Peter M.J. Herman 
Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Centre for Estuarine and Marine Ecology (CEME), 
Department of Spatial Ecology, Korringaweg 7, 4401 NT Yerseke, the Netherlands 
E-mail: f.cozzoli@nioo.knaw.nl  
The ecological literature describes many examples of the influence of benthic biota 
(microphytobenthos, benthic animals) on sedimentation/erosion properties of intertidal sediments. 
On a larger scale these biota-mud interactions can affect transport dynamics and estuarine 
morphology. Modelling of these relations is often based on empirical, statistical approaches. The 
reverse process, namely how mud content of sediments influences the composition of the biological 
community, is well known from a descriptive point of view. Numerous field studies have linked the 
composition of the benthic community to sediment characteristics. However, these relations are 
usually described from an ad-hoc, location-specific point of view and generalisations are rare or 
absent. 
 
Within the present project, generalisations of these descriptions will be sought. The aim of the 
project is to develop and test model formulations for the mutual influence of mud on benthic (and 
pelagic) communities and, vice versa, for the influence of biological communities on mud content.  
The influence of mud on benthic communities is investigated through the (statistical) analysis of a 
large macrobenthic dataset that is available for the Westerschelde and Oosterschelde. These two 
estuaries nowadays differ substantially from each other due to human interferences over recent 
centuries. After the Delta Works only the Westerschelde remained a true estuary with an open 
connection to the sea, while the Oosterschelde got partly closed off by a storm surge barrier. This 
has abruptly reduced the in and outgoing tidal volume of this basin by approximately 30%. 
Furthermore, the Oosterschelde has changed into a sedimentation basin (i.e. channels are filling up) 
with a pronounced trend towards the erosion of the intertidal areas. On average, mud content in the 
sediment is nowadays much lower in the Oosterschelde compared to the Westerschelde. The 
different (morphological) evolution these two systems undergo make them interesting study areas 
to compare. The benthic communities present in both systems still show similarities and have many 
species in common, but abundance and dominance often differ.    
 
The data set was analyzed through B-spline quantile regression to account for heteroskedasticity 
and realized species abundances distributions typically showed non-linearity along single 
environmental gradient (sediment texture in present case). The analysis shows a well-defined 
turnover of species predominance between Westerschelde and Oosterschelde (from mud-fitted to 
sand-fitted), related to a trend towards  coarser sediment in the intertidal areas of the 
Oosterschelde. Moreover the rate of change increases progressively during time (analysis span: 
2000-2008), suggesting still a transitional situation. In Oosterschelde, sand-fitted ones gradually 
replace mud-fitted assemblages of species, following the general erosive trend generated by the 
Delta Works. 
 
This framework will be further extended converting the observed patterns in specific abundances in 
modeled effects on sediment dynamics (i.e. if the changes in Oosterschelde’s species compositions 
have the effect to ‘buffer’ or further ‘emphasize’ the existing erosive trend). A more general 
quantification of biotic responses along the sediment texture gradient will result in a better 
understanding of the morphological evolution of estuarine ecosystems. The final aim is to include 
the biotic influences into existing morphodynamic models, increasing accuracy in ‘biologic’ and 
‘fluvial engineering’ future scenarios predictions. This project is part of the innovative program 
Building with Nature (www.ecoshape.nl). 


Modelling biota-mud interactions in estuaries

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