Koedam, N.

Merken, R.

Open Marine Archive

Wetland suitability and connectivity for migratory birds along the 
Ionian flyway in Greece 
Merken Ronny and Nico Koedam 
Laboratory for Plant Biology and Nature Management (APNA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 
Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium 
E-mail: rmerken@vub.ac.be   
In the annual cycle of long-distance migrant birds, en route periods provide numerous challenges, 
risks and selective pressures. Intact migratory routes with adequate stopover opportunities are 
critical for survival, especially for birds that depend on restricted wetland areas during migration. 
Conserving migratory pathways for wetland dependent birds poses a unique set of challenges, 
because many reserves scattered across space are required for the conservation of any one species. 
The Balkans is very important for Palaearctic migratory wetland birds. Especially Greece, with its 
extension deep into the Mediterranean, forms a bridgehead from and towards Africa.  
 
Our research intends to study the connectivity and the suitability of stopover sites for migratory 
wetland birds in western Greece. We evaluated site appropriateness for seven migratory bird species 
with different habitat needs through an extensive field campaign. High resolution satellite images 
(Google Earth Pro) were used to accurately classify all wetland sites by a typical vegetation 
classification and by assigning bird habitats based on our expert-knowledge. Our field campaign 
was performed during the peak migration of our focal species in April-May and included direct 
validation of site suitability by bird sightings and assessment of all possible, mostly human, 
disturbances for migratory birds. These disturbances might lead to possible reduction in suitable 
and available habitat for migratory birds.  
 
Wetland connectivity will be assessed by applying a Flight Leg Allocation Problem model (FLAP), a 
distance-constrained shortest path problem (Downs  Horner, 2008). It finds the optimal path 
between an origin and a destination habitat in the fewest number of stops and in the shortest 
distance. Since routes and sites during migration are relatively restricted, it might appear that some 
geographic locations are more critical than others for a particular species. This differential 
importance of sites and biotopes along migratory pathways allows us to suggest priority sites for 
conservation in Greece and possibly the wider Balkans for the protection of migratory birds. This is 
important in view of the political complexity and jurisdictional boundaries migratory birds cross 
while flying EU and non-EU stretches along their route. We also focus on the conflict between 
optimal migration route and the legal status and actual state of stopover wetlands. 
 
 
References 
Downs J.A. and M.W. Horner. 2008. Spatially modeling pathways of migratory birds for nature 
reserve site selection. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 22:117-126. 
 
 
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Wetland suitability and connectivity for migratory birds along the Ionian flyway in Greece

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