4 pp., 5 color photos, 1 map, 3 graphsMuch of Texas' native grasslands has been converted to improved pastures and cropland, neither of which is suitable for wildlife habitat. Now, many landowners are interested in restoring native grasses because they are cheaper to produce for forage than are improved pastures and they also encourage wildlife. This publication explains how to carry out such restoration and the results to expect

Hays, K. Brian

Smeins, Fred

Wagner, Matthew

Wilkins, Neal

Texas A&amp;M Repository

The native grasslands of Texashave been steadily disappearingsince the arrival of the first settlers.With urban development and theconversion of land to row crops andpastures of non-native grasses, onlyabout 96 million of the original 148million acres of native grasslandsremain. Much of the remaininggrassland area has been degradedby overgrazing and the encroach-ment of brush.The conversion of native grass-lands to non-native pasture grassesis one of the most notable changesin land use in Texas over the lastdecade (Fig. 1). There are nowmore than 10 million acres of non-native pastureland in Texas, withmuch of it planted to coastalbermudagrass for hay productionand cattle grazing. Bermudagrassand other non-native grasses arenormally managed as monotypic(single species) stands of grass, sothe plant diversity of the originalecosystem is lost.Non-Native Grassesand WildlifeThe conversion of native grass-lands to bermudagrass pastureis detrimental to most nativewildlife species. Bermudagrass is adense, matting grass that provideslittle cover or nesting habitat forbobwhite quail, turkeys and song-birds. Its growth structure elimi-nates bare ground, which thesebirds need for feeding and movingeasily through the landscape. Ber-mudagrass crowds out the nativeforbs (broadleaf species) and grass-es that provide food for birds andother native wildlife. Species such as bobwhite quail,bobolink, dickcissel, eastern mead-owlark, grasshopper sparrow andAttwater's prairie chicken are alldependent upon habitats associatedwith healthy native grasslands, andall of these species have beendeclining over the last 2 decades.L-54563-05*Extension Associate–Wildlife and Fisheries, The Texas A&M University System; Technical Guidance Biologist, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department;Professor, Dept. of Rangeland Ecology and Management, Texas A&M University; and Associate Professor and Extension Program Leader for Wildlife andFisheries, The Texas A&M University System.K. Brian Hays, Matthew Wagner, Fred Smeins and R. Neal Wilkins*NativeRestoringGrasslands100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%Figure 1. Much of the native grassland in Texas has been converted to improved pas-tures (left) or cropland (right).(Courtesy of the Samuel Roberts NobleFoundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma.)Reasons for RestoringNative GrasslandsMany cattle producers andother rural landowners are lookingfor ways to reduce the amount ofmoney and labor invested in theiroperations. It can be costly to growbermudagrass because it requiresregular fertilization to produce highquality forage and hay. Manywarm-season native grasses andforbs produce enough forage, withadequate protein, to meet the needsof livestock without expensive fer-tilization. Little bluestem, Indian-grass, switchgrass and others areconsidered excellent forage for live-stock and hay production. Thenative bunchgrasses make idealhabitat for wildlife that depend onthese plants for food, cover andnesting. The bare ground betweenbunchgrasses makes excellent trav-el and feeding areas for grasslandbirds and also allows a variety ofnative forbs to germinate and grow.Many landowners are alsointerested in enhancing wildlifehabitat on their properties. TheTexas property tax code now allowslandowners to retain their agricul-tural tax valuation if they manageand/or restore their land forwildlife habitat, and this includesthe restoration of native grasses.This tax incentive may extend toowners of smaller tracts that areoften created when large ranchesare sold and subdivided, but thereare different acreage minimums indifferent regions of the state.Restoring native grasslands is animportant way to enhance wildlifehabitat and meet one requirementfor qualifying for wildlife manage-ment tax valuation.Converting Pasturesto Native GrasslandsBefore native grasses areplanted, bermudagrass must becontrolled. Treating it with herbi-cide is a primary means to reduceor remove it. The bermudagrassshould be treated when it isactively growing. Bermudagrassusually starts to grow when thesoil temperature reaches 65degrees F, which is earlier onsandy soils than on clay soils.Therefore, bermudagrass on claysoils should be treated later in theyear when the weather is warm,and may need more than one her-bicide application. A stand alsomay need more than one applica-tion of herbicide if it is especiallyvigorous. So soil type and thevigor of the bermudagrass willaffect the timing of both herbicideapplication and seed planting. Suggested steps in restoringnative grasses are as follows:■ Determine the location andacreage of the pasture to beconverted to native vegetation.■ Burn, mow or heavily graze thesite during late winter to pre-pare it for herbicide applica-tion. Remove as much plant lit-ter as possible.■ Purchase seed and herbicideand arrange for services such astractor work and herbicideapplication.■ Once the bermudagrass isactively growing and at least 6inches high, apply glyphosateherbicide (41% active ingredi-ent) at a rate of 4 quarts peracre on sandy soils and 6 quartsper acre on clay soils. The besttime for herbicide applicationin South Central Texas (basedon research) is after May 15.The date will vary in otherparts of the state. Midsummer,when the weather is hot andhumid, may be the best time.If more than one applicationis needed, apply 2 quarts peracre in June, 2 quarts in Julyand 2 quarts in August.■ If one application is made, usea no-till drill to plant nativeseed into dead sod about 2weeks after spraying. Thenative seed mix should containseveral bunchgrass and forbspecies that occur in the area(ask your county Extensionagent, Texas Parks and WildlifeDepartment biologist, or thelocal Natural Resources Con-servation Service staff about arecommended mix for yourarea). The recommended seed-ing rate is 6 to 7 pounds of purelive seed (PLS) per acre.The photo above shows a treated siteon sandy loam soil. The photo belowshows the same site, two growing sea-sons later, after control and seeding.Benefits of NativeGrasslands• Wildlife habitat• Recreation• Livestock forage• Erosion control• Healthy watersheds• Low maintenance• Nutrient cycling• SustainabilityThis quail has found cover in nativebunchgrasses.Another method is to disk thesprayed area and broadcastseed. If seed is broadcast, theamount of seed should be dou-bled to compensate for weedcompetition.If more than one herbicideapplication is needed through-out the summer, delay seedinguntil late winter or early springand plant with a no-till drill.Seed must have adequate soilmoisture to germinate.■ Exclude the planted area fromgrazing for at least two non-drought growing seasons.■ Once the native grasses andforbs are established, managethe area with prescribed burn-ing every few years or withrotational grazing. This willprevent thatch formation, stim-ulate growth and maintain veg-etation diversity.Expected ResultsResearch was done on sandy,sandy loam and clay soils inWashington, Falls and GrimesCounties in South Central Texas.Three different rates of glyphosateherbicide were tested–6 quarts,5 quarts and 4 quarts per acre. Twoyears after application, thethree rates produced an aver-age of 86 percent bermuda-grass control on sandy soil,90 percent on sandy loamsoil, and 52 percent on claysoil. Better control might beobserved on clay soils if theherbicide is applied later inthe spring or more than oneapplication is made.Native species can beslow to establish from seed-ing. However, controlling thebermudagrass with herbicidewill reduce the competitionfor sunlight and nutrientsand help the native speciesbecome established. Other native grasses andforbs are likely to emergealong with the species thatare planted. On test sites,these other species includedwooly croton, ragweed andbroad-leaf signalgrass. Thetest sites have gone from onespecies (bermudagrass) to anaverage of nine grass speciesand eleven forb species persite. This diverse plant com-munity can now providewildlife with food and coverthat was lacking before.Figures 2, 3 and 4 showthe diversity of plants at testsites two growing seasonsafter seeding. All sites weretreated with 6 quarts per acreof glyphosate in the springand planted with a no-tilldrill in the spring.Because native grass andforb seeds need moisture togerminate, there is some riskinvolved with seeding. Thelandowner must adjust therestoration plan according tothe amount of rainfallreceived. For example, if the springis drier than normal, it might bebest to wait until summer to treatthe bermudagrass and then plant inthe fall or the following spring. Formore information see publicationsE-53 and E-117 (both from TexasCooperative Extension and avail-able at http://tcebookstore.org)Plants Recommendedfor ReseedingGrasses• Little bluestem• Indiangrass• Eastern gammagrass• Blackwell switchgrass• Sideoats grama• Big bluestemForbs• Maximillian sunflower• Engelmann daisy• Illinois bundleflower• Bush sunflowerFactors AffectingGrassland Restoration• Plant selection• Soil type• Planting technique(drill or broadcast)• Planting time• Seeding rate• Site preparation• Seed quality• Site maintenance• Soil moisture-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60% Foliar CoverFigure 3. Sandy loam soil.Native GrassesNative ForbsBermudagrass-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50% Foliar CoverFigure 4. Clay soil. Before 2 years afterNative GrassesNative ForbsOther non-native grassesBermudagrass-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80% Foliar CoverNative GrassesNative ForbsBermudagrassFigure 2. Sandy soil. Before 2 years afterBefore 2 years afterLandowner ResourcesThe cost of converting ber-mudagrass pastures to native grass-lands is an estimated $100 to $200per acre or more, depending on thecost of herbicide and seed. Oneway to do it less expensively is tostop adding fertilizer and soilamendments to bermudagrass pas-tures while grazing them heavilyduring the spring and early sum-mer. Eventually this will reducebermudagrass vigor and cover andallow native species to becomeestablished; it is a much lengthierprocess, however. Technical and/or cost-shareassistance are available to land-owners through the following pro-grams.PUB–Pastures for Upland BirdsAdministered by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department1-800-792-1112http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/conserve/wildlife_management/post_oak/upland_game/pub• Provides herbicide and no-tilldrilling for convertingbermudagrass pastures tonative grasslandsLIP–Landowner IncentiveProgramAdministered by the Texas Parksand Wildlife Department1-800-792-1112http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/conserve/lip/• Helps landowners protect andmanage rare species (caninclude native grasslands)Farm BillAdministered by the United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service(Texas NRCS, 254-742-9800http://www.tx.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/)• Several programs offerincentives for conservingnatural resourcesPlaya Lakes Joint Venturehttp://www.pljw.org• Provides technical, financial and educational assistance for conservation work on private land in the PanhandleDucks UnlimitedPrairie Wetland Project832-595-0663http://www.ducks.org• Provides technical, financialand educational assistance forconservation work on privatelandPartners for Fish and WildlifeProgramAdministered by United StatesFish and Wildlife Service817-277-1100http://partners.fws.gov• Helps landowners protect,manage and restore naturalresources.Landowners may also find help-ful information at the followingWeb sites:http://wildlife.tamu.eduhttp://texnat.tamu.eduhttp://www.tpwd.state.tx.ushttp://www.nrcs.usda.govhttp://cnrit.tamu.edu/cgrm/Additional ReadingB-182, "Know Your Grasses" (TexasCooperative Extension).B-6134, "Texas Rural Lands: Trendsand Conservation Implicationsfor the 21st Century" (TexasCooperative Extension).E-53, "Seeding Rangeland" (TexasCooperative Extension).E-117, "Rangeland Risk Manage-ment for Texans: Seeding Range-land" (Texas Cooperative Exten-sion).Conner, R., A. Seidl, L. Van Tasseland N. Wilkins. 2001. UnitedStates Grasslands and RelatedResources: An Economic andBiological Trends Assessment(http://landinfo.tamu.edu).Demaso, S. J., W. P. Kuvlesky, Jr., F.Hernandez and M. E. Berger,editors. 2002. Quail V:Proceedings of the Fifth NationalQuail Symposium. Texas Parksand Wildlife Department.Austin, Texas.Guthery, F. S. 1986. Beef, Brushand Bobwhites. Caesar KlebergWildlife Research InstitutePress, Kingsville, Texas.Leithead, H. L., L. L. Yarlett ad T.N. Shiflet. 1971. 100 NativeForage Grasses in 11 SouthernStates. Agricultural HandbookNo. 389. Soil ConservationService, USDA.Porter, W. F. 1992. "Habitat require-ments," pp. 202-213 in J. G.Dickson, ed., The Wild Turkey:Biology and Management. Stak-pole Books, Harrisburg, Pennsyl-vania.

Restoring Native Grasslands

Texas A&M University

The native grasslands of Texas
have been steadily disappearing
since the arrival of the first settlers.
With urban development and the
conversion of land to row crops and
pastures of non-native grasses, only
about 96 million of the original 148
million acres of native grasslands
remain. Much of the remaining
grassland area has been degraded
by overgrazing and the encroach-
ment of brush.
The conversion of native grass-
lands to non-native pasture grasses
is one of the most notable changes
in land use in Texas over the last
decade (Fig. 1). There are now
more than 10 million acres of non-
native pastureland in Texas, with
much of it planted to coastal
bermudagrass for hay production
and cattle grazing. Bermudagrass
and other non-native grasses are
normally managed as monotypic
(single species) stands of grass, so
the plant diversity of the original
ecosystem is lost.
Non-Native Grasses
and Wildlife
The conversion of native grass-
lands to bermudagrass pasture
is detrimental to most native
wildlife species. Bermudagrass is a
dense, matting grass that provides
little cover or nesting habitat for
bobwhite quail, turkeys and song-
birds. Its growth structure elimi-
nates bare ground, which these
birds need for feeding and moving
easily through the landscape. Ber-
mudagrass crowds out the native
forbs (broadleaf species) and grass-
es that provide food for birds and
other native wildlife. 
Species such as bobwhite quail,
bobolink, dickcissel, eastern mead-
owlark, grasshopper sparrow and
Attwater's prairie chicken are all
dependent upon habitats associated
with healthy native grasslands, and
all of these species have been
declining over the last 2 decades.
L-5456
3-05
*Extension Associate–Wildlife and Fisheries, The Texas A&M University System; Technical Guidance Biologist, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department;
Professor, Dept. of Rangeland Ecology and Management, Texas A&M University; and Associate Professor and Extension Program Leader for Wildlife and
Fisheries, The Texas A&M University System.
K. Brian Hays, Matthew Wagner, Fred Smeins and R. Neal Wilkins*
Native
Restoring
Grasslands
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Figure 1. Much of the native grassland in Texas has been converted to improved pas-
tures (left) or cropland (right).
(Courtesy of the Samuel Roberts Noble
Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma.)
Reasons for Restoring
Native Grasslands
Many cattle producers and
other rural landowners are looking
for ways to reduce the amount of
money and labor invested in their
operations. It can be costly to grow
bermudagrass because it requires
regular fertilization to produce high
quality forage and hay. Many
warm-season native grasses and
forbs produce enough forage, with
adequate protein, to meet the needs
of livestock without expensive fer-
tilization. Little bluestem, Indian-
grass, switchgrass and others are
considered excellent forage for live-
stock and hay production. The
native bunchgrasses make ideal
habitat for wildlife that depend on
these plants for food, cover and
nesting. The bare ground between
bunchgrasses makes excellent trav-
el and feeding areas for grassland
birds and also allows a variety of
native forbs to germinate and grow.
Many landowners are also
interested in enhancing wildlife
habitat on their properties. The
Texas property tax code now allows
landowners to retain their agricul-
tural tax valuation if they manage
and/or restore their land for
wildlife habitat, and this includes
the restoration of native grasses.
This tax incentive may extend to
owners of smaller tracts that are
often created when large ranches
are sold and subdivided, but there
are different acreage minimums in
different regions of the state.
Restoring native grasslands is an
important way to enhance wildlife
habitat and meet one requirement
for qualifying for wildlife manage-
ment tax valuation.
Converting Pastures
to Native Grasslands
Before native grasses are
planted, bermudagrass must be
controlled. Treating it with herbi-
cide is a primary means to reduce
or remove it. The bermudagrass
should be treated when it is
actively growing. Bermudagrass
usually starts to grow when the
soil temperature reaches 65
degrees F, which is earlier on
sandy soils than on clay soils.
Therefore, bermudagrass on clay
soils should be treated later in the
year when the weather is warm,
and may need more than one her-
bicide application. A stand also
may need more than one applica-
tion of herbicide if it is especially
vigorous. So soil type and the
vigor of the bermudagrass will
affect the timing of both herbicide
application and seed planting. 
Suggested steps in restoring
native grasses are as follows:
■ Determine the location and
acreage of the pasture to be
converted to native vegetation.
■ Burn, mow or heavily graze the
site during late winter to pre-
pare it for herbicide applica-
tion. Remove as much plant lit-
ter as possible.
■ Purchase seed and herbicide
and arrange for services such as
tractor work and herbicide
application.
■ Once the bermudagrass is
actively growing and at least 6
inches high, apply glyphosate
herbicide (41% active ingredi-
ent) at a rate of 4 quarts per
acre on sandy soils and 6 quarts
per acre on clay soils. The best
time for herbicide application
in South Central Texas (based
on research) is after May 15.
The date will vary in other
parts of the state. Midsummer,
when the weather is hot and
humid, may be the best time.
If more than one application
is needed, apply 2 quarts per
acre in June, 2 quarts in July
and 2 quarts in August.
■ If one application is made, use
a no-till drill to plant native
seed into dead sod about 2
weeks after spraying. The
native seed mix should contain
several bunchgrass and forb
species that occur in the area
(ask your county Extension
agent, Texas Parks and Wildlife
Department biologist, or the
local Natural Resources Con-
servation Service staff about a
recommended mix for your
area). The recommended seed-
ing rate is 6 to 7 pounds of pure
live seed (PLS) per acre.
The photo above shows a treated site
on sandy loam soil. The photo below
shows the same site, two growing sea-
sons later, after control and seeding.
Benefits of Native
Grasslands
• Wildlife habitat
• Recreation
• Livestock forage
• Erosion control
• Healthy watersheds
• Low maintenance
• Nutrient cycling
• Sustainability
This quail has found cover in native
bunchgrasses.
Another method is to disk the
sprayed area and broadcast
seed. If seed is broadcast, the
amount of seed should be dou-
bled to compensate for weed
competition.
If more than one herbicide
application is needed through-
out the summer, delay seeding
until late winter or early spring
and plant with a no-till drill.
Seed must have adequate soil
moisture to germinate.
■ Exclude the planted area from
grazing for at least two non-
drought growing seasons.
■ Once the native grasses and
forbs are established, manage
the area with prescribed burn-
ing every few years or with
rotational grazing. This will
prevent thatch formation, stim-
ulate growth and maintain veg-
etation diversity.
Expected Results
Research was done on sandy,
sandy loam and clay soils in
Washington, Falls and Grimes
Counties in South Central Texas.
Three different rates of glyphosate
herbicide were tested–6 quarts,
5 quarts and 4 quarts per acre. Two
years after application, the
three rates produced an aver-
age of 86 percent bermuda-
grass control on sandy soil,
90 percent on sandy loam
soil, and 52 percent on clay
soil. Better control might be
observed on clay soils if the
herbicide is applied later in
the spring or more than one
application is made.
Native species can be
slow to establish from seed-
ing. However, controlling the
bermudagrass with herbicide
will reduce the competition
for sunlight and nutrients
and help the native species
become established. 
Other native grasses and
forbs are likely to emerge
along with the species that
are planted. On test sites,
these other species included
wooly croton, ragweed and
broad-leaf signalgrass. The
test sites have gone from one
species (bermudagrass) to an
average of nine grass species
and eleven forb species per
site. This diverse plant com-
munity can now provide
wildlife with food and cover
that was lacking before.
Figures 2, 3 and 4 show
the diversity of plants at test
sites two growing seasons
after seeding. All sites were
treated with 6 quarts per acre
of glyphosate in the spring
and planted with a no-till
drill in the spring.
Because native grass and
forb seeds need moisture to
germinate, there is some risk
involved with seeding. The
landowner must adjust the
restoration plan according to
the amount of rainfall
received. For example, if the spring
is drier than normal, it might be
best to wait until summer to treat
the bermudagrass and then plant in
the fall or the following spring. For
more information see publications
E-53 and E-117 (both from Texas
Cooperative Extension and avail-
able at http://tcebookstore.org)
Plants Recommended
for Reseeding
Grasses
• Little bluestem
• Indiangrass
• Eastern gammagrass
• Blackwell switchgrass
• Sideoats grama
• Big bluestem
Forbs
• Maximillian sunflower
• Engelmann daisy
• Illinois bundleflower
• Bush sunflower
Factors Affecting
Grassland Restoration
• Plant selection
• Soil type
• Planting technique
(drill or broadcast)
• Planting time
• Seeding rate
• Site preparation
• Seed quality
• Site maintenance
• Soil moisture
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
% Foliar Cover
Figure 3. Sandy loam soil.
Native Grasses
Native Forbs
Bermudagrass
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
% Foliar Cover
Figure 4. Clay soil. 
Before 2 years after
Native Grasses
Native Forbs
Other non-native grasses
Bermudagrass
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
% Foliar Cover
Native Grasses
Native Forbs
Bermudagrass
Figure 2. Sandy soil. 
Before 2 years after
Before 2 years after
Landowner Resources
The cost of converting ber-
mudagrass pastures to native grass-
lands is an estimated $100 to $200
per acre or more, depending on the
cost of herbicide and seed. One
way to do it less expensively is to
stop adding fertilizer and soil
amendments to bermudagrass pas-
tures while grazing them heavily
during the spring and early sum-
mer. Eventually this will reduce
bermudagrass vigor and cover and
allow native species to become
established; it is a much lengthier
process, however. 
Technical and/or cost-share
assistance are available to land-
owners through the following pro-
grams.
PUB–Pastures for Upland Birds
Administered by the Texas 
Parks and Wildlife Department
1-800-792-1112
http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/
conserve/wildlife_management/
post_oak/upland_game/pub
• Provides herbicide and no-till
drilling for converting
bermudagrass pastures to
native grasslands
LIP–Landowner Incentive
Program
Administered by the Texas Parks
and Wildlife Department
1-800-792-1112
http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/
conserve/lip/
• Helps landowners protect and
manage rare species (can
include native grasslands)
Farm Bill
Administered by the United 
States Department of 
Agriculture, Natural Resources 
Conservation Service
(Texas NRCS, 254-742-9800
http://www.tx.nrcs.usda.gov/
programs/)
• Several programs offer
incentives for conserving
natural resources
Playa Lakes Joint Venture
http://www.pljw.org
• Provides technical, financial 
and educational assistance for 
conservation work on private 
land in the Panhandle
Ducks Unlimited
Prairie Wetland Project
832-595-0663
http://www.ducks.org
• Provides technical, financial
and educational assistance for
conservation work on private
land
Partners for Fish and Wildlife
Program
Administered by United States
Fish and Wildlife Service
817-277-1100
http://partners.fws.gov
• Helps landowners protect,
manage and restore natural
resources.
Landowners may also find help-
ful information at the following
Web sites:
http://wildlife.tamu.edu
http://texnat.tamu.edu
http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov
http://cnrit.tamu.edu/cgrm/
Additional Reading
B-182, "Know Your Grasses" (Texas
Cooperative Extension).
B-6134, "Texas Rural Lands: Trends
and Conservation Implications
for the 21st Century" (Texas
Cooperative Extension).
E-53, "Seeding Rangeland" (Texas
Cooperative Extension).
E-117, "Rangeland Risk Manage-
ment for Texans: Seeding Range-
land" (Texas Cooperative Exten-
sion).
Conner, R., A. Seidl, L. Van Tassel
and N. Wilkins. 2001. United
States Grasslands and Related
Resources: An Economic and
Biological Trends Assessment
(http://landinfo.tamu.edu).
Demaso, S. J., W. P. Kuvlesky, Jr., F.
Hernandez and M. E. Berger,
editors. 2002. Quail V:
Proceedings of the Fifth National
Quail Symposium. Texas Parks
and Wildlife Department.
Austin, Texas.
Guthery, F. S. 1986. Beef, Brush
and Bobwhites. Caesar Kleberg
Wildlife Research Institute
Press, Kingsville, Texas.
Leithead, H. L., L. L. Yarlett ad T.
N. Shiflet. 1971. 100 Native
Forage Grasses in 11 Southern
States. Agricultural Handbook
No. 389. Soil Conservation
Service, USDA.
Porter, W. F. 1992. "Habitat require-
ments," pp. 202-213 in J. G.
Dickson, ed., The Wild Turkey:
Biology and Management. Stak-
pole Books, Harrisburg, Pennsyl-
vania.


English

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Restoring Native Grasslands

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Restoring Native Grasslands

Abstract

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