Hersey, Karen

English

Woods Hole Open Access Server

Karen Hersey Senior Counsel for Intellectual Property Massachusetts Institute of Technology NE25-230 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 021 39-4307 1 999 IAMSLIC Annual Conference October 16-22, 1999, Woods Hole, MA Electronic Delivery of Information The Changing Face of Legal Structures Karen Hersey Senior Ccxulsel for I~itellechd Property. ht1.T. A Sampling of Information Products Delivered in Electronic Fornl at Delivered On-Line, by Disc, CD-ROM, Digitized Tape 71 On-line news feedsfdaily financids 71 Rlultimedia Works 71 C!omputer Software 71 Image C!ollections 71 Databiwes (bilsliograpluc, hfolmational, generid data) 71 Information Collections (maps, encyclopedias, foreign 1:mguage dictionaries) 71 Electronic ,Journals f l  Copyrighted or trade secret infolmation reference materials accessed electronically (via computer) I Electronic Delivery of Information 1 A New "Rights Regime" for Libraries TFL- Old: Copyright Law (U.S. and Foreign) P New: Contract La~v as Licenses replace Subscription forms New: European Directive For Database Protection GF New: Pending U.S. Database Legislation c;F New: Trade Secret Law for Proprieta13~ Databases The Information License I Mechanism "du Jour" for Protecting Products I wLicenses Redefine the Way Libraries do Business 71 They may close the library door except to authorizecl "users" 71 They will remove resources fioill the library's facilities mcl coi~ti-01 if accessed only via publisher's server 7 Licenses most Often do not peimi~cannot accommodate archiving 71 Licenses may restrict the '"m-pose" for which the resource is used 7, Licenses nearly always pre-empt at least some basic elements of C opy-ight 71 Licenses are signed contmcts that iiltrocluce institutionrd liability for misuse of the pracluct or breach of the agreement I A License is a Contractual Agreement Retn7een one part!, who owns or controls propel-tjT ('~rigl~tskolcler. licensor, cop!*ri~~tl~oltler. publisher") and a seconcl party who wants lidlts to use the property ("licensee, user. library/institutiollal community*') . . . .i111cl, in the ~ - O C ~ S S  of agreeing between tl~emselves as to w113t rights the owner will gant, uncles w h t  conditions and what is es~ectecl in return fro111 the user, the parties are entering into a relationship based on consensus, governed by the I m  of contracts. <* Escept for mtters  of Public Policy. what the parties agree to will o\-er-ride unclerl>-ing lams (i.e. Copyright Law - prime example is ILL) What a License is and What it is Not ;FA license is a legal contract that describes rights granted l<LFA License does not result in a sale of property. . . . It does not transfer ownersl~iip of the electronic product (data base. j ownal, i. e. goods) or the information embodied in the product (content) to the purchaser. At best, it transfers only ownership of the pl~ysical inedia (disk, CD-ROM, tape), and a right to use the information under certain circumstances Five Basic Elements of a Contract will be found in All License Agreements 'c.p "Offer: Promise by owner of the product to provide it if the offer is accepted. Iclentifies what is offered. price, time open. acceptance  acceptance: \JTill itlcntiq: W I ~  can accept for the parties and what constitutes acceptance ipC~n~idel-;\ti~n: Must be 3 detriment to User ~L~Mutua1it-y of Understancling: The understantling is ne gotinted. \l7que t s r ~ l ~ s  are not enforceable. cxFEnforceabiIity: hltrtual mistah, fiauc~. contracts of ac~~~csion (slviizk wraps) aren't generally eidbrceable in the 1T.S. License Terms Most Often Negotiated @Who can use the product (authorized users) cpW11ere can the product be used (autl~orized site)  how can the product be used (authorized use) 4 p H o ~ ~ -  much does it cost (ilumber of users, copies) !*When and how are use rights terminated 'Liability for unautl~orized usesibreach of contract What about the statutoi-yiBerne Conventi 011 rights under cop!-right Copyright Basics (a refresher) - - w' Historical Summary of U. S. Law 71 The Constitution iiir~estecl Congress rvith right to provide protection for exclusive rights of authors 71 First feclernl Copyight Statute- 1790 71 h~lqjor evision - 1909 71 2nd major overhaul - 1376. effective Jan. 1, 1978 71 Computer progr'mls added by amendment - 1980 71 11. S. joins the Beme Conr~ntion. hlarch 1. 1989 71 Di~ital  hIilleiulium Cop!.right .4ct - 1998 7 Copyright Terin Esteilsion Act - 1998 What is Copyriglrtable in the U. S./What Isn't Copvrightable Literniy Works R,Iusical Works, both score m d  1?1ics Pictori:~l/graphic works, art, sculpture, photo g i q ~ h s  Audio\isual TVorlts, motion pictures, t-ideos, video pmes Clomnputer SofWi~re Not Copyrightable Idensor Concepts Lists (showing no oiigimditp) Factual infoimatio~t (including database content) Titles, phrases, slogans, logos Public Domain Infonizi~tion - Copyright term expired - Never copyrighted - Works of 1T.S. government employees I Copyright's "Bundle of Rights" and 1 I Statutorv Exem~tions I Bundle of Rights (mono)o~~) Right to Reproduce (&fake one or more copies) Prepare Derivative Works (Including abstracts, enhancements, translntions) Right to Distribute (Disseminate copies) Right to Displny Publicly Right to Perfonn Publicly Liability for Infringement Esemptions to ~ n o n o ~ o l ~  Lihriuy right to make single copies for patrons, Inter- libriu'l)' loan, nrdlival rights Fair Use Rights for - Criticism - Commentary - News reporting - Teaching, scholi~r~hip, research C%issroom Exemption for fi~ce-to-face teaching Licensing generally means A loss of Rights for the Library and Users * Print R/ledi~~/C:op~right - Right to use the resource: pu'dl;lser, Immver,  ally llb1;11-~- walk-in user - Right to make copies: by pelmiss~cni, falr I L S ~  ILL, lihaiy pliotocopy arid arc1lir.e esemptioin - Right to distribute copies: by ILL. fair use, first sole - Character of use: no restrlct~on oil l l m  usad - Liabilitv for misuse: uic~vicl~~al (r rely I I I ~ I - J - )  IS 1~11Ae for infringeinent Electronic Media/License - Right to use the resource: u~sel;'uwr p u l p  defined in license. No loam to "uimltl~orized users" - Right to make copies: ody as negotiated. If licer~se f~ses  ~~.unber of copies or defines autl~orized users, fair use, ILL lost - Right to distribute copies: 110 I 13ht to clistrilxite beyo~~cl "slte" - C:haracter of use: may lunit to acncleinic oillgi'lio coinmercial me - Liabilitv for misuse: breach of cont~act, te~mimtion of lice~lse - More Complexity: Database Protection adds new laws applicable to electronic collections of I uFTl~e European Directive (Directive ~ G ~ ; E C  - 1996) - Protection provicled f i r  Databases (a collection of ii~clzpe~ldent works, data, other inaterials a~rangecl in a systematic or ~nethoclical way- individuallv accessible by electronic or other means) Prevents extraction or reuse of d ~ o l e  or "substantial" part. evaluated qualitatit7ely ancl!or cl~inntitatively, of contents of the database If there has been a subs tantin1 investment in either obtaining. veri$'in3 or prosecutins (formatting as a cla tabase) the contents Protection provided for 15 years from the earlier of completion or first public a~railabilih - t em reset by substantial change to databnse Esceptioiw: Rights granted under license: may use for purposes of illustration for tenclling/research (n~oclifiecl by nntional l a w  - i.e. 1 More Complexity: Database Protection rR Pending U. S . Legislation - H.R. 354-Collections of Information Antipiracy Act ? 15 years of protection after offered for sale or used in coinmerce ? Establishes c i ~ i l  m c l  criminal penalties for extraction of allisubstantial past if it causes lmrm to the primaiy or related market of the o~\-nrr '? Recluires substantial iilr.estment (clualitative. quantitative) ? Has modifled Fair Use test that looks at purl~ose of ex-traction: is it clone in good f'nith: has the material been trnnsf'o~mecl; is the collection~ex-tractor in same field More Complexity: Database Protection - H.R. 354 - Collections of Information Antipiracy Act ? No Fair TJse if the usecl~'estractzc1 portion is to be oflired for sale or used in coim~~erce aid is a substitute for all+art of the collectiol~ from which es?rl\ction is maclt: ? "Fair T.?se" exemption only for "incliviclusl acts" - not systematic or part of R pattern ? Collectioils of gove~r~ment i~ltoinlation are OK ancl m y  be protected if collected by non-gover~lment agent ? Nothing in this law intelferes tvith rigl~ts!obligations uncler n license. More Complexity: Database Protection - H.R. 1858 - Consumer and Investor Access to Infoilnation Act of 1999 (a better alternati~e) ? Requires substantial cluplicntion of a protected clatabase ? Violation imst be in coli~petition with the protected databzuqe ? Exemption for extracting for purposes of education. research. scientific iiquiry ok as long as not for direct co~i~petitioii ? Inforinntion ill goveri11nent databases can't be ex-tracted anc1 protected unless gover~~meilt gives pei-inission ? Bill doesn't restrict licensing but lists licensing "misuses" i.e. innbilit>. to get license on rensonnble terms: whether vscessary for researcl~!ini~ovation: are terns n barrier to competition 9 l7 ,,- -, ; - r-r - >pq . . Summaly: Teclmological Changes in resource delive~y mean Libraries and Archives must Change the way they do Business - c p  LibraIies nmst train personnel to be knowledgeable in the business of licensing to best serve their clientele c p  L i b r q  persoimel must ullderstand the "technoloev" of L r electronic de1ivei~- cr Library persoimel must uilderstand the law as it relates to licensing transactions and keep abreast of changes in copyright and database law that impact electronic inforination products cP Institutions sl~ould consider putting in place n "team process" that includes all stnl~eholdess in these acquisitioils Web-sites You may Wish to Associiition of Research Libraries (booldets and informstion on license tmining): llt tlx :i,$rl. 1T.S. Copy+ight Office . . llttl~:/!'lcweb.loc.~~~v/copyrl~l~t/ Uni\-el&@ of Tesas: l~t~:i~~1\'.i.~tsystei~~.ed~~~C~G~J~1~~tellec~~aIPr0~~e1-ty~c~~~tii~~k.l~t~i~l (site lists liilks to a11 Fair Use Guudelitles) Indiana University ht tp): l i w ~ ~ w .  iupui. ecldit/copyilfcd Stanford 1LhiversiP1s Fair Use Site: 1lttp::"'hir use.stn~dord.eclui Multimedia Law Home Page: 11ttp:'l,:!1~~~. bati~t:t.ccx~~~oiko~me~~elh~cbx.l~tml Yide UniversiQ Libiwy (for sample license language): l~ttp: /!~~~~~~;vjlibray.y'ale. echd 

Electronic delivery of information: the changing face of legal structures [keynote]

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Electronic delivery of information: the changing face of legal structures [keynote]

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