Throughout the years some researchers have dedicated their efforts to the study of cetaceans’\ud
occurrence off Portugal mainland. However, it is still missing a systemic scientific methodology\ud
for studying the presence of coastal small cetaceans. This work is a recent approach to the\ud
occurrence and relative abundance estimative of cetaceans and especially common dolphins off\ud
the west central coast of Portugal. Boat-based visual surveys were conducted in three different\ud
geographic locations, resulting in the sighting of several species. In Nazaré we have only\ud
observed Delphinus delphis while in Peniche and Sesimbra a great diversity of species was\ud
recorded, including Tursiops truncatus, Stenella coeruleoalba, Phocoena phocoena and\ud
Balaenoptera acutorostrata. Most frequently sighted was common dolphin (62%). Occurrence\ud
of large groups of this species seems to take place along main ocean topographic features, like\ud
the Portuguese submarine canyons and we consider that great depths near shore are suitable\ud
habitats for more pelagic species of dolphins such as common dolphins. Total index of common\ud
dolphin abundance was of 2.198 individuals per surveyed hour. A much smaller APUE was\ud
found for Peniche than for the other two regions, where common dolphins show a similar\ud
relative abundance. Future studies using linear transects and continuous long-term approaches\ud
will give further insight to small cetaceans’ occurrence along Portugal mainland and its relation\ud
with different oceanographic features, particularly depths and distances to shore. On-going\ud
efforts in coming years added to this first approach will be required to obtain knowledge for the\ud
conservation of cetaceans

Brito, C

Carvalho, I

Vieira, N

LIFE+ MarPro Repository

Vieira et al. (2009)    IWC ‐ SC/61/SM16 
 
1 
 
Occurrence and relative abundance of common 
dolphins in three sites of the Portuguese shore 
 
NINA VIEIRA (1, 2), INÊS CARVALHO (3, 4) & CRISTINA BRITO (1, 5) 
 
(1) Escola de Mar, Rua Actriz Virgínia 17 C, 1900-026 Lisboa, Portugal, nina.vieira@escolademar.pt 
(2) Instituto de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-
016 Lisboa, Portugal 
 (3) Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e Ambiente – Universidade do Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8000-139 
Faro, Portugal. 
(4) WCS/AMNH Cetacean Conservation and Research Program, c/o Marine Conservation, Wildlife 
Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10460-1099, USA. 
(5) CHAM, Centro de História de Além-Mar, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade 
Nova de Lisboa, Avenida de Berna, 26 C, 1069-061 Lisboa, Portugal 
 
ABSTRACT 
 
Throughout the years some researchers have dedicated their efforts to the study of cetaceans’ 
occurrence off Portugal mainland. However, it is still missing a systemic scientific methodology 
for studying the presence of coastal small cetaceans. This work is a recent approach to the 
occurrence and relative abundance estimative of cetaceans and especially common dolphins off 
the west central coast of Portugal. Boat-based visual surveys were conducted in three different 
geographic locations, resulting in the sighting of several species. In Nazaré we have only 
observed Delphinus delphis while in Peniche and Sesimbra a great diversity of species was 
recorded, including Tursiops truncatus, Stenella coeruleoalba, Phocoena phocoena and 
Balaenoptera acutorostrata.  Most frequently sighted was common dolphin (62%). Occurrence 
of large groups of this species seems to take place along main ocean topographic features, like 
the Portuguese submarine canyons and we consider that great depths near shore are suitable 
habitats for more pelagic species of dolphins such as common dolphins. Total index of common 
dolphin abundance was of 2.198 individuals per surveyed hour. A much smaller APUE was 
found for Peniche than for the other two regions, where common dolphins show a similar 
relative abundance. Future studies using linear transects and continuous long-term approaches 
will give further insight to small cetaceans’ occurrence along Portugal mainland and its relation 
with different oceanographic features, particularly depths and distances to shore. On-going 
efforts in coming years added to this first approach will be required to obtain knowledge for the 
conservation of cetaceans. 
 
KEYWORDS 
 
Population assessment; Relative abundance; Conservation; Portugal 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
Cetacean distribution and abundance along Atlantic shores of Iberia is still poorly described and 
limited to a few recent sources (Certain, 2008; Stephanis, 2008). This is particularly true for 
Portugal, where the study of coastal and oceanic cetaceans along the mainland shore has never 
been a continuous and long term project. The first scientific and more concise work on this 
matter in the 20th century was conducted by Teixeira (1979). He compiled and analysed 
information about the occurrence of cetaceans between 1976 and 1978 using information from 
museums, old bibliography, strandings, captures by fisherman and observations at the sea. The 
results were that common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) were the most observed species, 
followed by striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). Later on a couple of other studies were 
conducted (e.g. Sequeira, 1988) and the results were similar.  
From the beginning of the 1980’s is the first study about the bottlenose dolphins 
(Tursiops truncatus) resident population of the Sado Estuary which has been monitored since 
Vieira et al. (2009)    IWC ‐ SC/61/SM16 
 
2 
 
then (e.g. dos Santos, 1998; dos Santos et al., 2007). In the last few years we are assisting to a 
growing in the number of studies published and presented in conferences (e.g. Ferreira et al., 
2008; Sá et al., 2008; Vieira et al., 2009) that again corroborates the above mentioned 
occurrences of common dolphins; results of other species occurrence are different according to 
the local of the coast.  
Our objectives are to provide new and continuous information on the occurrence, 
distribution and abundance of cetaceans along the central Portuguese shore, especially of 
common dolphins. 
 
METHODS 
 
Study Area 
The study area includes tree different regions of the central western coast of Portugal mainland, 
namely Nazaré, Peniche and Sesimbra (Fig. 1). These locations were mainly chosen by their 
relevant oceanographic features such as the submarine canyons, because great depths near shore 
are suitable habitats for more pelagic species of dolphins. In Nazaré there is a submarine valley 
which is the largest canyon in Europe and one of the largest in the world, and more to the south, 
in Sesimbra, there are two other submarine canyons, Lisboa and Setúbal, as well as two of the 
major estuaries from Portugal, Tejo and Sado estuary (Mougenot, 1989). In our study area are 
also included two marine protected areas: the Natural Reserve of Berlengas (Peniche) and the 
Marine Reserve Prof. Luiz Saldanha (Sesimbra). 
 
Cetacean sightings  
A total of 102 boat based surveys were conducted from 2003 to 2009 (Table I). A survey route 
was selected without pre-determined fixed waypoints. Surveys normally ran perpendicular to 
the coastline to a maximum of 10 nautical miles off the coast with some variations depending 
upon prevailing weather and encounter with cetaceans. All surveys were conducted under a 
Beaufort sea-state inferior to 4. During the surveys one observer was stationed at each side of 
the boat, at least, scanning an area right ahead the vessel to approximately 135º from its bow. 
Recordings included species identification, date, time, geographic coordinates, size of the group, 
predominant behavior, sea state, bathymetry in the position of the sighting and sea surface 
temperature. The software ArcGis was used to map the sightings. 
 
Analysis 
We calculated SPUE (sighting per unit of effort) as the number of sighted cetaceans groups per 
time at sea for all detected species in each area: nº. sightings / survey effort x 60 min. Relative 
abundance of common dolphins was estimated by calculating APUE (abundance per unit of 
effort), as the number of individuals (mean estimate of group size classes) per time at sea in 
each area: nº. dolphins / survey effort x 60 min. For this analysis we only used sightings with 
complete information, such as time at sea and group size. 
 
RESULTS 
 
Cetacean occurrence 
As a result of boat based surveys an effort of 25086 minutes at sea was accomplished for the 
three regions (Table I). A total of 79 sightings of 5 different cetacean species were recorded, in 
the three locations (Fig. 2, 3 and 4).  From these, 49 (62%) were of common dolphins. 
In Nazaré we have only observed Delphinus delphis while in Peniche and Sesimbra a 
great diversity of species was recorded, including Tursiops truncatus, Stenella coeruleoalba, 
Phocoena phocoena and Balaenoptera acutorostrata. Harbour porpoises were only registered 
off Peniche. Mixed groups of common and stripped dolphins were found in Sesimbra as well as 
an occurrence of common dolphins close to a minke whale. 
A total SPUE of 0.158 cetacean sightings per surveyed hour was obtained (n=66); a 
smaller SPUE for Peniche than for the other two regions was also obtained (Table II).  
 
Vieira et al. (2009)    IWC ‐ SC/61/SM16 
 
3 
 
Common dolphin index of abundance 
Groups of common dolphins varied between few individuals to several hundred in the three 
locations. No significant relation was found between group size and topographic or 
oceanographic features of the surveyed areas. 
A total index of common dolphin abundance of 2.198 individuals per surveyed hour 
was obtained (n=66). A much smaller APUE was found for Peniche than for the other two 
regions, where common dolphins show a similar relative abundance (Table III). 
 
DISCUSSION 
 
The small delphinid community (common, bottlenose and striped dolphins) along the central 
coast of Portugal is similar to what can be found in the Bay of Biscay, Spain (Certain et al., 
2008). As referred in other studies about cetaceans’ occurrence along the Portuguese mainland 
(e.g. Teixeira, 1979; Ferreira et al., 2008; Sá et al., 2008, Vieira et al., 2009) and adjacent 
waters (e.g. Kiszka et al., 2007), the common dolphin was the more frequent specie sighted. 
Information about its presence in Portuguese waters has also been consolidate along the years 
from opportunistic captures (Teixeira, 1979), data from stranding (Sequeira et al., 1992; 
Sequeira et al., 1996), interactions with fisheries (Wise et al., 2007) and observations of 
opportunity (Vieira et al., 2008). Group sizes of common dolphins are similar to what can be 
found, for instance, in the Strait of Gibraltar (Stephanis et al., 2008). 
Relative abundance of common dolphins off Nazaré was higher, but this refers to the 
total of cetaceans sighted in the region. Sesimbra followed, but a much greater diversity of 
species is found in this area. Peniche showed a much lower index of abundance; this is the 
region where the greatest diversity occurred. Diversity of species and abundance of individuals 
may reflect oceanographic and topographic characteristics of the studied areas. Depth and slope 
can be an important factor in the tree locations, considering that these areas are quite different in 
respect to great depths and its distance to the shore. Generally, it is known that areas adjacent to 
submarine canyons are extremely rich in nutrients sponsored by significant upwelling 
(Guerreiro et al., 2006), feeding the trophic chain and composing preferential habitats for 
pelagic species such as common dolphins (e.g. Ballance et al., 2006; Stockin et al., 2008). The 
studied areas encompass three major submarine canyons, as well as two important estuaries, and 
occurrence and diversity of cetaceans must be related with these coastal features. 
We also believe that species diversity found in Peniche and Sesimbra may result from 
some restrictions imposed to fisheries at the respective marine protected areas that, 
consequently, promoted an increasing availability of food resources to top predators as well as 
less anthropogenic impacts. 
It is absolutely necessary to continue the study also considering interactions between 
cetaceans and fisheries and for that it is obligatory to monitor the coastal populations of 
cetaceans in such a poorly known area. Future studies using linear transects surveys to estimate 
abundance and continuous long-term approaches will give further insight to small cetaceans’ 
occurrence along Portugal mainland and its relation to different oceanographic features, 
particularly depths and distances to shore. On-going efforts in coming years will be required to 
obtain knowledge for the conservation of cetaceans. 
 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
We would like to acknowledge the important contribution and all the interest of Dr. António 
Teixeira (ICNB). We also acknowledge the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology 
for Cristina Brito (SFRH/BD/21836/2005) doctoral grant. 
 
REFERENCES 
 
Ballance, L.T., Pitman. R.L. & Fiedler, P.C. 2006. Oceanographic influences on seabirds and 
cetaceans of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review. Progress in Oceanography 69: 360–390.  
Vieira et al. (2009)    IWC ‐ SC/61/SM16 
 
4 
 
Certain, G., Ridoux, V., van Canneyt, O., & Bretagnolle, V. 2008. Delphinid spatial distribution 
and abundance estimates over the shelf of the Bay of Biscay. International Council for the 
Exploration of the Sea: 656-666. 
dos Santos, M.E. 1998. Golfinhos-roazes do Sado: Estudos de Sons e Comportamento. Instituto  
Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, Lisboa: 279. 
dos Santos, M. E., Coniglione, C. & Louro, S. 2007. Feeding behaviour of the bottlenose 
dolphin, Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821) in the Sado estuary, Portugal, and a review of its 
prey species. Revista Brasileira de Zoociências 9(1): 31-39  
Ferreira, M. Monteiro, S., Rodrigues, P., Mendes, P., López, A. & Vingada, J. V. 2008. Summer 
distribution and abundance of cetaceans in northern/center Portugal. Abstract of the 22nd  ECS 
Conference. 
Guerreiro, C., Bizarro, A., Duarte, J. & Taborda, R. 2006. Os Enigmáticos Canhões Submarinos 
da Plataforma Continental Portuguesa, Resultados preliminares do projecto científico DEEPCO 
(Deep Sedimentary Conduits of the West-Iberian Margin). Anais do Instituto Hidrográfico, 18: 
169-182 
Kiszka, J., Macleod, K., Canneyt, O.V., Walker, D. E Ridoux, V. 2007. Distribution, encounter 
rates, and habitat characteristics of toothed cetaceans in the Bay of Biscay and adjacent waters 
from platform-of-opportunity data. ICES Journal of Marine Science: 11 pp. 
Mougenot, D. 1989. Geologia da Margem Portuguesa. Instituto Hidrográfico. Lisboa: 44-45. 
Sá, E., Vieira, N. & Brito, C. 2008. A first approach to common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) 
occurrence off the west central coast of Portugal. Abstract of the 22nd  ECS Conference. 
Stephanis, R., Cornulier, T., Verborgh, P. Sierra, J. S., Gimeno, N.P. & Guinet, C.  2008. 
Summer spatial distribution of cetaceans in the Strait of Gibraltar in relation to the 
oceanographic context. Marine Ecology Progress Series 353: 275–288. 
Sequeira, M.L 1988. Mamíferos marinhos da costa portuguesa: Padrões de distribuição e 
ocorrência das principais espécies. Relatório de Estágio, FCUL, Lisboa: 187 pp. 
Sequeira, M.L., Inácio, A. & Reiner, F. 1992. Arrojamentos de Mamíferos Marinhos na Costa 
Portuguesa entre 1978 e 1988. Estudos de Biologia e Conservação da Natureza 7, SNPRCN, 
Lisboa. 
Sequeira, M. Inácio, A. Silva, M. A. & Reiner, F. 1996. Arrojamentos de Mamíferos Marinhos 
na Costa Continental Portuguesa entre 1989 e 1994. Estudos de Biologia e Conservação da 
Natureza 19, Instituto da Conservação da Natureza, Lisboa. 
Stockin, K.A., Pierce, G.J., Binedell, V., Wiseman, N. & Orams, M.B. 2008. Factors Affecting 
the Occurrence and Demographics of Common Dolphins (Delphinus sp.) in the Haraki Gulf, 
New Zealand. Aquatic Mammals, 34(2): 200-211  
Teixeira, A.M.A.P. 1979. Marine mammals of the Portuguese coast. Sonderdruck aus Z. f. 
Säugetierkunde Bd. 44 H. 4. S. 221-238 
Vieira, N., Sá, E., Carvalho, I. & Brito, C. 2008. A review of cetaceans’ presence in Portugal 
mainland from whaling data and observations of opportunity. Abstract on the 22nd Conference 
of the European Cetacean Society. 
Vieira, N., Carvalho, I. & Brito, C. 2009. Occurrence of cetaceans off Portugal mainland: Boat 
based surveys during 2007 and 2008. Abstract on the 23rd Conference of the European 
Cetacean Society. 
Wise, L., Ferreira, M., Silva, M., Sequeira, M. & Silva, A. (2007). Interactions between small 
cetaceans and the purse-seine fishery in western Portuguese waters. Scientia Marina 71 (2): 
405-412.  
Vieira et al. (2009)    IWC ‐ SC/61/SM16 
 
5 
 
Figure 1 – Localization of Portugal mainland indicating the three submarine canyons 
systems through bathymetric lines and geographical locations of boat based surveys. 
 
 
 
Table I – Number of sea surveys in each location and survey effort (min). 
 
 Period Surveys Minutes 
Nazaré 2007-2008 13 1564 
Peniche 2003-2009 41 17400 
Sesimbra 2007-2009 48 6122 
TOTAL 2003-2009 102 25086 
Vieira et al. (2009)    IWC ‐ SC/61/SM16 
 
6 
 
 
Figure 2 – Cetaceans sighted in Nazaré during 2007 and 2008 surveys (n=13): ▲- common 
dolphin. 
 
 
 
Figure 3 – Cetaceans sighted in Peniche during 2003 to 2009 surveys (n=38): ▲- common 
dolphin; - bottlenose dolphin;  - stripped dolphin; ● - harbour porpoise;  - minke 
whale.  
 
 
Vieira et al. (2009)    IWC ‐ SC/61/SM16 
 
7 
 
 
Figure 4 – Cetaceans sighted in Sesimbra during 2007 to 2009 surveys (n=28): ▲- common 
dolphin; - bottlenose dolphin;  - stripped dolphin;  - minke whale. 
 
 
 
Table II – Species sightings in each location: survey effort (min), number of different 
species, number of sightings, and SPUE as number of sightings per hour surveyed. 
 
 Survey effort N. species N. sigthings SPUE 
Nazaré 1564 1 11 0.422 
Peniche 17400 5 24 0.083 
Sesimbra 6122 4 31 0.304 
TOTAL 25086 5 66 1.158 
 
 
Table III – Common dolphin APUE for each location: survey effort (min), number of 
individuals (mean of each detected group size class), and APUE as the number of 
individuals per hour surveyed. 
 
 Survey effort N. dolphins APUE 
Nazaré 1564 140 5.371 
Peniche 17400 279 0.962 
Sesimbra 6122 500 4.900 
TOTAL 25086 919 2.198 
 


Occurrence and relative abundance of common\ud
dolphins in three sites of the Portuguese shore

Throughout the years some researchers have dedicated their efforts to the study of cetaceans' occurrence off Portugal mainland. However, it is still missing a systemic scientific methodology for studying the presence of coastal small cetaceans. This work is a recent approach to the occurrence and relative abundance estimative of cetaceans and especially common dolphins off the west central coast of Portugal. Boat-based visual surveys were conducted in three different geographic locations, resulting in the sighting of several species. In Nazaré we have only observed Delphinus delphis while in Peniche and Sesimbra a great diversity of species was recorded, including Tursiops truncatus, Stenella coeruleoalba, Phocoena phocoena and Balaenoptera acutorostrata. Most frequently sighted was common dolphin (62%). Occurrence of large groups of this species seems to take place along main ocean topographic features, like the Portuguese submarine canyons and we consider that great depths near shore are suitable habitats for more pelagic species of dolphins such as common dolphins. Total index of common dolphin abundance was of 2.198 individuals per surveyed hour. A much smaller APUE was found for Peniche than for the other two regions, where common dolphins show a similar relative abundance. Future studies using linear transects and continuous long-term approaches will give further insight to small cetaceans' occurrence along Portugal mainland and its relation with different oceanographic features, particularly depths and distances to shore. On-going efforts in coming years added to this first approach will be required to obtain knowledge for the conservation of cetaceans.publishersversionpublishe

Brito, Cristina

Vieira, Nina

Carvalho, Inês

Repositório da Universidade Nova de Lisboa

Vieira et al. (2009)    IWC ‐ SC/61/SM16  1  Occurrence and relative abundance of common dolphins in three sites of the Portuguese shore  NINA VIEIRA (1, 2), INÊS CARVALHO (3, 4) & CRISTINA BRITO (1, 5)  (1) Escola de Mar, Rua Actriz Virgínia 17 C, 1900-026 Lisboa, Portugal, nina.vieira@escolademar.pt (2) Instituto de Oceanografia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal  (3) Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e Ambiente – Universidade do Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8000-139 Faro, Portugal. (4) WCS/AMNH Cetacean Conservation and Research Program, c/o Marine Conservation, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10460-1099, USA. (5) CHAM, Centro de História de Além-Mar, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida de Berna, 26 C, 1069-061 Lisboa, Portugal  ABSTRACT  Throughout the years some researchers have dedicated their efforts to the study of cetaceans’ occurrence off Portugal mainland. However, it is still missing a systemic scientific methodology for studying the presence of coastal small cetaceans. This work is a recent approach to the occurrence and relative abundance estimative of cetaceans and especially common dolphins off the west central coast of Portugal. Boat-based visual surveys were conducted in three different geographic locations, resulting in the sighting of several species. In Nazaré we have only observed Delphinus delphis while in Peniche and Sesimbra a great diversity of species was recorded, including Tursiops truncatus, Stenella coeruleoalba, Phocoena phocoena and Balaenoptera acutorostrata.  Most frequently sighted was common dolphin (62%). Occurrence of large groups of this species seems to take place along main ocean topographic features, like the Portuguese submarine canyons and we consider that great depths near shore are suitable habitats for more pelagic species of dolphins such as common dolphins. Total index of common dolphin abundance was of 2.198 individuals per surveyed hour. A much smaller APUE was found for Peniche than for the other two regions, where common dolphins show a similar relative abundance. Future studies using linear transects and continuous long-term approaches will give further insight to small cetaceans’ occurrence along Portugal mainland and its relation with different oceanographic features, particularly depths and distances to shore. On-going efforts in coming years added to this first approach will be required to obtain knowledge for the conservation of cetaceans.  KEYWORDS  Population assessment; Relative abundance; Conservation; Portugal  INTRODUCTION  Cetacean distribution and abundance along Atlantic shores of Iberia is still poorly described and limited to a few recent sources (Certain, 2008; Stephanis, 2008). This is particularly true for Portugal, where the study of coastal and oceanic cetaceans along the mainland shore has never been a continuous and long term project. The first scientific and more concise work on this matter in the 20th century was conducted by Teixeira (1979). He compiled and analysed information about the occurrence of cetaceans between 1976 and 1978 using information from museums, old bibliography, strandings, captures by fisherman and observations at the sea. The results were that common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) were the most observed species, followed by striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). Later on a couple of other studies were conducted (e.g. Sequeira, 1988) and the results were similar.  From the beginning of the 1980’s is the first study about the bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) resident population of the Sado Estuary which has been monitored since Vieira et al. (2009)    IWC ‐ SC/61/SM16  2  then (e.g. dos Santos, 1998; dos Santos et al., 2007). In the last few years we are assisting to a growing in the number of studies published and presented in conferences (e.g. Ferreira et al., 2008; Sá et al., 2008; Vieira et al., 2009) that again corroborates the above mentioned occurrences of common dolphins; results of other species occurrence are different according to the local of the coast.  Our objectives are to provide new and continuous information on the occurrence, distribution and abundance of cetaceans along the central Portuguese shore, especially of common dolphins.  METHODS  Study Area The study area includes tree different regions of the central western coast of Portugal mainland, namely Nazaré, Peniche and Sesimbra (Fig. 1). These locations were mainly chosen by their relevant oceanographic features such as the submarine canyons, because great depths near shore are suitable habitats for more pelagic species of dolphins. In Nazaré there is a submarine valley which is the largest canyon in Europe and one of the largest in the world, and more to the south, in Sesimbra, there are two other submarine canyons, Lisboa and Setúbal, as well as two of the major estuaries from Portugal, Tejo and Sado estuary (Mougenot, 1989). In our study area are also included two marine protected areas: the Natural Reserve of Berlengas (Peniche) and the Marine Reserve Prof. Luiz Saldanha (Sesimbra).  Cetacean sightings  A total of 102 boat based surveys were conducted from 2003 to 2009 (Table I). A survey route was selected without pre-determined fixed waypoints. Surveys normally ran perpendicular to the coastline to a maximum of 10 nautical miles off the coast with some variations depending upon prevailing weather and encounter with cetaceans. All surveys were conducted under a Beaufort sea-state inferior to 4. During the surveys one observer was stationed at each side of the boat, at least, scanning an area right ahead the vessel to approximately 135º from its bow. Recordings included species identification, date, time, geographic coordinates, size of the group, predominant behavior, sea state, bathymetry in the position of the sighting and sea surface temperature. The software ArcGis was used to map the sightings.  Analysis We calculated SPUE (sighting per unit of effort) as the number of sighted cetaceans groups per time at sea for all detected species in each area: nº. sightings / survey effort x 60 min. Relative abundance of common dolphins was estimated by calculating APUE (abundance per unit of effort), as the number of individuals (mean estimate of group size classes) per time at sea in each area: nº. dolphins / survey effort x 60 min. For this analysis we only used sightings with complete information, such as time at sea and group size.  RESULTS  Cetacean occurrence As a result of boat based surveys an effort of 25086 minutes at sea was accomplished for the three regions (Table I). A total of 79 sightings of 5 different cetacean species were recorded, in the three locations (Fig. 2, 3 and 4).  From these, 49 (62%) were of common dolphins. In Nazaré we have only observed Delphinus delphis while in Peniche and Sesimbra a great diversity of species was recorded, including Tursiops truncatus, Stenella coeruleoalba, Phocoena phocoena and Balaenoptera acutorostrata. Harbour porpoises were only registered off Peniche. Mixed groups of common and stripped dolphins were found in Sesimbra as well as an occurrence of common dolphins close to a minke whale. A total SPUE of 0.158 cetacean sightings per surveyed hour was obtained (n=66); a smaller SPUE for Peniche than for the other two regions was also obtained (Table II).   Vieira et al. (2009)    IWC ‐ SC/61/SM16  3  Common dolphin index of abundance Groups of common dolphins varied between few individuals to several hundred in the three locations. No significant relation was found between group size and topographic or oceanographic features of the surveyed areas. A total index of common dolphin abundance of 2.198 individuals per surveyed hour was obtained (n=66). A much smaller APUE was found for Peniche than for the other two regions, where common dolphins show a similar relative abundance (Table III).  DISCUSSION  The small delphinid community (common, bottlenose and striped dolphins) along the central coast of Portugal is similar to what can be found in the Bay of Biscay, Spain (Certain et al., 2008). As referred in other studies about cetaceans’ occurrence along the Portuguese mainland (e.g. Teixeira, 1979; Ferreira et al., 2008; Sá et al., 2008, Vieira et al., 2009) and adjacent waters (e.g. Kiszka et al., 2007), the common dolphin was the more frequent specie sighted. Information about its presence in Portuguese waters has also been consolidate along the years from opportunistic captures (Teixeira, 1979), data from stranding (Sequeira et al., 1992; Sequeira et al., 1996), interactions with fisheries (Wise et al., 2007) and observations of opportunity (Vieira et al., 2008). Group sizes of common dolphins are similar to what can be found, for instance, in the Strait of Gibraltar (Stephanis et al., 2008). Relative abundance of common dolphins off Nazaré was higher, but this refers to the total of cetaceans sighted in the region. Sesimbra followed, but a much greater diversity of species is found in this area. Peniche showed a much lower index of abundance; this is the region where the greatest diversity occurred. Diversity of species and abundance of individuals may reflect oceanographic and topographic characteristics of the studied areas. Depth and slope can be an important factor in the tree locations, considering that these areas are quite different in respect to great depths and its distance to the shore. Generally, it is known that areas adjacent to submarine canyons are extremely rich in nutrients sponsored by significant upwelling (Guerreiro et al., 2006), feeding the trophic chain and composing preferential habitats for pelagic species such as common dolphins (e.g. Ballance et al., 2006; Stockin et al., 2008). The studied areas encompass three major submarine canyons, as well as two important estuaries, and occurrence and diversity of cetaceans must be related with these coastal features. We also believe that species diversity found in Peniche and Sesimbra may result from some restrictions imposed to fisheries at the respective marine protected areas that, consequently, promoted an increasing availability of food resources to top predators as well as less anthropogenic impacts. It is absolutely necessary to continue the study also considering interactions between cetaceans and fisheries and for that it is obligatory to monitor the coastal populations of cetaceans in such a poorly known area. Future studies using linear transects surveys to estimate abundance and continuous long-term approaches will give further insight to small cetaceans’ occurrence along Portugal mainland and its relation to different oceanographic features, particularly depths and distances to shore. On-going efforts in coming years will be required to obtain knowledge for the conservation of cetaceans.   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS  We would like to acknowledge the important contribution and all the interest of Dr. António Teixeira (ICNB). We also acknowledge the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology for Cristina Brito (SFRH/BD/21836/2005) doctoral grant.  REFERENCES  Ballance, L.T., Pitman. R.L. & Fiedler, P.C. 2006. Oceanographic influences on seabirds and cetaceans of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review. Progress in Oceanography 69: 360–390.  Vieira et al. (2009)    IWC ‐ SC/61/SM16  4  Certain, G., Ridoux, V., van Canneyt, O., & Bretagnolle, V. 2008. Delphinid spatial distribution and abundance estimates over the shelf of the Bay of Biscay. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea: 656-666. dos Santos, M.E. 1998. Golfinhos-roazes do Sado: Estudos de Sons e Comportamento. Instituto  Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, Lisboa: 279. dos Santos, M. E., Coniglione, C. & Louro, S. 2007. Feeding behaviour of the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821) in the Sado estuary, Portugal, and a review of its prey species. Revista Brasileira de Zoociências 9(1): 31-39  Ferreira, M. Monteiro, S., Rodrigues, P., Mendes, P., López, A. & Vingada, J. V. 2008. Summer distribution and abundance of cetaceans in northern/center Portugal. Abstract of the 22nd  ECS Conference. Guerreiro, C., Bizarro, A., Duarte, J. & Taborda, R. 2006. Os Enigmáticos Canhões Submarinos da Plataforma Continental Portuguesa, Resultados preliminares do projecto científico DEEPCO (Deep Sedimentary Conduits of the West-Iberian Margin). Anais do Instituto Hidrográfico, 18: 169-182 Kiszka, J., Macleod, K., Canneyt, O.V., Walker, D. E Ridoux, V. 2007. Distribution, encounter rates, and habitat characteristics of toothed cetaceans in the Bay of Biscay and adjacent waters from platform-of-opportunity data. ICES Journal of Marine Science: 11 pp. Mougenot, D. 1989. Geologia da Margem Portuguesa. Instituto Hidrográfico. Lisboa: 44-45. Sá, E., Vieira, N. & Brito, C. 2008. A first approach to common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) occurrence off the west central coast of Portugal. Abstract of the 22nd  ECS Conference. Stephanis, R., Cornulier, T., Verborgh, P. Sierra, J. S., Gimeno, N.P. & Guinet, C.  2008. Summer spatial distribution of cetaceans in the Strait of Gibraltar in relation to the oceanographic context. Marine Ecology Progress Series 353: 275–288. Sequeira, M.L 1988. Mamíferos marinhos da costa portuguesa: Padrões de distribuição e ocorrência das principais espécies. Relatório de Estágio, FCUL, Lisboa: 187 pp. Sequeira, M.L., Inácio, A. & Reiner, F. 1992. Arrojamentos de Mamíferos Marinhos na Costa Portuguesa entre 1978 e 1988. Estudos de Biologia e Conservação da Natureza 7, SNPRCN, Lisboa. Sequeira, M. Inácio, A. Silva, M. A. & Reiner, F. 1996. Arrojamentos de Mamíferos Marinhos na Costa Continental Portuguesa entre 1989 e 1994. Estudos de Biologia e Conservação da Natureza 19, Instituto da Conservação da Natureza, Lisboa. Stockin, K.A., Pierce, G.J., Binedell, V., Wiseman, N. & Orams, M.B. 2008. Factors Affecting the Occurrence and Demographics of Common Dolphins (Delphinus sp.) in the Haraki Gulf, New Zealand. Aquatic Mammals, 34(2): 200-211  Teixeira, A.M.A.P. 1979. Marine mammals of the Portuguese coast. Sonderdruck aus Z. f. Säugetierkunde Bd. 44 H. 4. S. 221-238 Vieira, N., Sá, E., Carvalho, I. & Brito, C. 2008. A review of cetaceans’ presence in Portugal mainland from whaling data and observations of opportunity. Abstract on the 22nd Conference of the European Cetacean Society. Vieira, N., Carvalho, I. & Brito, C. 2009. Occurrence of cetaceans off Portugal mainland: Boat based surveys during 2007 and 2008. Abstract on the 23rd Conference of the European Cetacean Society. Wise, L., Ferreira, M., Silva, M., Sequeira, M. & Silva, A. (2007). Interactions between small cetaceans and the purse-seine fishery in western Portuguese waters. Scientia Marina 71 (2): 405-412.  Vieira et al. (2009)    IWC ‐ SC/61/SM16  5  Figure 1 – Localization of Portugal mainland indicating the three submarine canyons systems through bathymetric lines and geographical locations of boat based surveys.    Table I – Number of sea surveys in each location and survey effort (min).   Period Surveys Minutes Nazaré 2007-2008 13 1564 Peniche 2003-2009 41 17400 Sesimbra 2007-2009 48 6122 TOTAL 2003-2009 102 25086 Vieira et al. (2009)    IWC ‐ SC/61/SM16  6   Figure 2 – Cetaceans sighted in Nazaré during 2007 and 2008 surveys (n=13): ▲- common dolphin.    Figure 3 – Cetaceans sighted in Peniche during 2003 to 2009 surveys (n=38): ▲- common dolphin; - bottlenose dolphin;  - stripped dolphin; ● - harbour porpoise;  - minke whale.    Vieira et al. (2009)    IWC ‐ SC/61/SM16  7   Figure 4 – Cetaceans sighted in Sesimbra during 2007 to 2009 surveys (n=28): ▲- common dolphin; - bottlenose dolphin;  - stripped dolphin;  - minke whale.    Table II – Species sightings in each location: survey effort (min), number of different species, number of sightings, and SPUE as number of sightings per hour surveyed.   Survey effort N. species N. sigthings SPUE Nazaré 1564 1 11 0.422 Peniche 17400 5 24 0.083 Sesimbra 6122 4 31 0.304 TOTAL 25086 5 66 1.158   Table III – Common dolphin APUE for each location: survey effort (min), number of individuals (mean of each detected group size class), and APUE as the number of individuals per hour surveyed.   Survey effort N. dolphins APUE Nazaré 1564 140 5.371 Peniche 17400 279 0.962 Sesimbra 6122 500 4.900 TOTAL 25086 919 2.198  

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Occurrence and relative abundance of common dolphins in three sites of the Portuguese shore

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Occurrence and relative abundance of common\ud dolphins in three sites of the Portuguese shore

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