Indira, C.J.

Jayaraman, T.R.

Pattabiraman, R.

Udupa, H.V.K.

Venkatesan, V.K.

IR@CECRI

COVERN"EMT Or INDIA: THE PATENT OffICE, 214, ACHARYA"~AC~019H80S£ ROAD. CALCUTTA-17. Compl.t~ ~Decl'ic.t!o~AND PROVISIONAL sPECI'ICATIONNo. 143696 dat.d 9 th April 1!n6. App.lication / No. 61/C.a1/7Sdatad 13th J enuery 1975. Accept anc. ot"tha cOllplftl!t.,.1.t1c.tion adverti ••d on 14th January 1978.Index ataccaptanca - ,4:;'02CLVII t (J)J-IMProve"anta in or ralatint to .tntarad p••OUa.et.l hydrogan .lectrode. 'or y.a 1n hydrogan-oxygan ru..: call'Council 0' Scienti,ic and IndU.tri.1 R••e~ch, •• '1"~g, New Dalhl-1, India, .n India~ra,i.'ered bed'incorporated under the Regietration 0' Ioaieti.. a.,(Act XXI 0' 1860)Th. 'ollowing .p.c1'le.tion de.crib .. the netur.0' this inv.ntion a-This 1•• n invention by Venftl.ur Kri.hn .....,V.n~at.•••n, Mand.dy Va...takrJ..hna Udupa, R-.I_ ~ett.lr_ ....Thlruvldi ..aruthur R.anethen Jayar.e" end Qt.l..., .....puthen,,"du Jenakl a_a Indira, all 0' tha Central Elact"O'Ch_lcel R•• erch In.titute, Kal'.ikudi..3t Indie. ell lrW i ...~Cl~lzen..• 143696 •lhls invention rel.tes to improvements 1n or relating t~the preparation of slnter8d porous metal hydrog~" .1ect~odee rOtuse i"1 low te"",erature hydrogen-oxygen cell.Hitherto it has been IJroposed to 'abricete sl"t.rad "orouttmetal electrodes or the two layer OSK type with carbonyl nlakel8S supporting lIIatri)f and skeletl!tl Raney nitckel .. catalyst. Th.two 18yera are (1) protective layer .ither carbonyl nickel orcarbor~y.L nlcl<el and catalyst or 8uitable particle .lZ8 and(2) Orerating layer-pormed with carbonyl nlckel anrlcatalyat 0'- 1436,96 -SJit.ablFJ p'Hticla !lizo (different. rrom tM particle she oft.hOA9 IIs",d in the protective lAytlr). A rUler lIuch •• sodiulIlr.al'bon.3t.JJ t't potB9!~i\lm chloride is also included in the operatlnQlayor and the f'iller 19 removed after the compec't is sintered.The electrodes are mnde by not pressing at 4nO-SOOOC ~ith arore.sing pressure of eho',Jt 1 tonne/cm2 or by cold pressing,,,1th a Pl' ass ing prllssure of ? to 5 tonnp,s/cm2 and sinteringthe compAct 600-700oC in hydrogen ~tmos,heTe.This is open to the objection that the rUler "'aterielused for i.ncreasing the poro3ily or the oparat.ing_ar h .. tohe removed completely by heating ... water to about BoDe endi!ftef the complete remO\lal of filler mst.eriel the electrode11as to be dried in El vacuum oven. ThR riller materlsl if· not':'emo\led completely will affect the alectrochelftical characteristic,~, the electrode by slowly reacting with the catalyst.The ohj act I)f t hie invenUo,," is to obviate this ,~d!t.advant.by' pl:O;lplu'lng two layer OSI< elllJctrodes with naphthalene el therUler Material which c.,n be easily removpd IJhile the cOlltpact1s being sintered at e high t8mper8tu~e.To these ends the invention broadly consists in theprepat'lJItion of two layer DSK type electrDde with pure nickelell supporting matrix, preserved RanBy nickel catalyat containingcopper promoter and naphthlena filler by cold prel~ng andslntering at high temperature in an atmosphere of hydrog'!n. Theprotact 1\/9 1Ayer 1s made with eithe~ pure nJekel a10na Of 8mixtulB of pure nickal and ~rBs~rved Ranev nickel eet_lYltboth having a particle size in the ranC'8 -300 to +400 m.".The l.Jeight. ratio of pUl'e nick91 to catalyst can ... in thttrange 1:1 to 3:2.The Qpetati.o9 layer 18 merlewith a lItb:t4rtt Cl)nsiet1119 ~l'PUf8 ni~~al, preserved Raney nickel cataly.t Ind 'O~byIolaittht "r t,aphth'::I1ane fUlet'. Thft p8Y't.ich .he tf'ttl" f=RtaJ:vst,pure ni~~el an~ fi~l"f is 1n the t~n~e -300 to +4nO mesh-4:"- oDt1n"'ffI tHI\nQ -325 ...400 1l1~3h. The "'ltjght lFlil,tjO 0", p.....T~nicM;~J tc. eilt~lyst is 1 :1.- '43696 -·rh. pr"'.8rved R.·ney nickel cat.lyst i8 prepared b:1 the.etho(i d••scribed In literature. The preactivated RaneYinlckalcatalyst i8 treated with pota.sium bromate solution f"or preservingthe catalyat. Commercially available nlckel-aluminium alloy (sOlSO),1. uaed ror the pr ....r.tion or the R.n.y nickel catalyst. Theelectrod •• with the two l.yer. ara made by compacting at a. 2pr ... url!.ar 2 to 5 tonn •• /clI • the opt ilium beS.ng 2.5 to 3.0 tonne./0112, and .lnt.ring the ~OMpact at t••paratura 1n the range 6000a 0 0to 800 C. the opti-ull t.~.r.ture being 650 • 100 C, in hydrogen.t.,sphere 1'0 r 30 .1ns. The ,,_i9h\ ratIo of" the protect lve layerto op.l:eting layer la 1n tha range 1:1 to 213. The atnt.redelectrad.s are testad ae hydrogen gae dirf"uaion alactrod. 1na6 " kOH at 60 C. tha hydrogen g._ pressure being 0.8 to 1.2 .t.(gauge, pressure).EXAftPLE 1:!J:~8p.ratlonor the ,l,ctrod,Electrode eizeThickness 0' ths electrodeIl"roteet ive layer\)peratIng l.ye~the weight r.tl0at' rlllerWeight T.tl0 0' protectivel.yer to operating layerPre •• ing Pr... ureSlnt,rlng teaper.tur.Catalyst concentratiDneOlt!:1,.tlon char,cter 18tl0"El.ctrolyteTe.p.Hy.rog.n gaa pre•• ureInlt1.1 re.t potenti.lPDl.r leat ionI 2.5 _I pur. nlck.l ot p.rtial.slze -300 +400 ...hI Pur. niek.l +pre.erved• ,"'y ..81ek.l 0'-300 +325 meeh In thlV!i~ht ratio 1a110~ (by weight naphth.leneI '11 (29 x each)2I 2.54 tonne./em1 600°C2I 0.3 g/cmI 6 PI KOM160°C1 0.9 .t. (gauge prea.ur.)J -30 mv (vs hydrogen electrodein the 8eme solution) .2~ 155 mw at a c.d. of SOm./eM• 143696 •e.1'8pa~at10nof the ,lactrod!Electr ode .1z.Thickn ••• of the electrodeProtective layer )Operating layer )rUlerWeight ratio or protectiveto operating layerPresaing pre'sureSint.rlng temperatureCataly.t concentration.ial'r1,ation ch".cteri,tlo,Electr 01yteT·flPer~ture.Hydrogen ga. pr••sureInitial reat pot.ntialPol.r 1.atIon,XAMPLE .IIJ'l.strede HElPatetlon,El.cttode ,i.eThickn." 0' th. 'laotl'OdeProtective 1ayel'Operatin, layer• 5 •; 4.4. cm d~••1 2.5 _1 •• me •• 1n EXaMple I, Naphthalene (10<) (by weight)I 111 (8 9. each), 2I 2.54 tonn••/c.I 6500CI 0.25 g/c.2I 6 1'1 I<OHI GOoe .I 0.' at", (0.... "1'_.1'.)I .40 Me (ve Hydro"n .1ecttodein the a_ ,olutlon)I 110 flV at a o.d. or 50../0,.2I 2.0 clldla.I 2.5 -• IIUI".nickel and 1I"•• "d;'R.ney nlckal oataly,t Inthe weight I'.tio tit".l'tl01e ,I•• -300 to ..00•• hI PUl'e nic~.l and "pl'••• ved 'It ... y ni.leal'odalyat 'In tbe, -10M.,atlo 1 It, "I'tiol. ilie -III • tOO ...h. '. '01 I-143696 -rillerWeight ratio of operatinglayer to protective layerPressing pressureSintering temperatureCatalyst r.oncentretlon 1n.the operating layerI,J.:J1afiast ion char sctat ilt Ie.ElectrolyteTemp.Hydrogen gea pre.BureoInitial reat p~enti.lPol at is at10nEXAMPLE IV IElectrode prep.etiantE18ctt"ode .izeThicknea8 (1' t he electrodeProtectIve leyerOpereting lay.rr1110rl.Ieight rat 10 0 f theprotective layer tooperating layerPrea6I~9 pre••ureSinter1ng temperatureCatalyst concentrationPolarisation characterbtlc!..:·£lect-rolyteTemp.Hydro~en ga. preasureInit~Rl re.t potentialPolarleationI 10% (by weight) of naphthalene: 1: 1 (each 2 g)., 2: 3.048 tonnes/em: 650°C2I 0.:3 g/cmI 61'\ teOH°: 60 CI 1.0 atm. (guage pressurE;)I -40 mv (va Hydrogen electrodein the same solution)I 150 IIV at • c.d. of 60 ",a/erlI 2.0 c"' dia.I 2.5 11mI Pure nickel 0' particleeize +40U -300 me.hI Pure nickel + preeerved Reneynickel cet.lyet in the ratio1:1, Rhd perticle .iz8 -300+400 1I•• hI 10~ (by weight) pot ••• 1ulIchlorideJ ,.1 (weight or each layer 2 g). 2I 3.048 tonn ••/cmI 650°Ca 0.3 g/cm2I 51'\ KOH: 60°CI 1.2 at", (gaug't pres.ura)I .10 mv (va hydrogen electrodein the same solution)'10 .v at a c.d. or 30 Ma/cm2- Ii -The following ara among the main advent ages 0' the1nventiolll.1)' T.... ~l.ectrOd. Can be prepared by a 8imple method.The 8;tep invol:ving the removal 0" t he filler, l'pota.sium. chloride or sodium carbonate i8 usedas filler, 18 eliMinated by the use 0' naphthalene asa 'il~er.2) The per'or_,nce 0' the electrode prepared with..;naphthalene •• 'iller 1. bet'.1" than that of'the.1aetrQde _ade with pot ••~lUM chloride •• 'iller.Dated this '6th dRY 0' January, 1975.ad/-(IL IEIEtl)A9STT. PATENTS orrtcERCOUNCIL or sCIENTIrIC & INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH.- 7 -CClMPLE:TE SPECIFI CATIONSSC'llON 10.Im~rovements in or relating to s1ntered porousmetalbydrogen electrodes tor use in hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell-.Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, RaflMarg, NewDelhi-l, India, ~! Indian registered bodyIncbrilorated under the Reg!st ration of Societies Act(Act XXI of 1860).The following specification particularly describe,and B sl:-ertains the nature ot thl. invention and the .annarIn which 1t 1s' to be performed 1-l,rh1s 1s an 1nvention by vannly11r Krlabn8.sw8lft1 Venkataaal'!,Handady' Venkata.ttrlshna ·Udupa, Thlruvldajmarudbur RamanathanJayarElIJlan, Rajam pattabiraman', Cbarinjetbu puthenveedu Janak!MDJDl1 Indira, all of the· central Electrochemical ResearchInstitute, Karalku41, 3, Tamil NadU', India, all Indian citIzens.-8~143696~:~ .uwewU-on rela'tea to hlprOV_eJ1t. in or reiat1ne to -the prepa;ratioa01 .ilttertd porous metal electrode. ot the two-la,el' DSK(Doppel Skeletal1Iata2l .. 'k¢) we oontaiJ"r:r.g BaneT Dickel catalysts tor uSe!'"s ¥rogee1eoWode tA low-t_perat.u.1'·e R;ydrog'9ll-~gen. h.l Cell. !lbe lo" ...t_pcature""~8'eD fuel cell. 1fl11 serre a. power source and enerfa storage4wlo. 1rl·th ~ied aPi'11oat1ou.Our oopeDU_ J1.U", ,.teat application Ro.32/Ca1/75relate. to thepr:epaze.tioZl ot "intered porous metal eleotrode. of the -h0-lar81" OIl: trPe(Doppel.tel.ta1 latG.178&tor) oontalniDI .11T" oatal78t• to b. ue.a a.~. eleoboQe. ill low-'.perature lJ1drogen OXiYgen""el C.lls.In ce-J1&rieon our pre ..... iDYe.t4&t1oD 1s tor s:fJIllar electrod •• fett: '.e .... :~eI! elecior04_ in 811ailar ru.l oe118, bat ... 41.t1lllU1ehe4 ts-.tho•• o:r 32,11:a1/75DO 811Te%' cata17.ts are ued :in the.tr preJlU'AttOll. !he.... of uil ... ca'tal7wt a. 111the .14 oo-pelll1Jlg appl1o&tlO1l'tor the preparat ....•f the _14 .1eot1'Od.. *loh foras 1t. 8Ilbject .tt .. 'is ~b7 _1_84he- the _ope of the pre•• at b.v •• tSgatl0D •... aiatel'ed por ..... 1e1eotr04 •• ot 1;he ho-1a1V DR(Doppe;L.•• 1etal rata1;(lator) tJpe tor a.e •• ~Il electrode in" the ·l __ tap .....~oc.~OIR''' fuel'cell han hi,therio been prepared with a protecti"~ _de or either oarbo.".l niokel(_ par. niokel) 011l1' ar carbo:lV'l iWlUl(0&' pa.re Biokel) 1Jl ocabiatlon with lanq Diokel oata17.t• ot _1t&bl.pa:r1ilo1e .ise aD! an operathtg la1&" fora ... ith carbOlV'l Idokel, .. .,.m.ckel o.ta17ete and a tiller llUoh a. socllUlloarboate, potaee.ohlor14e•The eleotro4'M are .de either 'b7 hot-pre ••ag at 400-500·0 .1t1l • pred1lCpre.-.re of 1 torme/.2 ~ 'b1 co~d pres. lUgwith a pre.eiDg preellD.l".of2-' toaMeI.2 am .1JI1; .. _ tit." o_pact at 600-700~O 1D~" .1a.'Ole eb-o.1I'1~okor the bitherto known process 18 that the f111e.l"me.terlal uaed fot' lnor-.slng the porosity or the oII~.ratlng in"er bAs ,. b.renov!'d oO'Upltrl:ely "b7 h_tlng in water to about eo·!) and after cODlt,let.remoY'!ilof. the filler t t.he electrode has to be drl;,.a. In a WOl1Wl oftn.It thefille:r nmt~.rJal i.s not remoYed, oOlllp1etely, it will atfeat the e1eanook_loalolwzaoteristlcs of the electrode by 81011'1.7 r-.otiJIg with the oata:b'....!'be _in obJect ot th18 iDYentioB 1a to prepn-e 81nterecl poreua .. tal.1ectrc:.dea ot' the wo-layer ])II: (Deppel steletal Katal;ysatOl') type tor u.e..s hJd:r~ogen 81<11!!c'trodein low-t_penture IQ'drogen-eZ7gen ruel oe11usi..,pare nickel powl!!!rto fora the protective 1&7er aDd a mixture o£ pae makel,preaf'tl.."ed I!Ikf!letJ\l Hane:r Dickel eata178t w1th OO~ promotor amI8phi';balene '-\9 th~ filler, to tom the operatJ ng layer, by compactiqr am.lntlil":Lng at hi,ell temperAture.The sintered poroua lRetal eleot%ode. of the two-l&J'er DSK(DoPPe1ekel ~ta1 l<a tu lyse. tor) type r or U8. "8 Hydrogen electrodes e.re prepared withn1Ckel'nd 'Witb prellen-ed skeletal laney niokel cata17l't containing oopper,praaotor' ~ raphtbalene &8 the tiller, in the operatil]g layer and par- Il1ckel2alt>ne in thfa proteetlTe layer, b7 cold Pl'~,~a1ngat a pressure of 2-5 tonnes/ea..nd ~!nter1ng the OOlDpact at t_peratures in the range 600-800·0.The electrode 80 prepare4 uah26 mphtbale1Ut •• the tl1~er can b.usee. \lireotlJ". 68 the tiller aphthalene has been ,,_Oyed during sinteriDgpro<: ell s , thus avoiding oD8 more .tep 1nvol...iJJg the r_oval or filler aft ..sln;;eri116' aDd drying in a "f'&CUDa 0ftIl.Irhe pre •• nt iJlvention Gonalats of a proce.s for the pre~tlon of81nt,..red poroul!Imetal electrod,e 'or the two-la,.er nSlC(Doppelakeletallatalysator) tne tor use &8 ~n electrode 1BlcJW-temperature ~gen-- \ () -'143696~R"4I'!nfuel cell. The el fti'3trode oon.,!sts ot one proteotive layer contaiDincpu:r.e nickftl and n.n ope.Lf\tfng layer conslsting or pure nickel," pre.erved .t.l .... lJlArl.ey nickel catalyst containing copper proDlotor and. .phthe.le!1e • .e tiller 'bJ'0001[1presfling and. sintering at h:f-€,htemperatures in hydrogen atao.phere.'!'he s.tntered porous metal electrode. ot the two la1'er DSK(DoppelSUletalKa'b~l,.tor) type for use a8 l'q'drogenelectrodes are mBd.eby takiDg -.liabl.IIlCItv.nt or ;the components tor the protecti" layer aM operat!rIB J,,,yer 1. tile.e~ht ratio 1.1 to 2.3}tbe preterred ratio be1Dg 1.1, oold ,..~~,.iagat aprelwre of 2 to S -tonn./0II2 f the preterre4 pree.iB1 prN.r. ltebr 2.' -2,torme./om .I'd .intering the coapeot at t_peraturee ill the 1"&~e600-800·0,Ithe preten'ed t.-perature beilag 650·-700·0 .ta lJl'clropD. .t.o.pben tor. .'0 mllJu.te•• The operating la7er co_1st. ot pare Dickel, pruerYe4 sb1.a1Jan~ nickel ot partiale ,ise iJl the range 45-5' aioroDII, the preterre4 .i.ebe"':r 45.'0 .101'OM and aphthal .. a. tiller, the o~t. wel1-e.tseltoget:her. While th'!'! prot~tive la;rer OOM~stsof pure-Diokel ot partiole .1IIein tile range 37-45 _lorona. The •• 1cht ratio of the pare niokel to theo.taJ.pt in the operattDg la1'er i. 1,1 and the tl11_ oo•• ntration 1. 10J'bJ w•.J.ght. Oemmero1al17.vallable niokel aluln:bul .1107(50.50 "7 ..e1gllt)whioll.oO!1lists of Ni~lJ and Ii .11" i. used tor the preparatlc'-ll of skeletalIaIMO atokel catal1Wt" .itb ooppei"a. ~otor(tbe 00 •• 101''a1:10ll 'be1lW , •ot Cu/gmof Ranq nickel) b1' the •• thod a_nabla ia litera "'UX'fI. 'l'hepreaetbated. oatal7et 11 pre.en'8d by' tr_tment wlth pots.am. brc.-'te, ••4eaor1becl lD literatu:f' •• '!'he electrode. 80 prepana ..... te.ted a. b;rtrepaga8 diffu8ion electrodes in 6J JroH at 60~Cwith ~rogeJl gas p'e." .t0.8 - 1.2 .ta.(..... pre'RXe).143696r. tJploal .-pl •• are 11ft1l'beloW.IlitRIl JII£t1N'lt18 ot, tie electr2h... b••• is..!ldolalee. ot the e1eoi:loodeftot_tl:ye layer'!be welgb:trat10 of f111.W.f.gh·i~:ratio ot protect!ft 1aJCto o:9er&t1rJg layer~ ... lJlg pre88\l1'."811lt_dug t_pea'ureC&talpt 001lUdlizati01llRWWtJ911 cbJ.n,OtS\fta.u.... 1.ro1T\''.'P.,J:re1rcrg6Jl ea- prU8Q'1'.IJait:tal res t pot•• talJIP1IPII;Ul£!I,aratloll of \h. UdudtlIlectrode .u.'!Ia14:Io\cne.. of the .1eot:l:oc1.PI:oteotive 1&,.. )Optim t11C 1a7er. )1'0:1."dill" _tie of pnt.. tm ...0"""1111 --p,r••• 1IrI prelNllaftaht__ '\aptft1a:J:.0&1:&17a"oOJlHll'batloa_.\ ......-2.0 om(d1a.)2.' _Pare niokel of JU'Dl •• ls.31-45 lIlUZONPure Dickel + pnaerna.1aDIlJD1001 of 45-50 a1=o. iD. ••w.icht _10101111«' (b;r weJ«bt) -ibtllal..hi (2c -.ok)'I.~ ."."".;.2600·00.,_".2".~-cQ.' •• < F'·-.zoC)-50 ... ( 1Q4roI. e1.....111 the .. e 801'I.tloa) .. __ I. 2'55 ... at .. 0.4. of 50 -.,--'4.4 - Ma.2.5 -__ .. taR"1.pbl.-(1. ",.w.-t)1,1 (I ,.2.'4 n/;'I",-0o.e .,.'14~696.,.f5>J!W~!\..t!!tllj)J:!.!!,c.~er18tlc~.Blectrol;yte'l'snpe:r& tu:r..B.1drogf.tn gas j)t"e1lsu:reIn.itial rest potential,. IlII60·0 '0.' ... (.... preHVe)-40 aV('f'8 B1Uoga electrode1D the ... eolution)170 ... at a 0.4. ot 50 -Ica2PolarisatlonlC'JIPtB-II!l1ectrode separatlop.&leotrode 8izethioknes. of the elecftoc1e'Protective 1&7-2.0 _ c1J&.2.' _Par. niokel am pr.e.rnd Ran.,Diokel eata~t 1a the "eightatio 1.1Partiole etae '7-45 11101'0118Pare D1ckel u4 pr.e.1"f'edRaneyDickel O&ta17e.111the •• jgb.tratio 111filler.eight :ratio o:f operatlDC la,..to protect!" 1&7-Pr.ssing pr.esar.81nterl1t6 t_pen.tureCatalyst o01¥umtration 1n tb.operatiDg 1&7-19larleti9D o~tFl.t1!.meotrol,Jt.~lo1. else 45-50 .loro-1.(b7 ".i&bt) ~ _phthal••1,1 (-.ob2,)'.048 to.... /.2650-00.' 81_26O·C1.0 ata.(g8UBe pressure)~ .V(va BFog6n electrode iathe 8811. 801utlon)• J. 2150'" at a 0.4. of 60 .,.~_ p. pre.lt'%eIn1tial re.t potentJa1, Polarisatic._ \3 --'143696.6.!~j;t:2!!~ preI!'rati91Ufie<: trod. .be't'h.ld~.ne8.of the el_t:roc1ePro1.ec,tlye layer2.0 om 4ja.2.5 _pure niokel ot partiole _i••37-45 .!GrOMPure niokel + Pre.erncl Ranqniokel oata178t in the ratio 111and. partial. eae 45-50 .1o~one1o;(b7 w.isb1:)potaeeiua ohlorid •Filll!'r• ei~ht ratio of the proteat1 ....J.a;,er to operatins ~Prel~ing pr~smlr.Sinter!ng ttlll,peratureCat~lY8t ooncentration1,1 (".1gbt or each 1&7" 2 .)'.048 to-./oa2650"O.,_a/.2P21~t'18Q.t\onobaraotsHtie,.Ele·(dirolyteTtIllp ..Hyt.rogen gas pr.. sureIn:.t.ln.l rest potential:Po:tA:~iB6tl0Yl61111160·01.1 •• (.U&~.prea.... )-10."(.8 ~og.1l .1eov04e ill .e.... _olution). 2150 In' ,.to • ,o.d.al ,o./eaT: l~ following are the _iD acl~tag .. ot the lDTentlonl:;,~'j'. electrode can be prepa:n4 lr,r a • .s.-ple •• tIho4 a. the at.,iu.'V'c'<: ~ 18 the remoftl of fill_, it po.... s. ohlorUe or .04i1a oarbo_t.i" .;0 a._ fUler, 1_ el.f.alDaW.;: ; )'i' I.' electrodes prepared w1th _pbtbale ••• tll1er 8hC'If a po1&l'1aa\ioa'..~...'tow(,i.l' t,y abOQt 50 JlV, tbaD tba'~.'he .i_trod. JR.,ar- with po".81aaohlc'c:.d.e a8 fHler, at the _. aaft'eat 4.. 1"7-_ILt .-1. An :IIIprOYed prooe•• t~ the preparation ot .1ntered porous metalh,ydroaen electrode. of the two layer DSK(Doppelskeletal I<'atal7eator)t"ype tor u •• 111Low '-'-.perature If3drouell-02"¥.reniuel e.llaot:llll,pr1e1Dga pz-otect:1ft am an operaU ... la7eZ', ohaftcteriae4 111tJlIJ,·t th~tectiV. layer 18 .-d. or PJ,r. 1l10kel ot '!t45 micronparticle .1 •• aDl the operat1. la7U' 18 _d. up ot pare Diok.l, ~pr ...... ekel'-l ~ Iliokel oa~t ooldaSnhW oopper ... apr'OIIotGr 1ft partiole .1 •• ot 45J5' .101'0_ 1D h1 atio and 1~ ''b7' •• ,lBht fat .IIhtlw.l .. a. t1l1er b7 oo1cl aIIll .1Ilter!Jtgth••o..,.ot ill~ a~.2. Th«1 process a8 olaJaed 1n ola1ll 1whereiD the ratio between thetlrC" lqtn 18 1D the ar.p of 1.1 to 2., "" .e~t.,.th. ~OO .... o:Jalaed ill olaJa 1 all4 2 ..... .ta the oold pr-I!m,1. tOIle at a presaure ot 2-5 to... /.2 &Ill .1Dter1Jtc 1. eftectecl.t ••...,...tan of 600-800-0.4.!b. proe.e .e Q:t.aille4, 1D cl.m , wbere:f.ll the 0014 pre.sb2g is'2' -toM at • ~. of 2.' - ,tauNI- .... 1IlteriIW 18 .ffected.t ~;,c).-1OO-o tf# • ,..104'01 50 ..-at.. ja JII'41"oC" a"sphen.. -5.!'be proe..... ola1aed 111&IV' of the JIlNO-'1JW ola" whe1:'e1athe_,at; of .~ ueclu • ~tor 18 , .. of Og pC ... of... ,a!oW.])aW ·tb18 7th a&7 of ApJ'11,1976•\ ~.-- "" .,.--

Improvements in or relating to sintered porous metal hydrogen electrodes for use in hydrogen oxygen fuel cell

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