Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) eggs were incubated to study the efficiency of hatching in hapa and hatchery. During incubation the recorded temperature was 21-28 degree C and 20-31 degree C, dissolved oxygen 6-9 ppm. and 3-5 ppm., total alkalinity 180-250 ppm. and 28-62 ppm. respectively in the hatchery (model C.I.F.E. D-80) and hapa. CO sub(2) was totally absent in the hatchery, but recorded 3-10 ppm. in the hapa. The flow of water was maintained at 1.25 l/minute/jar in the hatchery. Under the above environmental conditions the eggs hatched in 42-51 hrs. in the hatchery and 61-81 hrs. in the hapa from egg to spawn thereby establishing the hatchery to be a better hatching system for carp eggs

Dwivedi, S.N.

Reddy, A.K.

Tiwari, V.K.

Aquatic Commons

Journal of the Indian Fisheries Association 
8-t-9. 1978-79 1-5 
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE HATCHING OF COMMON CARP EGGS IN 
HAPA AND HATCHERY (MODEL ClFE D-80) 
S. N. DwiVEDI. V. K. TiWARI & A. K. REDDY 
Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Bombayo400 061. 
ABSTRACT 
Common carp eggs were incubated to study the efficiency of hatching in hapa and hatchery, 
During incubation period the recorded temperature, was 21-28oC and 20-31oC,dissolved oxygen 6-9 ppm. 
and 3-5 ppm., total alkalinity 180-250 ppm. and 28-62 ppm, respectively in the hatchery (model C.I.F.E. 
D-80) and hapa, COz was totally absent in the hatchery, but recorded 3-10 ppm. in the hap a. The flow 
of water was maintained at 1.25 lfminutefjar in the hatchery. Under the above environmental conditions 
the eggs hatched in 42-51 hrs. in the hatchery and 61-81 hrs. in the hapa from egg to spawn thereby 
establishing the hatchery to be a better hatching system for carp eggs 
INTRODUCTION 
The environmental condit:ons under which Indian major carps breed were 
studied by Mookerjee (1945). Subsequent research has led to the development ot 
vertical jar hatchery in which eggs were kept floating. Studies conducted at 
C I.F.E. indicated that the temperature, silt. dissolved oxygen, pH C02 have an 
important role in determining the development and hatching of the fertil.ized 
eggs. Earlier researchers have demonstrated that the increase in temperature acce-
lerates the metabolic activity of the developing embryos and reduces the hatching 
time (Hayes, 1949; Kinne & Kinne, 1962). The temperature fluctuations cause wide 
variation in mortality of developing eggs the experiments conducted at Fresh Water 
Fish Farm, Balabhadrapuram, during 1974-79 have shown that higher temperature 
causes mortality of fertilised eggs (Personnel communication, Dwivedi & Sinha). 
The dissolved oxygen plays a very important role on the development (Kinne & 
Kinne, 1962; Silver et. a/ 1963). Alderdice et al. (1958) have shown retardation 
of salmon eggs caused due to the low dissolved oxygen level. A richly oxygena-
ted environment accelerates the embryonic development (Kinne & Kinne, 1962). 
2 DWIVEDL TIWARI & REDDY 
In order to assure supply of oxygen to the developing eggs water flow is 
also es;ential because oxygen in a still mediurn can not be supplied by diffusion 
alone. Wickett ( 1954), worldng on fish eggs found hig'h mortality wh Jn water flow 
was less. Wa'cer is believed to accelerate the development of the salmonid eggs by 
delivering oxygen to surface on the chorion (Silver, et a/. 1963). In turbid 
water the developing eggs or embryos as well as food organisms may be 
smothered, by deposits of silt (Smitl1, 1957). In addition, coordination present in the 
natural breeding grounds were also studied. The common important factors are 
cloudy weather, low temperature, freshwater rich in oxygen and flow of water due 
to the rain. There are other parameters also but they have not been considered 
essential for these experiments. 
MATERIALS AND METHODS 
In order to develop a controlled system, efforts were made to create condi-
tions which are generally present in natural breeding grounds. In addition, other 
extraneous substances like silt, sediment load and metabolites produced during the 
process of embryo development which can have adverse. effect on hatching were 
removed The controlled carp hatchery model (CIFE D-80) and hatching hapas 
were used to conduct the experiments. 
The experiments were conducted at l<hutela Bhata Fish Seed Farm, 
Durg, (M P.) in February 1981. ihe hatchery at l<hutela Bhata consists of water 
tanks, vertical jurs and feeder channel. The spawn from hatching jars flows into a 
common duct and is collected in a pl<~stic pool. The unit consists of triple layer 
LOPE (low density p:Jiyethylene) containers. They are poor conductors of heat, 
unbreakable, noncorrosive, easy to clean and are light in weight. The water in 
hatchery was taken from a tubewell and pumped into overhead tanks. In these 
overhead tanks compressed air was diffused to raise the level of dissolved oxygen. 
Tho overhead tank had a common duct to feed the indivii]ual hatchery jars directly. 
The rate of water flow was regulated through main and subsidery valves and mild 
aeration was used in these jars. Due to aeration enough supply of oxygen was 
assured for developing embryos. 
Later common carp breeding was conducted. For breeding, one female 
and two males were introduced in a breeding hapa at 6 p.m. when temperature 
of water was 28 o C in the pond. The warer hyacinth was used · aj a substrate 
for the egg fixation. Breeding took place at 4 a.rn. and eggs were allowed to remain 
in the hapa for water hardening. As soon as breeding took place the hatchery 
was also put into operation so that environmental conditions of temperature, 
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON HATCHING OF CARP EGGS 3 
oxygen water flow were stabilized. The oxygen of tubewell water was 0.8 ppm. 
This water was stored, aerated and dissolved oxygen raised to 6 ppm. The rate of 
water flow was c;djusted to 1.25 I. per minute in each jar and hatchery was ready 
to receive the eggs. The total quantity of weeds along with eggs were divided into 
two equals. The first half of the weeds were distributed in 6 hatchery jars. There 
were approximately equal number of eggs in all the jars. The second half of the 
weeds were distributed in three hapas which were fixed in same breeding pond. 
In order to obtain a comparative picture during the experiment the water from 
hatchery and hapa were analysed for the estimation of dis.>olved oxygen, carbon-
diJxide and total alkalinity (Table). 
Table : Comparative study of hatching in Hatchery and in Hapa 
Experiment no-1 Experiment no-2 Experiment-3 Mean 
Hatchery Hapa Hatchery Hapa Hatchery Hapa Hatchery Hapa 
No. of eggs/litre 285 30 285 30 285 30 285 30 
Hatching time in hours 42-52 62-80 43-50 60-82 42-50 61-80 42-51 61-81 
Hatching % 92 60 95 62 90 60 92 61 
Temperature range o C 21-27 20-28 21-28 20-30 21-28 20-31 21-28 20-31 
DO ppm. 6-8.5 3-5 6-9 3.4-5 6-9 3-5 6-9 3-5 
Co2 ppm. nil 3-9 nil 3-10 nil 3-10 nil 3-10 
Total alkalinity ppm 190-240 30-60 180-250 28-62 180-240 28-62 180-250 28-62 
Water flow in litre/minute 1.25 nil 1.25 nil 1.25 nil 1.25 nil 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 
The comparative study shows major increase in the rate of the egg meta-
bolism and hatching percentage. In the hatchary jars hatching started 42 hours 
after fertilization and was completed within 52 hours. The total hatching rate was 
more than 95% and the temperature range was 21-28°C. In the hapa hatching 
started 60 hours after fertilization and continued upto 80 hours. The hatching rate 
was 61% and the temperature range was 20-31 o C. 
The results clearly indicate that controlled conditions are favourable which 
results in reduction of 2> hours in hatching period by Vertical Jar Hatchery (Model 
CIFE D-80). This model proved ideal by manipulating the environmental condi-
tions and stabilizing the environment, and metabolism of the developing embryos is 
increas.ed. This in turn resulted in reduction of hatching period. The technique can 
be adopted for increasing carp seed production at the fish seed farms in the 
country. 
4 
"'C 
35 
30 
25 
20 
ppm 
10 
8 
6 
4 
2 
ppm 
10 
8 
6 
4 
2 
ppm 
280 
210 
140 
70 
DWIVEDI, TIWARI REDDY 
TEMPERATURE 
TOTAL ALKALINITY 
............ •·--.. ..._..._ 
...... ... ... -- ... -q-- ... -... 
................... 
•-•-o __ .---· ............... ,_.~"'-......•-• 
8 24 40 56 72 as 
Post Fertilisation Hrs.-
•-•HAPA o-----•HATCHERY 
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HATCHING TIME 
IN HATCHERY &. HAPA 
The commercial model of the hatchery has been developed by the Institute 
through Mjs. Sinterplast Containers, Kalal, North Gujarat, which has been installed 
at different parts of India. The system add new dimensions to increase the fish 
seed production. It may be pointed out that fish seed requirement in India is about 
16 billion fish fry whereas our production is only one billion, therefore the 
hatchery is extremely useful. 
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON HATCHING OF CARP EGGS 5 
REFERENCES 
Alderdice D. F., Wickett W. P. and Brett. J. R. 1958, Some effects of temporary 
exposure to low dissolved oxygen levels on specific salmon eggs. J. Fisheries 
Res. Board Can. 15 : 229-249. 
Blaxter, J. H. S. 1974, The early life history of fishes (Springer Verlag, Berline 
Heidelberg, New York). 
Daykin, P.N., 1965, Application of mass transfer theory to the problem of respiration 
of fish eggs. J. Fisheries Res. Board Can. 22: 159-171. 
Hayes, F. R., 1949, The hatching mechanism of salmon egg. J. Exptl. Zoo/. 89 : 
357-373. 
Kinne 0 & Kinne E.M., 1962, Rates of development in embryos of cyprinodont 
fish exposed to different temperature salinity-oxygen combination. Can. J. Zoo/. D 
40 : 231-253 
f\Jiookerjee H. [(., 1945, Factors influencing the spawning of the Principal carps 
of India. Proc. Nat. lnst. Sci. India, 11 : 312. 
Shumway, D.L, Warren. C.E., & Doudroff,P., 1963, Influence of oxygen concentration 
and water movement on the growth of steel head trour and cohosalmon embryos. 
Trans. Am. Fisheries Soc. 93 : 342-356 
Silver, S.J , Warren, C.E., & Doudroff, P .. 1963, Dissolved oxygen requirement of 
developing steelh(:lad trout and chinook salmon embryos at different water velocities. 
Trans. Am. Fisheries Soc. 92: 327-343. 
Smith., 1957, Early development and hatching, In "The Physiology of Fishes", 
(M.E. Browned) Vol-1 pp 323-359 Academic Press, New York. 
Wickett. W. P., 1954, The oxygen supply to salmon eggs in spawning beds. 
J. Fisheries Res. Board Can. 11 (6) : 933-953. 


A comparative study on the hatching of common carp eggs in hapa and hatchery (model CIFE D-80)

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A comparative study on the hatching of common carp eggs in hapa and hatchery (model CIFE D-80)

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