Understanding the etiology and pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disease requires the development of new tools (ranging from evolving diagnostic strategies to biomarkers) that can address the unique challenges of neuropsychiatric disease, including the current lack of tractable interfaces between what we can learn in the clinic and the tools available using model systems in the laboratory. This chapter outlines some of these tools, addressing pitfalls and opportunities, while acknowledging the iterative nature of bridging the gaps between different levels of inquiry