Microbial community of the deep-sea brine Lake <em>Kryos </em>seawater-brine interface is active below the chaotropicity limit of life as revealed by recovery of mRNA

Abstract

Within the complex of deep, hypersaline anoxic lakes (DHALs) of the Mediterranean Ridge we identified a new, unexplored DHAL and named it "Lake Kryos" after a nearby depression. This lake is filled with MgCl2-rich, athalassohaline brine (salinity >470 practical salinity units), presumably formed by the dissolution of Messinian bischofite. Compared to the DHAL Discovery, it contains elevated concentrations of kosmotropic sodium and sulfate ions, which are capable of reducing the net chaotropicily of MgCl2-rich solutions. The brine of Lake Kryos may therefore be biologically permissive at MgCl2 concentrations previously considered incompatible with life. We characterized the microbiology of the seawater-Kryos brine interface and managed to recover mRNA from the 2.27-3.03 M MgCl2 layer (equivalent to 0.747-0.631 water-activity) thereby expanding the established chaotropicity window-for-life. The primary bacterial taxa present there were KB1 candidate division and DHAL-specific group of organisms, distantly related to Desulfohalobium. Two euryarchaeal candidate divisions MSBL1 and HC1, detected in minority in the overlaying layers, accounted for more than 85% of the rRNA-containing archaeal clones analyzed in 2.27-3.03 M MgCl2 layer. These findings shed light on the plausibility of life in highly chaotropic environments, geochemical windows for microbial extremophiles, and have implications for habitability elsewhere in the Solar System