ABSTRACTTwenty six breeding lines, selected from individual plant progenies of hybrids among varieties Amarilla de Marangani, Blanca de Junín, Chewecca, Faro 4, Improved Baer, Kancolla, Real, and Salares-Roja, had their agronomic characters evaluated, in Planaltina, DF, Brazil (15º36'S and 47º12'W), 1,000 masl, in randomized complete blocks, on a Ferralsol, previously limed and fertilized. Grain yield was positively associated with plant height, inflorescence length and diameter, and plant cycle. Genetic gain can be attained by selection based in these characters for commercial production of quinoa in tropical regions.  ____________________________________________________________________________________ RESUMOVinte e seis linhagens, selecionadas em progênies de plantas individuais de híbridos entre as variedades Amarilla de Marangani, Blanca de Junín, Chewecca, Faro 4, Improved Baer, Kancolla, Real e Salares-Roja, foram avaliadas quanto ao desempenho agronômico, em Planaltina, DF, Brasil (15º36'S e 47º12'W), 1.000 m de altitude, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro, previamente corrigido e adubado. O rendimento foi associado positivamente com altura de plantas, comprimento e diâmetro da inflorescência e ciclo da planta. Ganho genético pode ser obtido na seleção baseada nessas características, para o cultivo comercial da quinoa em regiões tropicais

Santos, Roberto Lorena de Barros

Spehar, Carlos Roberto

Twenty six breeding lines, selected from individual plant progenies of hybrids among varieties Amarilla de Marangani, Blanca de Junín, Chewecca, Faro 4, Improved Baer, Kancolla, Real, and Salares-Roja, had their agronomic characters evaluated, in Planaltina, DF, Brazil (15º36'S and 47º12'W), 1,000 masl, in randomized complete blocks, on a Ferralsol, previously limed and fertilized. Grain yield was positively associated with plant height, inflorescence length and diameter, and plant cycle. Genetic gain can be attained by selection based in these characters for commercial production of quinoa in tropical regions.Vinte e seis linhagens, selecionadas em progênies de plantas individuais de híbridos entre as variedades Amarilla de Marangani, Blanca de Junín, Chewecca, Faro 4, Improved Baer, Kancolla, Real e Salares-Roja, foram avaliadas quanto ao desempenho agronômico, em Planaltina, DF, Brasil (15º36'S e 47º12'W), 1.000 m de altitude, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro, previamente corrigido e adubado. O rendimento foi associado positivamente com altura de plantas, comprimento e diâmetro da inflorescência e ciclo da planta. Ganho genético pode ser obtido na seleção baseada nessas características, para o cultivo comercial da quinoa em regiões tropicais

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Desempenho agronômico de quinoa selecionada no Cerrado brasileiro

Twenty six breeding lines, selected from individual plant progenies of hybrids among varieties Amarilla de Marangani, Blanca de Junín, Chewecca, Faro 4, Improved Baer, Kancolla, Real, and Salares-Roja, had their agronomic characters evaluated, in Planaltina, DF, Brazil (15o36'S and 47o12'W), 1,000 masl, in randomized complete blocks, on a Ferralsol, previously limed and fertilized. Grain yield was positively associated with plant height, inflorescence length and diameter, and plant cycle. Genetic gain can be attained by selection based in these characters for commercial production of quinoa in tropical regions.Vinte e seis linhagens, selecionadas em progênies de plantas individuais de híbridos entre as variedades Amarilla de Marangani, Blanca de Junín, Chewecca, Faro 4, Improved Baer, Kancolla, Real e Salares-Roja, foram avaliadas quanto ao desempenho agronômico, em Planaltina, DF, Brasil (15o36'S e 47o12'W), 1.000 m de altitude, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro, previamente corrigido e adubado. O rendimento foi associado positivamente com altura de plantas, comprimento e diâmetro da inflorescência e ciclo da planta. Ganho genético pode ser obtido na seleção baseada nessas características, para o cultivo comercial da quinoa em regiões tropicais

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Pesq. agropec. bras., Brasília, v.40, n.6, p.609-612, jun. 2005Agronomic performance of quinoa from Brazilian Savannah 609Notas CientíficasAgronomic performance of quinoa selected in the Brazilian SavannahCarlos Roberto Spehar(1) and Roberto Lorena de Barros Santos(2)(1)Embrapa Cerrados, Caixa Postal 08223, CEP 73301-970 Planaltina, DF, Brazil. E-mail: spehar@cpac.embrapa.br (2)Esplanada dos Ministé-rios, Bloco D, Edifício Anexo A, Térreo, sala 1, CEP 70043-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil. E-mail: robertolorena@agricultura.gov.brAbstract – Twenty six breeding lines, selected from individual plant progenies of hybrids among varieties Amarillade Marangani, Blanca de Junín, Chewecca, Faro 4, Improved Baer, Kancolla, Real, and Salares-Roja, had theiragronomic characters evaluated, in Planaltina, DF, Brazil (15o36'S and 47o12'W), 1,000 masl, in randomized com-plete blocks, on a Ferralsol, previously limed and fertilized. Grain yield was positively associated with plantheight, inflorescence length and diameter, and plant cycle. Genetic gain can be attained by selection based inthese characters for commercial production of quinoa in tropical regions.Index terms: Chenopodium quinoa, breeding line, selection, yield, Cerrado.Desempenho agronômico de quinoa selecionada no Cerrado brasileiroResumo – Vinte e seis linhagens, selecionadas em progênies de plantas individuais de híbridos entre as varieda-des Amarilla de Marangani, Blanca de Junín, Chewecca, Faro 4, Improved Baer, Kancolla, Real e Salares-Roja,foram avaliadas quanto ao desempenho agronômico, em Planaltina, DF, Brasil (15o36'S e 47o12'W), 1.000 m dealtitude, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro, previamente corrigido eadubado. O rendimento foi associado positivamente com altura de plantas, comprimento e diâmetro dainflorescência e ciclo da planta. Ganho genético pode ser obtido na seleção baseada nessas características, parao cultivo comercial da quinoa em regiões tropicais.Termos para indexação: Chenopodium quinoa, linhagem, seleção, rendimento, Cerrado.Introduction of direct drilling in Brazilian Savannahhas the opened way to diversification that mitigatesnegative effects of soybean monocropping by protectingthe soil in the dry season and providing additional incometo farmers (Spehar & Santos, 2002).Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.),Chenopodiaceae, is an alternative crop with favourablefeatures for cropping systems in the savannah (Spehar,1998). It is a major source of quality food that has beendomesticated in Andean region for thousands of years(Spehar & Santos, 2002).Quinoa is classified as a short day plant, although it isoriginated from a low-latitude and high-altitudeenvironment. It also responds to changes in temperature,and the plant cycle results of these two factorsconjugation. Early experimentation in the savannahindicates the high yield potential of locally selected lines(Spehar & Souza, 1993).This work aimed at evaluating savannah selectedgenotypes from a broad-base hybridization in rainy anddry season sowings, and to determine adaptationcharacters for quinoa cultivation in low altitude and hightemperature conditions of the tropics.The germplasm was obtained from progenies grownin the dry season (winter), in Planaltina, DF, Brazil,located at 15o36'S and 47o12'W on an elevation of1,000 masl. Individual plants with reduced branching andcompact panicles were selected from hybrids amongthe varieties Amarilla de Marangani, Blanca de Junín,Chewecca, Faro 4, Improved Baer, Kancolla, Real andSalares-Roja, of Bolivian, Chilean and Peruvian origin(Carbone, 1986). These varieties represent a range ofresponse to photoperiod, temperature and radiation,basead on their leaf appearance, onset of flowering, andreproductive phase (Bertero, 2001).The experiments were conducted at Embrapa Cer-rados (Savannah National Research Centre), Planaltina,Pesq. agropec. bras., Brasília, v.40, n.6, p.609-612, jun. 2005C.R. Spehar and R.L. de B. Santos610DF, Brazil. The soil is a Dark-Red Latosol, Oxisol (TypicHaplustox, fine, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic, USDA;Ferralsol, FAO), whose physical and chemicalcharacteristics have already been reported (Santos el al.,2003).Plant progeny selection was carried out during fivegrowing cycles to obtain twenty six breeding lines,standardized for plant height (PH), days of maturity orgrowth period (GP), stem diameter (SD), plant colourand inflorescence type. They were tested in a randomizedcomplete block design with three replications, during twoconsecutive dry seasons (winter), and one rainy season.Each plot consisted of seven rows, spaced 0.20 m apart,3.5 m long. The harvest area consisted of five centralrows, discarded 0.25 m at extremes. Before the start ofeach experiment, a fertilisation of 30 kg ha-1 nitrogen(N), 46 kg ha-1 phosphorus (P), and 60 kg ha-1 potassium(K) was used in the furrow. Nitrogen was also appliedin band, 35 days after plant emergence, at the rate of30 kg ha-1.Data were collected and statistically analyzed per in-dividual relatively to days of flower differentiation, daysto maturity (when 95% of the plants changed colourand were ripe), plant height, inflorescence type and size,stem diameter and colour, grain yield, total plantproduction and saponin (by the foam column method).Mean values and correlation coefficients werecalculated to assess the relationships among characters:plant cycle (PC), plant height (PH), grain yield (GY),total plant dry matter (PDM), inflorescence length (IL),diameter (ID) and type (IT), stem diameter (SD), stemcolour (SC), foam column (FC), and harvest index (HI)proportion of grain to plant dry matter (g 100 g-1)(Tables 1 to 4).All accessions had a vegetative period of 19 to 23 daysafter emergence. At this point, flower differentiation tookplace at plant apex in all plots. Savannah temperatures– higher than those in the Andean region – is a possibleexplanation for the narrow range among genotypesrelated to the onset of flowering (Bertero, 2001).Grain yield was higher in dry than in rainy season.Genotypes did not show correspondingly reduction fortotal plant dry matter. This is reflected in the lower harvestindex (HI). The best performers for grain yield did notalways coincide in the seasons, although there were somestable genotypes, such as the Q15. Maximum value,2,600 kg ha-1, obtained in dry season, was superior toTable 1. Grain yield (GY), inflorescence diameter (ID),inflorescence length (IL), plant height (PH), plant cycle (PC),and foam column (FC) for quinoa genotypes in dry season,1995(1).(1)Means followed by the same letter do not differ at 5% probability bythe Tukey test.Table 2. Grain yield (GY), plant dry matter (PDM), harvestindex (HI), plant cycle (PC) and plant height (PH) for quinoagenotypes in dry season, 1996(1).(1)Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ at 5%probability by the Tukey test.average in the Andean altiplano, but inferior to thatobtained in commercial crops (Spehar & Santos, 2002).High yields have also been achieved in temperateclimates of the world with selected genotypes (Jacobsenet al., 1996).Pesq. agropec. bras., Brasília, v.40, n.6, p.609-612, jun. 2005Agronomic performance of quinoa from Brazilian Savannah 611Table 3. Grain yield (GY), plant dry matter (PDM), harvestindex (HI), inflorescence length (IL), inflorescence diameter(ID), stem diameter (SD), plant cycle (PC), and plant height(PH) for quinoa genotypes in rainy season, 1995(1).(1)Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ at 5%probability by the Tukey test.Table 4. Correlation coefficients for plant cycle (PC), plantheight (PH), inflorescence length (IL), diameter (ID) and type(IT), stem colour (SC), grain yield (GY), plant dry matter (PDM),harvest index (HI) and stem diameter (SD).*Significant at 5% probability.Number of days from sowing to maturity wasconsistently different among the genotypes for the twosowing dates.Grain yield was positively associated with plant height,length and diameter of inflorescence, and plant cycle.Selection for lateness has resulted in more productivegenotypes, similarly to yield obtained in high latitude(Jacobsen et al., 1996).Positive association among dry matter production,plant height and grain yield was expected; late maturitygenotypes grew taller than the ones that matured early,being superior in other yield components. There areexceptions for harvest index, i.e., low values for lateand high values for early maturity genotypes, whichshows the possibility to develop quinoa for high grainand biomass productions to suit farming systems.Inflorescence length and diameter were positivelyassociated with grain yield, which indicates that selectionby these characters may result in more productivegenotypes. Positive correlation between plant height andinflorescence length suggests that high grain yield canbe attained by selecting for stem/inflorescence ratio.Stem diameter was also positively correlated withgrain yield and biomass production; this is confirmed byfield observations indicating that, under low population,plants increase their stem diameter and branching, andcompensate for grain yield.Additional studies are needed to improve cropperformance, such as: selection for tolerance to highaluminium-low calcium in the low profile of soils anddrought; relay sowing for moisture and time economy;effect of biomass and crop residue on soil protectionand cropping sequences; definition of crop husbandryfor high grain and forage production (Spehar, 1998;Spehar & Santos, 2002).The agronomic performances shown by thesegenotypes are indicative of the potential for cropimprovement, confirmed in more recent work (Spehar& Santos, 2002). It is expected by enlarging geneticvariability that new cultivars will be acquired to suitproduction systems and extend commercial cultivationof quinoa in the tropics.AcknowledgementsTo Embrapa, CNPq and Universidade de Brasília, fortechnical and financial support.Plant cycle was longer in the second dry seasonexperiment than in the previous one, but in both it wasshorter than that observed in the Andes and Europe(Jacobsen et al., 1996; Bertero, 2001). Variation in daysto maturity was found to be similar among quinoagenotypes, independently of sowing dates.Plants were considerably higher in the two sowingsthan in the Andean region, where quinoa grows for along period under the effect of low temperatures.Pesq. agropec. bras., Brasília, v.40, n.6, p.609-612, jun. 2005C.R. Spehar and R.L. de B. Santos612ReferencesBERTERO, H.D. Effects of photoperiod, temperature and radiationon the rate of leaf appearance in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)under field conditions. Annals of Botany, v.87, p.495-502, 2001.CARBONE, J.J.M.R. Adaptation of the Andean grain crop quinoafor cultivation in Britain. 1986. 338p. Thesis (Ph.D.) - Universityof Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.JACOBSEN, S.-E.; HILL, J.; STOLEN, O. Stability of quantitativetraits in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Theoretical and AppliedGenetics, v.93, p.110-116, 1996.SANTOS, R.L. de B.; SPEHAR, C.R.; VIVALDI, L. Quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa) reaction to herbicide residue in a BrazilianSavannah soil. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, v.38, p.771-776, 2003.SPEHAR, C.R. Production systems in the savannas of Brazil: keyfactors to sustainability. In: LAL, R. (Ed.). Soil quality andagricultural sustainability. Chelsea: Ann Arbor Press, 1998. p.301-318.SPEHAR, C.R.; SANTOS, R.L. de B. Quinoa BRS. Piabiru:alternativa para diversificar os sistemas de produção de grãos.Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, v.37, p.889-893, 2002.SPEHAR, C.R.; SOUZA, P.I. de M. de. Adaptação da quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) ao cultivo nos cerrados do PlanaltoCentral: resultados preliminares. Pesquisa AgropecuáriaBrasileira, v.28, p.635-639, 1993.Received on June 17, 2004 and accepted on January 24, 2005

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Desempenho agronômico de quinoa selecionada no Cerrado brasileiro

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