Pollen beetle (Meligethes spp.) is the most important oilseed rape pest. If no control measures are conducted, this pest could cause even more than 50% reduction of the yield which is the reason of high insecticides input every year. Due to frequent use of insecticides for its control in the last decade, the resistance of pollen beetle to pyrethroids was confirmed. In order to test sensitivity of adult forms to chlorpyriphos, 52 populations were collected from different oilseed rape fields in 2013 and 2014. For each sample were determined coordinates using GPS (Global positioning system). Based on the collected data the database in GIS (Geographic information system) was created. In a laboratory experiment they were tested according to IRAC Susceptibility Test Method No: 025. Results show lower chlorpyriphos efficiency, with potential to be tolerant, on eight pollen beetle populations located in three eastern counties where the highest amount of arable crops is located. This is the first record of low sensitivity pollen beetles to chlorpyriphos in Europe

Ivan Juran

Mario Ančić

Renata Pernar

Tanja Gotlin Čuljak

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169Agriculturae Conspectus Scientifi cus . Vol. 80 (2015) No. 3 (169-172)PRELIMINARY COMMUNICATIONSummaryPollen beetle (Meligethes spp.) is the most important oilseed rape pest. If no control measures are conducted, this pest could cause even more than 50% reduction of the yield which is the reason of high insecticides input every year. Due to frequent use of insecticides for its control in the last decade, the resistance of pollen beetle to pyrethroids was confi rmed. In order to test sensitivity of adult forms to chlorpyriphos, 52 populations were collected from diff erent oilseed rape fi elds in 2013 and 2014. For each sample were determined coordinates using GPS (Global positioning system). Based on the collected data the database in GIS (Geographic information system) was created. In a laboratory experiment they were tested according to IRAC Susceptibility Test Method No: 025. Results show lower chlorpyriphos effi  ciency, with potential to be tolerant, on eight pollen beetle populations located in three eastern counties where the highest amount of arable crops is located. Th is is the fi rst record of low sensitivity pollen beetles to chlorpyriphos in Europe. Key wordsresistance, chlorpyriphos, pollen beetle, oilseed rapeTh e Occurence of Lower Sensitivity Pollen Beetle (Meligethes spp.) Populations to Chlorpyriphos in Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) Tanja GOTLIN ČULJAK 1Renata PERNAR 2Ivan JURAN 1( )Mario ANČIĆ 21 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Zoology, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia e-mail: ijuran@agr.hr2 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Department for Forest Inventory and Management, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaReceived: August 27, 2015 | Accepted: November 6, 2015ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This experiment was made within the project “Resistance of pollen beetle on pyrethroids in Croatia and alternative approach of control” financially supported by the Ministry of Agricul-ture of the Republic of Croatia.Agric. conspec. sci. Vol. 80 (2015) No. 3170 Tanja GOTLIN ČULJAK, Renata PERNAR, Ivan JURAN, Mario ANČIĆIntroductionPollen beetle (Meligethes spp.) is one of the most important oilseed rape pests and it occurs regularly in the whole breeding area of this crop. If no control measures are conducted, this pest could cause even more than 50 % reduction of the yield which is the reason of high insecticides input every year. Chemical control is still common in Europe with at least one applica-tion (Richardson, 2008) and insecticides are oft en applied pro-phyllacticaly for more than two decades without monitoring of pollen beetle populations and utilization of active ingredients with diff erent mode of action (Žlof, 2008). Consequently lower sensitivity of pollen beetles was occurred and led to insecti-cides resistance. Pyrethroids are the group of insecticides that are used to the greatest extent and resistance was confi rmed for the fi rst time in 2000 in Sweden and Switzerland (Derron et al., 2004; Kazachkova et al., 2007) and later in other EU countries (Ballanger et al., 2003; Hansen, 2003; Wegorek, 2005; Heimbach et al., 2005; Slater et al., 2011). According to Richardson (2008) alternative active ingredients to be used instead of pyrethroids included thiacloprid, bifenthrin, etofenprox, tau fl uvalinate, chlorpyriphos and malathion, although pollen beetle resist-ance to tau fl uvalinate was already recorded (Hansen, 2008). Th e trend of insecticides utilization in Croatia is similar. Th e use of organophosphorus insecticides, whose effi  ciency for pollen beetle control at low temperatures was not satisfactory, were followed by the use of pyrethroids that were of greater effi  cien-cy at low temperatures (Maceljski, 2002; Jelovčan and Gotlin Čuljak, 2007; Jelovčan et al., 2008). As a result pollen beetle re-sistance to pyrethroids was confi rmed in 2007 (Gotlin Čuljak et al., 2013). Chlorpyriphos, another active ingredient widely used for pollen beetle control in Croatia, is utilized in combination with cypermethrin. Between 0.288 to 0.5 kg of active ingredient is applied per hectare (Richardson, 2008a). In countries where combination of organophosphorus and pyrethroids insecticides was no longer applied, good eff ect on pollen beetle mortality was achieved (Wegorek et al., 2009; Šmatas et al., 2012; Milovanović et al., 2013). Lower sensitivity of pollen beetles and their poten-tial resistance to chlorpyriphos would have severe implications in successful control of this pest. Th e objective of this study was to determine the level and the spatial distribution of the sensitivity of pollen beetles towards the chlorphyriphos. Materials and methodsAdult forms of pollen beetle (Meligethes spp.) were collect-ed during 2013 and 2014 from 52 diverse sites in continental counties of Croatia where oilseed rape is grown regularly. Sites were chosen randomly and were not selected on the basis of any criteria such as treatments history or reports of resistance. For each sample coordinates using GPS (Global positioning system) were determined. Based on the collected data it database in GIS (Geographic information system) was created. Th is enabled to make thematic layers, by which was shown the spatial distribu-tion of the test sites during years of monitoring and level of chlor-pyriphos effi  ciency. Th is allowed implementation of the spatial analysis by layers within the established GIS - models (e.g. level of chlorpyriphos effi  ciency during the years of monitoring and counties, etc.). Beetles collected from individual fi eld were con-sidered as one sample. Approximately 150 individuals of pollen beetle adults were collected from each site and were stored in aerated plastic insect cages with the fi lter paper at the bottom., Few oilseed rape leaves and infl orescences were put inside each cage as a food source and shelter. Aft er collection and during transportation beetles were not exposed to any stress in terms of large temperature amplitudes, humidity or starvation. On arrival in the laboratory beetles were left  to recover overnight. Th e test was set up according to IRAC susceptibility method No. 025 (2014). Glass vials with an internal surface area of 61 cm2 were used for this study and prior to start testing each vial was coated in acetone and left  to dry out. Th e technical grade of chlorpyriphos was diluted in acetone. One treatment of 0.3 μg/cm2 (16% of the typical fi eld application rate of 187.5 g of active ingredient/ha) and acetone-only solution (control treat-ment) were utilized. Two replicates of one concentration and one control were used for each site. Glass vials were fi lled with 0.5 ml of chlorpyriphos or acetone-only solution and rotated on roller mixer at room temperature until the acetone was com-pletely evaporated. Adult forms of pollen beetle were aspirated from insect cage and total of 10 individuals were added to each test vial before the vials were loosely capped and stored at 20ºC. Th e experiment was scored aft er 24 hours period. Total number of pollen beetles from each test vial was placed on the paper in the centre of 8 cm drawn circle. Th e assessment was done in bright light in order to stimulate beetle movement. All beetles which were not able to exit the circle within one minute period were considered as severely aff ected. Results were ex-pressed as percentage of mortality which was calculated using Schneider – Orelli’s formula (Püntener, 1981). To categorise the test samples a susceptibility rating scheme (Table 1) was used. Results and discussionLower effi  ciency of chlorpyriphos was recorded on eight out of 52 tested pollen beetle populations from 11 counties (Table 2). Among lower sensitivity populations the highest mortal-ity (89.5% of aff ected pollen beetles) was recorded at Drenje site. At four sites pollen beetle mortality was around 85% (V. Kopanica, Slakovci, Tovarnik, Š. Polje and Tenja). Th e lowest mortality was recorded at Đurđanci (75%) and at Magadenovac site (70%). Spatial distribution of tested sites and susceptibility level of pollen beetle to chlorpyriphos are presented in Figure 1.  Rate % affected Classification Code 0.3 μg/cm2 ≤ 100 to 90 susceptible 1 < 90 potential to be tolerant 2 Table 1. Susceptibility rating scheme for chlorpyriphos (according to IRAC method No. 025)Agric. conspec. sci. Vol. 80 (2015) No. 3171The Occurence of Lower Sensitivity Pollen Beetle (Meligethes spp.) Populations to Chlorpyriphos in Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)Th e highest number of sites with potential resistance is lo-cated in Osijek - Baranja County where 63% of tested sites show lower chlorpiryphos effi  ciency. Two sites with lower chlorpiryphos effi  ciency are located in Vukovar - Srijem County and one site in Slavonski Brod - Posavina County. Potential resistant pollen beetle populations on chlorpyriphos are located in three eastern counties where the highest amount of arable crops is located. Th e reason for low chlorpyriphos effi  ciency includes high input of tested chemical into pest control without any restrictions com-paring to other European countries where chlorpyriphos ap-plication was limited or active ingredient even banned. Due to intensive crop production and pest control, potential resistant pollen beetle populations can expand to the other sites where high chlorpyriphos effi  ciency was recorded. Table 2. Tested sites, percent of aff ected pollen beetle adults and classifi cation during 2013 and 2014County Site % affected Classification (code) Bjelovar - Bilogora Dežanovac 100 susceptible (1) Grubišno Polje 94.7 susceptible (1) Hercegovac 100 susceptible (1) Miljanovac 95 susceptible (1) Trnovitica 100 susceptible (1) Koprivnica - Križevci Kalinovac 100 susceptible (1) Koprivnički Bregi 100 susceptible (1) Redeljevo Selo 100 susceptible (1) Subotica Podravska 100 susceptible (1) Međimurje Kotoriba 100 susceptible (1) Prelog 100 susceptible (1) Savska Ves 100 susceptible (1) Osijek - Baranja Brestovac 100 susceptible (1) Drenje 89.5 potential to be tolerant (2) Đurđanci 75 potential to be tolerant (2) Ladimirevci 100 susceptible (1) Magadenovac 70 potential to be tolerant (2) Moslavina Podravska 100 susceptible (1) Piškorevci 90 susceptible (1) Širine 100 susceptible (1) Široko Polje 85 potential to be tolerant (2) Tenja 85 potential to be tolerant (2) Požega - Slavonija Lipik 100 susceptible (1) Lukač 100 susceptible (1) Vidovci 94.8 susceptible (1) Slavonski Brod - Posavina Batrina 100 susceptible (1) Bodovaljci 100 susceptible (1) Poljane 100 susceptible (1) Šušnjevci 100 susceptible (1) Velika Kopanica 84.2 potential to be tolerant (2) Zapolje 100 susceptible (1) Sisak - Moslavina Dužica 95 susceptible (1) Galdovo 100 susceptible (1) Jamarice 100 susceptible (1) Lipovljani 100 susceptible (1) Okoli 100 susceptible (1) Voloder 100 susceptible (1) Varaždin Križovljan 100 susceptible (1) Zelendvor 100 susceptible (1) Virovitica - Podravina Antunovac 100 susceptible (1) Pitomača 100 susceptible (1) Suhopolje 100 susceptible (1) Vaška 100 susceptible (1) Virovitica 100 susceptible (1) Virovitica 1 100 susceptible (1) Zdenci 100 susceptible (1) Vukovar - Srijem Drenovci 90 susceptible (1) Gunja 100 susceptible (1) Novi Jankovci 95 susceptible (1) Slakovci 85 potential to be tolerant (2) Tovarnik 83.3 potential to be tolerant (2) Zagreb Šašinovec 100 susceptible (1) Agric. conspec. sci. Vol. 80 (2015) No. 3172 Tanja GOTLIN ČULJAK, Renata PERNAR, Ivan JURAN, Mario ANČIĆConclusion Current pollen beetle control is faced with great diffi  culties. Due to resistance, chemical control is limited with one alterna-tive active ingredient (thiacloprid), which has reduced activity on lower temperatures. Non-chemical control measures that are introduced from organic production include trap crop plants. Th ey have great potential to push down pollen beetle popula-tions below the damage threshold, but further researches are still needed. Lower sensitivity pollen beetle populations to chlorpy-riphos with potential to be resistant are recorded for the fi rst time in Europe (APRD, 2014) and together with pyrethroid resistant populations will demand new control strategies.ReferencesAPRD (2014) Arthropod Pesticide Resistence Database, <http://www.pesticideresistance.com/>. Accesed: 29th April 2014Ballanger, Y., Detourne, R., Delorme, R., Pinochet, X. (2003). 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Recommendations and conclusions of the ad hoc EPPO Workshop on insecticide resistance of Meligethes spp. (pollen beetle) on oilseed rape. EPPO Bulletin 38 (1): 65-67Figure 1. Spatial distribution of tested sites and level of chlorpyriphos efficiency during 2013 and 2014 (green color present sites with high chlorpyriphos efficiency and red color present sites with lower chlorpyriphos efficiency to pollen beetle adults)acs80_26

The Occurence of Lower Sensitivity Pollen Beetle (Meligethes spp.) Populations to Chlorpyriphos in Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

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