Moebius syndrome is a rare nonprogressive congenital neurological disorder with a wide range of severity and variability of symptoms. This diversity is a consequence of dysfunction of different cranial nerves (most often facial and abducens nerves), accompanying orofacial abnormalities, musculoskeletal malformations, congenital cardiac diseases, as well as specific associations of Moebius and other syndromes. The authors present anesthesia and airway management during the multiple tooth extraction surgery in a 10-year-old girl with Moebius syndrome associated with Poland and trigeminal trophic syndromes.Moebiusov sindrom je rijedak kongenitalni neprogresivni neurološki poremećaj obilježen širokim rasponom težine i varijabilnosti simptoma. Ova raznolikost je posljedica disfunkcije različitih kranijskih živaca (najčešće facijalnog i abducentnog živca), pratećih orofacijalnih abnormalnosti, muskuloskeletnih malformacija, prirođenih srčanih mana, kao i specifičnih asocijacija Moebiusovog i drugih sindroma. Autori opisuju anesteziološke postupke i zbrinjavanje dišnoga puta tijekom višestruke ekstrakcije zuba kod desetogodišnje djevojčice s Moebiusovim sindromom udruženim s Polandovim i trigeminalnim trofičkim sindromom

Anđelka Slavković

Dušan Šurdilović

Dušica Simić

Ivana Budić

Marija Stević

Vesna Marjanović

Budić, Ivana

Šurdilović, Dušan

Slavković, Anđelka

Marjanović, Vesna

Stević, Marija

Simić, Dušica

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94 Acta Clin Croat,  Vol. 55,   (Suppl. 1)   2016Acta Clin Croat (Suppl. 1) 2016; 55:94-97 Case ReportMOEBIUS SYNDROME:CHALLENGES OF AIRWAY MANAGEMENTIvana Budić1,2, Dušan Šurdilović1,3, Anđelka Slavković1,4, Vesna Marjanović2, Marija Stević5 and Dušica Simić5,61Medical Faculty, University of Niš; 2Centre for Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Niš Clinical Centre; 3Department of Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Clinical Department of Dentistry; 4Clinical Department of Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedics, Niš Clinical Centre, Niš; 5University Children’s Hospital; 6Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, SerbiaSUMMARY – Moebius syndrome is a rare nonprogressive congenital neurological disorder with a wide range of severity and variability of symptoms. This diversity is a consequence of dysfunc-tion of different cranial nerves (most often facial and abducens nerves), accompanying orofacial abnormalities, musculoskeletal malformations, congenital cardiac diseases, as well as specific asso-ciations of Moebius and other syndromes. The authors present anesthesia and airway management during the multiple tooth extraction surgery in a 10-year-old girl with Moebius syndrome associated with Poland and trigeminal trophic syndromes.Key words: Moebius syndrome; Anesthesia; Airway managementCorrespondence to: Assist. Prof. Ivana Budić, MD, PhD, Kralja Stevana Prvovenčanog 42, 18000 Niš, SerbiaE-mail: ibudic@open.telekom.rs; ibudic@mts.rs Received February 28, 2015, accepted September 13, 2015IntroductionMoebius syndrome is a rare, nonprogressive neuro-logical disorder (prevalence is estimated to be 0.002% of births or 1 case per 50,000 newborns) characterized by a wide range of severity and variability of symp-toms1. The classic feature is characterized by unilateral or bilateral facial paralysis and defective extraocular eye movements secondary to congenital paresis of the facial (VII) and abducens (VI) cranial nerves, often accompanied by hypoglossal (XII), trigeminal (V), glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagal (X) nerve palsies. Moebius syndrome may also occur in association with various craniofacial (mandibular hypoplasia, micro-stomia, temporomandibular joint dysfunction, cleft palate, external ear deformities), limb (clubfoot) and musculoskeletal malformations (Poland anomaly – absence of pectoralis major muscle). Other associated manifestations include seizure disorders, congenital heart diseases, hypotonia, hypogonadotropic hypo-gonadism, hydrosyringomyelia, and some degree of mental retardation2. The cause of Moebius syndrome is unknown, but rhomboencephalic maldevelopment and brainstem ischemia between 5 to 8 weeks of gestation3 are two possible etiological hypotheses in children with normal karyotype. The list of potential associated teratogenic events includes hyperthermia, trauma, thrombus formation, embolism, hemorrhage, as well as in utero exposure to various medications in-cluding misoprostol4. The inheritance patterns of Moebius syndrome are heterogeneous and can be autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant or even X-linked.Moebius syndrome has multiple implications for anesthesia care, most notably that of airway manage-ment5, especially when it is associated with other rare clinical conditions such as trigeminal trophic syn-drome (TTS) in our case. doi: 10.20471/acc.2016.55.s1.14Acta Clin Croat,  Vol. 55,   (Suppl. 1)   2016 95Ivana Budić et al. Moebius syndrome: challenges of airway managementCase reportA 10-year-old girl with Moebius syndrome was scheduled for multiple tooth extraction surgery. The child had a wide range of characteristic clinical ex-pressions such as mask-like facies, strabismus, severe hypotonia, microglossia, micrognathia, high palate, limited mouth opening, inadequate coughing and swallowing reflexes, and respiratory problems due to frequent aspirations. Unusual clinical manifestations were progressive nasal ulceration, crescent-shaped ul-ceration at the right corner of the mouth, and trophic changes of the skin bilaterally along the third divi-sion of the trigeminal cranial nerve (Fig. 1). Further deficits included hypoplastic corpus calosum, ven-triculomegaly, developmental delay, limb anomalies (clubfoot) and hypoplastic right pectoral muscle (Figs. 2 and 3). According to the previous anesthetic chart (anes-thetic management for left femoral fracture) sevoflu-rane-nitrous oxide anesthesia administered through a face mask was used. As a result of reduced tem-poromandibular joint movement, receding mandible and alveolar protrusion, Mallampati class was 4 and difficult intubation was predicted. The child was pre-medicated with atropine (0.01 mg kg-1 IM) and mid-azolam (0.1 mg kg-1 IM). After the co-induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane (8 vol. %) supplemented with propofol (1.5 mg kg -1), mask ventilation was successful and orotracheal tube (reinforced endotra-cheal tube with cuff No. 4.5) was placed uneventfully using external laryngeal manipulation, along with the use of intubation stylet (2.6 mm, with adjustable stop and round tip), straight laryngoscope blade No.2 with small handle and two-person technique (one anesthesiologist performed laryngoscopy and pushed the larynx into view, while the second one intubated the trachea). Anesthesia was maintained with inha-lation of sevoflurane (3-4 vol. %) and nitrous oxide (65%). Pre-emptive analgesia was achieved with rectal paracetamol (20 mg kg-1). Rescue analgesia was pro-vided by single bolus doses of alfentanil (10 mcg kg-1). Eleven teeth were extracted and four filled during the procedure that lasted 2.5 h. Following tooth extrac-tion, gelatin-base surgical sponge was applied topi-cally as an adjunct to hemostasis. Extubation was car-Fig. 1. Clinical characteristics of the patient with Moebius syndrome; extensive nasal ulceration with secondary in-volvement of the lower lip and trophic changes of the skin are clinical features of the trigeminal trophic syndrome.Fig. 2. Hypoplastic right pectoral major muscle. Fig. 3. Clubfoot in our patient with Moebius syndrome.96 Acta Clin Croat,  Vol. 55,   (Suppl. 1)   2016Ivana Budić et al. Moebius syndrome: challenges of airway managementried out in the operating room with positive pressure breath at extubation when the child was fully awake in the lateral position. In the immediate postoperative period, two epi-sodes of oxygen desaturation (less than 93%) hap-pened as a consequence of excessive secretions and blood in oral cavity that crept into the larynx induc-ing laryngospasm. Oxygen therapy with a face mask was continued, followed by continuous suctioning due to postoperative bleeding that required additional he-mostasis (Fig. 4). DiscussionDifficulties encountered in performing oral hy-giene procedures because of the restricted tongue and masticatory muscle functions predispose children with Moebius syndrome to the risk of dental caries and periodontal problems6. We could not agree with Arpaci et al. that multiple tooth extraction (e.g., more than 10 teeth) is a short-term surgical intervention and that analgo-sedation for this procedure must be taken into consideration as an alternative anesthesia method when difficult airway is anticipated7. In our case, difficult airway was anticipated, and everything was prepared according to the algorithm for difficult airway management8. Nevertheless, orotracheal in-tubation with stylet under direct laryngoscopy with straight blade and external laryngeal pressure was performed successfully at third attempt using the two-person technique.Ames et al.5 reviewed 111 anesthesia records of 46 patients with Moebius syndrome who underwent different surgical procedures. Face mask ventilation was easily employed in all patients, while in 76 cases (71.6% of all intubations) tracheal intubation was un-eventful. External laryngeal manipulation alone was required to improve the view with laryngoscopy in 17 (16%) cases. In ten (9.4%) cases, a combination of measures was needed including cricoid pressure, the usage of stylet, two-person technique, and changing of the laryngoscope blade. Fiberoptic intubation was performed in three cases. Only five patients were can-celled due to failed intubation.Nasal intubation is a preferred technique for oral surgery and offers the surgeon good visualization and satisfactory manipulation of the mouth. In our par-ticular case, due to the extensive nasal ulceration, we decided to perform oral intubation with surgeon’s per-mission.Nasal ulceration developed as part of TTS by self-induced trauma caused by sensory alteration. The classic clinical triad of TTS consists of trigeminal anesthesia, facial paresthesias, and crescentic lateral ala nasi ulceration. The pathogenesis of TTS is poorly understood9, but when associated with Moebius syn-drome, it is clear that it represents the consequence of congenital disorder. The question remains what was the trigger for its manifestation at the age of five in our patient. Our primary concern was extubation because of the  inadequate coughing reflex, palatopharyngeal dysfunction (defective swallowing with the tendency to retain oral secretions), laryngeal paralysis and poor spasmodic closure of the glottis, which in the presence of blood could lead to laryngospasm, bronchospasm or aspiration. Poland anomaly and hypotonia may also have an impact on postoperative respiratory function at differ-ent levels: the upper airway, the thoracic musculature and the diaphragm. From all the above mentioned, we decided to avoid muscle relaxants.Congenital trigeminal anesthesia in children with Moebius syndrome was previously reported in the lit-erature10,11. To our knowledge, this is the first described case of Moebius syndrome associated with TTS. Fig. 4. Patient at the recovery room, postoperatively.Acta Clin Croat,  Vol. 55,   (Suppl. 1)   2016 97Ivana Budić et al. Moebius syndrome: challenges of airway managementConclusionDue to the diverse spectrum of clinical findings in patients with Moebius syndrome, standard anesthetic plan for these patients cannot be made in advance. Based on our experience, only careful preoperative evaluation, along with meticulous physical examina-tion can identify the specific end-organ involvement and thereby allow the most optimal plan for airway management in a patient with Moebius syndrome. References1. Verzijl HT, Van Der Zwaag B, Cruysberg JR, Padberg GW. Möbius syndrome redefined: a syndrome of rhombencephalic maldevelopment. Neurology. 2003 Aug 12;61(3):327-33. doi: 10. 1212/ 01. WNL. 0000076484. 91275. CD2. Gondipalli P, Tobias JD. Anesthetic implications of Moebius syndrome. J Clin Anesth. 2006 Feb;18:55-9. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2005.05.0053. Matsui K,  Kataoka A,  Yamamoto A,  Tanoue K,  Kuro-sawa K,  Shibasaki J, et al. Clinical  characteristics  and  out-comes of Möbius syndrome in a Children’s Hospital. Pediatr Neurol. 2014 Dec;51(6):781-9.  doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneu-rol.2014.08.011  4. Vauzelle C, Beghin D, Cournot MP, Elefant E. Birth defects after exposure to misoprostol  in the first trimester of preg-nancy: prospective follow-up study. Reprod Toxicol.  2013 Apr;36:98-103. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.11.009  5. Ames WA, Shichor TM, Speakman M, Zuker RM, Mc-Caul C. Anesthetic management of children with Moebius sequence. Can J Anesth. 2005 Oct;52(8):837-44.  6. Shashikiran ND, Subba Reddy VV, Patil R. “Moebius syn-drome” a case report. J Indian Soc Ped Prev Dent. 2004 Sep;22(3):96-9.   7. Arpaci H, Kadioglu MN, Tuzuner-Oncul AM. Anesthetic management of a case with Moebius syndrome. Int J Exp Den-tal Sci. 2012;1(1):37-9. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10029-1009  8. Novak-Jankovič V. Management of the difficult airway. Acta Clin Croat. 2012 Oct; 51(3):505-10.  9. Rashid RM, Khachemoune A. Trigeminal trophic syndrome. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007 Jul;21(6):725-31.10. Iyer A, Hassan E, Newman W, Kneen R. Congenital  tri-geminal  anaesthesia: a  rare  preventable  cause  of  visu-al loss in children. BMJ Case Rep. 2012 Jul 3;1-5. doi:10.1136/bcr.03.2012.595511. Smith JH, Cutrer FM. Numbness matters: a clinical review of trigeminal neuropathy. Cephalalgia. 2011 Jul;31(10):1131-44. doi: 10.1177/0333102411411203SažetakMOEBIUSOV SINDROM: IZAZOV ZA ZBRINJAVANJE DIŠNOGA PUTAI. Budić, D. Šurdilović, A. Slavković, V. Marjanović, M. Stević i D. SimićMoebiusov sindrom je rijedak kongenitalni neprogresivni neurološki poremećaj obilježen širokim rasponom težine i varijabilnosti simptoma. Ova raznolikost je posljedica disfunkcije različitih kranijskih živaca (najčešće facijalnog i ab-ducentnog živca), pratećih orofacijalnih abnormalnosti, muskuloskeletnih malformacija, prirođenih srčanih mana, kao i specifičnih asocijacija Moebiusovog i drugih sindroma. Autori opisuju anesteziološke postupke i zbrinjavanje dišnoga puta tijekom višestruke ekstrakcije zuba kod desetogodišnje djevojčice s Moebiusovim sindromom udruženim s Polandovim i trigeminalnim trofičkim sindromom.Ključne riječi: Moebiusov sindrom 1; Anestezija; Zbrinjavanje dišnoga puta

Moebiusov sindrom: izazov za zbrinjavanje dišnoga puta

Moebiusov sindrom: izazov za zbrinjavanje dišnoga puta

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