The purpose of this study is to offer an interpretation of the relationship between accidents and employee absenteeism in terms of quantitative (statistical data on accidents and absenteeism) and qualitative (study of employee attitudes) evaluation. It has been assumed that the description using the results obtained from one group only is incomplete, because the rate of accidents is affected by the attitude of the staff, and in describing the behaviour of employees, the indicators of quality play an important role. The growing popularity of studies on employee behaviour results from the growing importance of human resources in companies. A metallurgical enterprise was selected for the case study

B. Gajdzik

D. Zwolińska

J. Szymszal

English

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741METALURGIJA 54 (2015) 4, 741-744B. GAJDZIK, D. ZWOLIŃSKA, J. SZYMSZALBEHAVIOURAL DETERMINANTS OF WORK ACCIDENTS AND ABSENTEEISM IN A METALLURGICAL ENTERPRISEReceived – Primljeno: 2014-10-29Accepted – Prihvaćeno: 2015-03-14Review Paper – Pregledni radISSN 0543-5846METABK 54(4) 741-744 (2015)UDC – UDK 669.18:338.93:313.1:65.011:4738=111B. Gajdzik, J. Szymszal, Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice, Faculty of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Poland. D. Zwolińska, Higher School of Labour Safety Management in Kato-wice, Poland.The purpose of this study is to offer an interpretation of the relationship between accidents and employee absen-teeism in terms of quantitative (statistical data on accidents and absenteeism) and qualitative (study of employee attitudes) evaluation. It has been assumed that the description using the results obtained from one group only is incomplete, because the rate of accidents is affected by the attitude of the staff, and in describing the behaviour of employees, the indicators of quality play an important role. The growing popularity of studies on employee behav-iour results from the growing importance of human resources in companies. A metallurgical enterprise was selected for the case study.Key words: metallurgical enterprise, work accidents, absenteeism, employee attitudes, PolandINTRODUCTIONIn manufacturing companies, despite the improve-ment of production methods, accidents at work are of-ten reported. In Poland, according to statistical surveys, 88 267 people became victim of accidents at work, of which one third were accidents in the processing indus-try [1]. These accidents resulted in disease-related ab-senteeism. In 2013, the number of days of absence of workers injured in accidents reached 3 120 036 days. In the previous year it was 3 288 573 days [1]. The ob-tained annual average is about 35 days of work incapac-ity per one employee (calculated on the basis of statisti-cal data for the period 2009 - 2013). The steel industry appears to have longer periods of workers’ incapacity for work, compared to other industries in Poland. Met-allurgy with a period of incapacity of over 40 days ranks third, after mining and agriculture. Improper organisa-tion of work, lack of training on health and safety, no protection at work stands, improper supervision and lack of professional experience are frequent causes of accidents [1]. It is assumed that people bring about ac-cidents through ignorance or non-compliance, routine, inattention, load with stress and family problems [2]. In scientific studies, the quite often adopted assumption is that accidents happen more frequently to people with different types of problems than to other employees [3-4]. The study of employee attitudes is a good example of a tool for analysis of the qualitative results in the field of accidents. Accidents and absences generate ad-ditional costs of companies. These are medical and ad-ministrative expenses, compensation specified in rele-vant provisions of law to be paid in respect of the inca-pacity for work, costs of insurance benefits, costs of replacements as well as lost wages of the absent em-ployee, overtime wages paid to other employees, costs of planned and lost hours of work, costs of the tempo-rary disorganisation of work, including machinery and equipment downtime, quality problems, as well as loss-es in production due to lower productivity [5 - 7]. The costs incurred by the company on account of accidents and employee absenteeism force employers to improve working conditions and control employee behaviour. The policy of developing an appropriate behaviour be-came in the late 90s an important part of reducing acci-dent rates and absenteeism of workers in American cor-porations [8]. On the Polish steel market, wider control of hazardous behaviours leading to accidents and ab-senteeism gained importance in the last decade. Pro-grammes on the behaviour of employees are imple-mented by companies with foreign ownership capital. Can the implemented programmes reduce accidents and absenteeism? To answer this question, one has used ex-amples of activities undertaken in the ArcelorMittal Steel Company.METHODOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS In this publication one has assumed that in order to prevent accidents at work, the employees have to be able to control problems and focus on the job. Control of em-ployee behaviour is an important component of the hu-man resources management policy. Analysis of accidents and post-accident absenteeism cannot be limited only to numerical and indicator statistical summaries only (num-ber of accidents, number of victims, categories of acci-742B. GAJDZIK et al.: BEHAVIOURAL DETERMINANTS OF WORK ACCIDENTS AND ABSENTEEISM IN A METALLURGICAL... METALURGIJA 54 (2015) 4, 741-744dents, causes of accidents, the rate of absenteeism in days, indicators of the frequency and severity of acci-dents), but has to be expanded to include the study of employee attitudes. As claimed by S. VanDerWall [9], every sixth employee does not come to work because of wrong attitude to work (problems with responsibility for his work), and every sixth − because of stress. If we com-bine these two categories, it results that every third em-ployee absent from work has problems with his law in the company or is struggling with stress (Figure 1). Disease, which should be the principal cause of absence, was the real cause only in one out of five cases. The identified causes of employee absenteeism make the employers re-alize the need to take actions and help employees more effectively solve their problems (referred to as family matters and others) and to change the working conditions to prevent difficult situations. In the light of the above mentioned studies, one should change the approach to the analysis of the phe-nomena of accidents and absenteeism, seeking a causal factor in the attitudes of employees. When the employees participate in management of their companies, they also have to take responsibility for problems related with the way they behave [8]. Study of literature and analysis of the case study has allowed one to prepare methodological guidelines for employee behaviour control programmes to prevent accidents and reduce absenteeism.PROGRAMMES FOR THE CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS BEHAVIOUR OF EMPLOYEESTo control the employee behaviour described as dangerous, which includes accidents and absenteeism, companies have to establish standards describing all work-related reactions. The enterprises should precisely define which cases are classified as undesirable phe-nomena, and then try to reduce them. The policy of im-proving the working conditions must be carried out with an active involvement on part of the employees. Traditional forms of work that take the form of com-mands must be replaced with the assumption of respon-sibility by the employees for problems resulting from their improper behaviour. The process of building the responsibility cannot be based on the simplified meth-ods of “carrot and stick” approach. The essence of the process is to identify and modify the behaviour of em-ployees on an ongoing basis. The employee has to pos-sess a sense of responsibility for the operation of the company. The term “employee awareness” is a group of information and beliefs about work, according to which the performance of work should contribute to the achievement of the objectives [2]. Employee awareness should manifest itself not only in the sphere of psychol-ogy (the paradigm of imagination), but primarily in spe-cific behaviours (the paradigm of action), with an active involvement in the affairs of the company. The commit-ment of employees means their active participation in various tasks. Employees with passion should perform work assigned to them and initiate development activi-ties. Employees who spontaneously seek to solve prob-lems and control themselves, can draw conclusions from bad decisions and become responsible for what they do and for what others do. Employees who do not follow rules and methods of work, because they either do not know about them or are not confident that they make sense, and for whom these rules and methods are not a habit, cause losses or contribute to their occur-rence [10]. An important element in shaping the em-ployee awareness is a culture of employee health and safety, which is assessed in terms of factors such as safety rules, individual priorities and the need for secu-rity, safety as a priority, communication, involvement of the management bodies, support of community, em-ployee involvement, individual assessment of risk and of the working environment [11, 12]. Qualitative stud-ies in this area offer one the possibility to determine, among others, the level of implementation and assimi-lation of safety standards or organisation of the safety system in the enterprise. The conducted research has shown [13] that every second accident results from the unsafe behaviour of workers (Figure 2). The causes of unsafe behaviour are: ignorance of the rules, fatigue, routine, stress, family problems, as well as reluctance on the part of the employee to adopt ap-propriate behaviours. The sources of reasons are to be sought inside and outside the enterprise, e.g. impact of family problems on the employee behaviour. In review-ing the actions taken by the company (literature studies and analysis of case studies), the following categories of the area of prevention activities were established to control the dangerous behaviours, such as accidents and absenteeism [3]:Figure 1 The reasons of work absenteeism [9]Figure 2  The reasons of work accidents in the metallurgical enterprise [13]743B. GAJDZIK et al.: BEHAVIOURAL DETERMINANTS OF WORK ACCIDENTS AND ABSENTEEISM IN A METALLURGICAL...METALURGIJA 54 (2015) 4, 741-744− training of managers, teams and employees directed towards the development of an ability to define and recognize borders that separate normal behaviour from the inappropriate, unacceptable and abnormal ones,− policy of positive reinforcement - rewarding posi-tive behaviour, e.g. bonuses for teams with the low-est rates of absenteeism,− policy prohibiting inappropriate behaviour, such as non-compliance with applicable regulations, stand-ards and procedures, failure to comply with assigned responsibilities, failure to use personal protective equipment, alcohol abuse, refusal to perform the as-signed tasks, etc.− delegation of authority, e.g. granting teams with au-thority to make decisions about their daily activities, introduction of forms of staff self-control during work, employee participation in the improvement of organisation of work (Kaizen), − programmes and ancillary services, e.g. health pro-tection programmes, work-life programmes. The scope of these activities in individual compa-nies differs to a certain extent. This depends on the type of activities and size of the company. On the Polish market, methods changing employee behaviour are more frequently applied in large foreign companies, rather than in those with Polish capital. This situation occurs in the steel sector, which is dominated by inter-national capital groups, e. g. ArcelorMittal.BEHAVIOURAL DETERMINANTS OF ACCIDENTS AND ABSENTEEISM – A CASE STUDYArcelorMittal Group has been operating in the Pol-ish steel market since 2007. For the purpose of this study, the accident rate was compared for the period be-fore and after the introduction of the Company to the Polish market. Figure 3 summarizes the number of ac-cidents and number of days - off after accidents in the period of 2007 - 2013.The comparison shows that the number of accidents decreased by 76 %. This result from a consistent policy of improving the work safety conditions and of the im-plementing certified safety and health management sys-tems. The programme of workers’ awareness manage-ment in metallurgical enterprise ArcelorMittal Poland has been initiated in 2007. The program is a part of safety and work hygiene management system. In 2007 when the enterprise started to participate in the program of aware-ness management there were 76 accidents in total and it was 58 more than in 2013. In 2008, the Company decided for the first time to study the level of the staff commit-ment with a score of 31 %. In an attempt to increase the commitment of the workers, the Company introduced a wide range of various measures relating to employee be-haviour. As a result of those measures, in 2011, the level of the commitment was 47 % [10]. In 2010, the Company launched an absenteeism management programme to re-duce the cost of absenteeism. In 2007 number of days - off after accidents was 4 571, in 2013 it was 707 days - off. Severity rate decreased by 82 %. SeverityrateNumber of days - offafter accidentsWorked workhoursx 1 000=  (1)The chart in Figure 4 shows changes in the severity rate in the period of 2007 - 2013.The compiled statistical data confirm the assump-tion adopted in this study that a change in the employee attitude reduces the rate of accidents in a company. The index of total absenteeism in the Company decreased from 4,8 in 2010 to 4,18 in 2013 (planned index was 3,6) [13]. AbsenteeismindexNumber of days - off(without postaccidentsand maternal period)Nominal workdaysx 100 %=  (2)The chart in Figure 5 shows changes in the index in the period of 2010 - 2013.Figure 3  Number of accidents and days-off after accidents in ArcelorMittal Poland  in the period of 2007  -2013 [13]Figure 4  Severity rate at ArcelorMittal Poland in the period of 2007 -2013 [13]744B. GAJDZIK et al.: BEHAVIOURAL DETERMINANTS OF WORK ACCIDENTS AND ABSENTEEISM IN A METALLURGICAL... METALURGIJA 54 (2015) 4, 741-744SUMMARYThere is a relationship between realized pro-grammes, in analysed enterprise, and absenteeism. The results of the programmes are the changes of workers’ behaviour and attitudes. Control of employee behaviour is an important component of human resources manage-ment. Companies by implementation of the programmes can decrease both accidents and days-off after acci-dents.REFERENCES[1] http://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne /praca-wynagrodze-nia/warunki-pracy-wypadki-przy-pracy (table 1, p.3); http:// www. industrial - monitor.pl/ informacje/bezpieczestwo/970-bilans-wypadkow-przy-pracy-w-przemysle[2] Gajdzik B., Grzybowska K.: Internal sources of risk in bu-ilding employees’ attitudes of safe work in metallurgical enterprise, Metalurgija 52 (2013) 2, 285-288.[3] Cascio W.F.: Costing Human Resources. The Financial Impact of Behavior in Organizations. Fourth edition. South-Western College Publishing, 2000.[4] Ajzen I.: The theory of planned behavior, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, (1991) 50, 179-211.[5] Harrison D.A., Martocchio J.J.: Time for absenteeism: A 20-year review of origins, offshoots, and outcomes, Journal of Management 24 (1998) 3, 305-350.[6] Dalton D.R., Mesch D.J.: On the extent and reduction of avoidable absenteeism: An assessment of absence policy provisions, Journal of Applied Review 76 (1991), 810-817. [7] Drago R., WoodenM.: The determinants of labor absence: Economic factors and workgroup norms across countries, Industrial and Labor Relations Review 45 (1992), 764-778. [8] Yandrick R.M.: Help employees reach for the stars, HR Magazine 42 (1997)1, 97-100. [9] VanDerWall S.: Survey finds unscheduled absenteeism hitting seven-year high, HR News, November (1998), 14.[10] Gajdzik B.: Diagnosis of employee engagement in metal-lurgical enterprise, Metalurgija 52 (2013) 1, 139-142. [11] Cf: Cox S.J., Cheyne A.J.T. Assessing safety culture in of-fshore environments, Safety Science, 34 (2000), 1-3.[12] Elliman T, Eatock T., Spencer N.: Modeling knowledge worker in business process studies, Journal of Enterprise Information Management, (2005), 18.[13] Report about work safety, ArcelorMittal Poland, 2007-2013, Dabrowa Gornicza.[14] Horyń A.: Absenteeism, Jedynka, ArcelorMittal Poland, Dabrowa Gornicza, December, May (2012); Bochenek A.: Nagrody za niską absencję, Jedynka, February (2013),9 ArcelorMittal Poland, Dabrowa Gornicza.Note:  The responsible translator for English language is Zenon Styczyrz, Katowice, PolandFigure 5  Absenteeism index in the Company in the period of 2010 - 2013 [14]

Behavioural determinants of work accidents and absenteeism in a metallurgical enterprise

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