University Hospital for Infectious Diseases \u27Dr. Fran Mihaljević\u27 Zagreb and the Croatian Society for Infectious Diseases of the Croatian Medical Association
Abstract
Na temelju prijava oboljenja od zaraznih bolesti, prijava epidemija i izvještaja o cijepljenju, koje za Hrvatsku prikuplja i prati Služba za epidemiologiju Hrvatskog zavoda za javno zdravstvo, u članku je prikazano aktualno stanje i kretanje važnih zaraznih bolesti u Hrvatskoj u 2012. godini. Učestalost bolesti niskog higijenskog i životnog standarda posve je niska (trbušni tifus, bacilarna dizenterija, hepatitis A). Bolesti protiv kojih se provodi sustavno cijepljenje posve su rijetke (morbilli, rubela, tetanus, parotitis epidemica i dr.) ili iskorijenjene (polio, difterija). Niska je učestalost klasičnih spolnih bolesti (sifilis, gonoreja), razmjerno niska je učestalost HIV/AIDS-a. Obolijevanje od tuberkuloze je u povoljnom padu iako je još uvijek značajno. Salmoneloze su razmjerno česte no posljednjih godina u opadanju. Procijepljenost stanovništva se održava na visokoj razini bitnoj za kontrolu bolesti u budućnosti. Među registriranim epidemijama nije bilo onih prenesenih pitkom vodom iz javne vodoopskrbe ni hranom industrijski proizvedenom. Poslije epizode u 2010. nije zabilježena autohtona dengue groznica. No, po prvi puta je u Hrvatskoj u 2012. dijagnosticiran nevelik broj slučajeva West Nile bolesti središnjeg živčanog sustava. Sve to zajedno daje podlogu za procjenu da je epidemiološka situacija u 2012. bila u Hrvatskoj razmjerno povoljna. No zbog prisutnih raznih rizičnih čimbenika, među kojima ponegdje još nezadovoljavajuće higijensko sanitarne prilike osobito u pogledu dispozicije otpadnih fekalnih tvari, zatim ponovno intenziviranje rizika od vektorskih bolesti zbog značajnih populacija vektora osobito komaraca i znatne učestalosti humanih slučajeva vektorskih bolesti u više europskih zemalja, kao i sve većeg globaliziranog prometa ljudi, životinja i roba, a k tome se mogu dodati i trenutne klimatske promjene, situacija je i potencijalno nesigurna. Stoga je nužna daljnja provedba svih predviđenih i propisanih preventivnih i protuepidemijskih mjera kako bi se sadašnja povoljna epidemiološka situacija održala.Based on regular communicable disease reporting, outbreak reports and vaccination coverage reports collected routinely and monitored by the Epidemiology Service of the Croatian National Institute of Public Health, an overview of the epidemiological situation in Croatia in 2012 is described. Diseases of low hygienic standard of living (typhoid fever, bacillary dysentery, hepatitis A) were rare, as well as diseases covered by the national systematic immunization program (measles, rubella, mumps, tetanus, etc.) some even eradicated (polio, diphtheria). Classical sexually transmitted diseases (gonorrhoea, syphilis) were also rare. The incidence and prevalence of HIV/AIDS was in 2012 still comparatively low. Tuberculosis incidence was in favourable decline although the rates were still significant. Salmonellosis cases were still frequently recorded, although showing a decrease in the recent years. Vaccination coverage is constantly very high, which ensures a good control over vaccine preventable diseases in the future. There were no outbreaks of waterborne diseases related to public water supply, nor foodborne disease outbreaks. Since the limited autochthonous transmission episode of the dengue fever in Croatia in 2010, there were no such cases recorded in 2012. However, for the first time in Croatia, a few clinical (central nervous system) cases of the West Nile fever were diagnosed in 2012. Overall, it can be concluded that the epidemiological situation in 2012 was generally favourable. However, since there is still a number of potential risk factors present in our country, neighbouring countries and the rest of the World, such as inadequate sanitation in some areas of the country, increased risk for vector-borne diseases due to significant population of vectors present, especially mosquitos, and increased number of human cases of vector-borne diseases in European countries, more intense globalized travel of people, animals and goods, as well as climate change, the situation can still be described as potentially unstable. Therefore, further implementation of all established preventive and control measures according to good medical standards and respective national and EU legislation is required
