The paper shows the influence of charge composition on microstructure, fatigue properties and failure micromechanisms of nodular cast irons. The additive of metallurgical silicon carbide (SiC) in analysed specimens increases the content of ferrite in the matrix, decreases the size of graphite and increases the average count of graphitic nodules per unit of area. Consequently, the mechanical and fatigue properties of nodular cast iron are improved. The best fatigue properties (fatigue strength) were reached in the melt which was created by 60 % of steel scrap and 40 % of pig iron in the basic charge with SiC additive

A. Vaško

L. Trško

R. Konečná

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19 METALURGIJA 54 (2015) 1, 19-22A. VAŠKO, L. TRŠKO, R. KONEČNÁFATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF SYNTHETIC NODULAR CAST IRONS Received – Primljeno: 2014-01-30Accepted – Prihvaćeno: 2014-08-20Original Scientific Paper – Izvorni znanstveni radISSN 0543-5846METABK 54(1) 19-22 (2015)UDC – UDK 621.747:620.18:620.17:620.178.3=111A. Vaško, L. Trško, R. Konečná, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Žilina, Žilina, Slovak Republic The paper shows the influence of charge composition on microstructure, fatigue properties and failure micromech-anisms of nodular cast irons. The additive of metallurgical silicon carbide (SiC) in analysed specimens increases the content of ferrite in the matrix, decreases the size of graphite and increases the average count of graphitic nodules per unit of area. Consequently, the mechanical and fatigue properties of nodular cast iron are improved. The best fatigue properties (fatigue strength) were reached in the melt which was created by 60 % of steel scrap and 40 % of pig iron in the basic charge with SiC additive. Key words: nodular cast iron, synthetic melts, microstructure, mechanical properties, failure micromechanismsINTRODUCTIONNodular cast iron is a group of cast structural materi-als with a wide application in engineering practice (es-pecially in the automotive industry). It combines high tensile strength and plasticity with high fatigue strength. Nodular cast iron can be produced according to the clas-sical or synthetic casting procedure (Figure 1) which is more economical [1, 2]. In recent years, the production of nodular cast iron is from an economic point of view orientated to synthetic melts where a part of more expensive pig iron in a met-al charge is substituted for cheaper steel scrap. The tran-sition from the traditional use of pig iron (classical melts) to synthetic nodular cast iron prepared from steel scrap requires the regulation of chemical composition of melt. Steel scrap has low content of silicon therefore increasing of content of silicon to eutectic composition (SC ~ 1) is reached by using of ferrosilicon (FeSi) or metallurgical silicon carbide (SiC) additive. Nowadays, there is the tendency to use metallurgical silicon carbide as a siliconizing as well as carburizing additive instead of ferrosilicon. SiC additive increases the count of crys-tallisation nuclei of graphite in the melt, consequently the count of graphitic nodules per unit of area is in-creased (the size of graphitic nodules is decreased) and at the same time the susceptibility to occurrence of car-bide in the structure is decreased. Next influence of SiC additive is its ferritizing effect when the content of fer-rite in the matrix is increased [3, 4].The contribution deals with the influence of charge composition on the microstructure, fatigue properties and failure micromechanisms of nodular cast irons. The basic charge of experimental melts was formed by a dif-ferent ratio of pig iron and steel scrap. Chemical com-position of individual melts was regulated alternatively by metallurgical silicon carbide or ferrosilicon and car-burizer. EXPERIMENTAL METHODSThe specimens from four melts of nodular cast iron were used for experiments. The melts were different by charge composition (Table 1). The basic charge of indi-vidual melts was formed by different ratio of pig iron and steel scrap and by different additive for the regula-tion of chemical composition (metallurgical silicon car-bide or ferrosilicon). The content of these additives was chosen to achieve approximately the same resultant chemical composition of the melts. For modification the FeSiMg7 modifier was used and for inoculation the FeSi75 inoculant was used. Experimental bars (diameter 32 mm and length 350 mm) were cast from all the melts.The metallographic analysis of specimens from ex-perimental melts was made by the light metallographic microscope Neophot 32. The specimens for metallo-graphic analysis were taken out from the cast bars and prepared by usual metallographic procedure. The mi-Figure 1 Scheme of the production of nodular cast iron 20   METALURGIJA 54 (2015) 1, 19-22A. VAŠKO et al.: FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF SYNTHETIC NODULAR CAST IRONScrostructure of specimens was evaluated according to STN EN ISO 945 (STN 42 0461) and by automatical image analysis (using NIS Elements software) [5-7]. The image analysis was used for the evaluation of count of graphitic nodules per unit of area and content of fer-rite in the matrix. The tensile test was made according to STN EN 10002-1 by means of the testing equipment ZDM 30 with a loading range F = 0 to 50 kN. The impact bend-ing test was made according to STN EN 10045-1 by means of the Charpy hammer PSW 300 with a nominal energy of 300 J. The Brinell hardness test was made ac-cording to STN EN ISO 6506-1 by means of the testing equipment CV-3000 LDB with a hardmetal ball of di-ameter D = 10 mm forced into specimens under the load F = 29 430 N (3000 kp). The fatigue tests were made according to STN 42 0362 at high-frequency sinusoidal cyclic push-pull loading (frequency f  20 kHz, stress ratio R = –1, tem-perature T = 20  5 °C) using the ultrasonic testing equipment KAUP-ZU [8, 9]. The microfractographic analysis was made by the scanning electron microscope VEGA II LMU on frac-ture surfaces of the specimens from experimental bars fractured by fatigue tests [10]. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONFrom a microstructural point of view, the specimens from all the melts are ferrite-pearlitic nodular cast irons with different content of ferrite and pearlite in the ma-trix, different size of graphite and count of graphitic nodules (Figure 2). Different content of ferrite and pearlite in the matrix as well as different size of graphite and count of graphitic nodules in the individual speci-mens are caused by different ratio of steel scrap in the charge and kind of additive for the regulation of chemi-cal composition (SiC or FeSi). The results of the evaluation of the microstructure of the specimens from the cast bars by STN EN ISO 945 (STN 42 0461) and by image analysis (content of ferrite and count of graphitic nodules) are presented in Tables 2 and 3.Table 2   Results of evaluation of the microstructure by normMelt number microstructure by STN EN ISO 9453 80 % VI6 + 20 % V6 – Fe945 70 % VI5/6 + 30 % V6 – Fe948 70 % VI5/6 + 30 % V6 – Fe8010 70 % VI5/6 + 30 % V6 – Fe80Table 3   Results of evaluation of the microstructure by image analysisMelt  numbercontent of ferrite/ % count of graphitic nodules/ mm-237 4 , 0 1 9 9 , 857 8 , 0 1 7 9 , 886 5 , 2 1 5 1 , 010 56,0 157,6The mechanical tests (i.e. tensile test, impact bend-ing test and Brinell hardness test) were realized on the specimens made from cast bars. The results of mechan-ical tests, i.e. tensile strength Rm, elongation A, absorbed energy K and Brinell hardness HB, are given in Table 4.The specimens from the melts with SiC additive have better mechanical properties than the specimens from the melts with FeSi additive. It has connection with the microstructure of the specimens, especially with the character of matrix (content of ferrite and pearlite) and also with the size and count of graphitic nodules. The best mechanical properties were reached in the melt 3 created by 60 % of steel scrap and SiC ad-ditive, which has the highest ratio of perfectly-nodular graphite, the smallest size of graphite and the highest count of graphitic nodules.Table 4 Mechanical propertiesMelt number Rm/ MPa A/ % K/ J HBW 10/300035 3 9 , 0 4 , 0 3 0 , 6 1 9 2 , 355 1 5 , 7 3 , 7 1 7 , 2 1 8 2 , 384 6 2 , 6 2 , 7 2 4 , 0 1 8 1 , 310 462,6 2,7 19,2 183,0For the fatigue tests, ten specimens from each melt were used to obtain Wöhler fatigue curves σa = f(N) and determine fatigue strength σc for N = 108 cycles. The specimens were loaded by high-frequency sinusoidal cyclic push-pull loading (loading frequency f  20 kHz). The results of fatigue tests (relationship between stress amplitude σa and number of cycles to failure Nf) are Table 1 Charge composition of experimental meltsMelt number pig iron/ % steel scrap/ % additive34 0 6 0 S i C50 1 0 084 0 6 0 F e S i10 0 100a) melt 3  b) melt 8(with SiC additive)  (with FeSi additive)Figure 2   Microstructure of the specimens from cast bars, etched 1 % Nital21 METALURGIJA 54 (2015) 1, 19-22A. VAŠKO et al.: FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF SYNTHETIC NODULAR CAST IRONSshown in Figure 3. O  btained data were approximated by the Basquin function [9] with using of least square method. The number of cycles to failure increases with a decreasing stress amplitude. The values of fatigue strength σc are given in Table 5.Table 5 Fatigue strength for N = 108 cyclesMelt number σc / MPa32 1 851 9 181 6 310 136The fatigue strength in analysed specimens of nodu-lar cast iron increases with an increasing tensile strength. The fatigue strength in the specimens from the melts with SiC additive is higher than in the specimens from the melts with FeSi additive. The highest fatigue strength (218 MPa) was reached in the melt 3 created by 60 % of steel scrap and SiC additive, which has the best mechanical properties.Three specimens from each melt were used for the fractographic analysis of fracture surfaces after fatigue failure. The fracture surfaces of analysed specimens do not show any remarkable differences; they are charac-teristic of mixed mode of fracture.The fracture surface of the specimen from the melt 3 (with SiC additive) being loaded by stress amplitude σa = 272 MPa (Nf = 1,1 x 107 cycles) is shown in Figure 4. The fatigue fracture was initiated by casting defect (Figure 4a). The fatigue fracture is characteristic of in-tercrystalline fatigue failure of ferrite around graphitic nodules and transcrystalline fatigue failure of ferrite and pearlite in the rest of the area (Figure 4b). The final rupture is characteristic of transcrystalline ductile fail-ure of ferrite with dimple morphology (Figure 4c) and transcrystalline cleavage of ferrite and pearlite with river drawing on facets (Figure 4d).No significant differences were observed by the comparison of fracture surfaces of the specimens from the analysed melts. The fatigue failure has a mixed character of fracture (intercrystalline and transcrystal-line fatigue failure) in all the specimens; the intercrys-talline fatigue failure predominates near graphitic nod-ules and the transcrystalline fatigue failure predomi-nates in the rest of the area.CONCLUSIONSThe results of the experiments show that the charge composition influences the microstructure, mechanical and fatigue properties of nodular cast iron. The SiC additive positively influences the micro-structure, it means the content of ferrite in the matrix is increased, the size of graphite is decreased and the aver-age count of graphitic nodules per unit of area is in-creased; consequently the mechanical and fatigue prop-erties of nodular cast iron are improved. The fatigue strength of nodular cast iron is increased with an increasing tensile strength. The best fatigue a) melts 3 and 5 (with SiC additive)  b) melts 8 and 10 (with FeSi additive)Figure 3 Wöhler curves σa = f(N)Figure 4  Fracture surface of the specimen from the melt 3 (with SiC additive), σa = 272 MPa, Nf = 1,1 x 107 cycles, SEMc) final rupture – trans-crystalline ductile failured) final rupture – trans-crystalline cleavagea) initiation of fatigue failure b) trans- and intercrystalline fatigue failure22   METALURGIJA 54 (2015) 1, 19-22A. VAŠKO et al.: FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF SYNTHETIC NODULAR CAST IRONSproperties (fatigue strength) from the analysed speci-mens has the melt 3 created by 60 % of steel scrap and 40 % of pig iron in the basic charge with SiC additive. AcknowledgementsThis work has been supported by the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education of Slovak Republic, grant No. 1/0841/11.REFERENCES[1] R.  Konečná, V. Konstantová, G. Nicoletto, Materials Science. 14 (2008) 3, 215-220.[2] P.  Skočovský, T. Podrábský, Graphitic cast irons, EDIS, Žilina, 2005. (in Slovak).[3]  S. Venkateswaran, J. Wilfing, W. D. Schubert, B. Lux, T. Benecke, Influence of SiC and FeSi additions on the mi-crostructure, cooling curve and shrinkage porosity of duc-tile iron, In: Physical metallurgy of cast iron, Tokyo, 1989, pp. 171-178.[4]  R. Gerhardt, Properties and applications of silicon carbide, InTech, Rijeka, 2011.[5] P.  Skočovský, A. Vaško, Quantitative evaluation of struc-ture of cast irons, EDIS, Žilina, 2007. (in Slovak).[6]  J. Belan, Manufacturing Technology, 13 (2013) 1, 2-7.[7]  L. Hurtalová, E. Tillová, Manufacturing Technology, 13 (2013) 1, 44-50.[8] S.  Věchet, J. Kohout, O. Bokůvka, Fatigue properties of nodular cast iron, EDIS, Žilina, 2001. (in Czech)[9] O.  Bokůvka, G. Nicoletto, M. Guagliano, L. Kunz, P. Palček, F. Nový, Fatigue of materials at low and high fre-quency loading, EDIS, Žilina, 2014.[10] P.  Palček, M. Chalupová, Materials Engineering, 9 (2002) 3, 57-66.Note:   The responsible translator for English language is Gabriela Vašková, Žilina, Slovakia

Fatigue behaviour of synthetic nodular cast irons

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19METALURGIJA 54 (2015) 1, 19-22A. VAŠKO, L. TRŠKO, R. KONEČNÁFATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF SYNTHETIC NODULAR CAST IRONS Received – Primljeno: 2014-01-30Accepted – Prihvaćeno: 2014-08-20Original Scientific Paper – Izvorni znanstveni radISSN 0543-5846METABK 54(1) 19-22 (2015)UDC – UDK 621.747:620.18:620.17:620.178.3=111A. Vaško, L. Trško, R. Konečná, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Žilina, Žilina, Slovak Republic The paper shows the influence of charge composition on microstructure, fatigue properties and failure micromech-anisms of nodular cast irons. The additive of metallurgical silicon carbide (SiC) in analysed specimens increases the content of ferrite in the matrix, decreases the size of graphite and increases the average count of graphitic nodules per unit of area. Consequently, the mechanical and fatigue properties of nodular cast iron are improved. The best fatigue properties (fatigue strength) were reached in the melt which was created by 60 % of steel scrap and 40 % of pig iron in the basic charge with SiC additive. Key words: nodular cast iron, synthetic melts, microstructure, mechanical properties, failure micromechanismsINTRODUCTIONNodular cast iron is a group of cast structural materi-als with a wide application in engineering practice (es-pecially in the automotive industry). It combines high tensile strength and plasticity with high fatigue strength. Nodular cast iron can be produced according to the clas-sical or synthetic casting procedure (Figure 1) which is more economical [1, 2]. In recent years, the production of nodular cast iron is from an economic point of view orientated to synthetic melts where a part of more expensive pig iron in a met-al charge is substituted for cheaper steel scrap. The tran-sition from the traditional use of pig iron (classical melts) to synthetic nodular cast iron prepared from steel scrap requires the regulation of chemical composition of melt. Steel scrap has low content of silicon therefore increasing of content of silicon to eutectic composition (SC ~ 1) is reached by using of ferrosilicon (FeSi) or metallurgical silicon carbide (SiC) additive. Nowadays, there is the tendency to use metallurgical silicon carbide as a siliconizing as well as carburizing additive instead of ferrosilicon. SiC additive increases the count of crys-tallisation nuclei of graphite in the melt, consequently the count of graphitic nodules per unit of area is in-creased (the size of graphitic nodules is decreased) and at the same time the susceptibility to occurrence of car-bide in the structure is decreased. Next influence of SiC additive is its ferritizing effect when the content of fer-rite in the matrix is increased [3, 4].The contribution deals with the influence of charge composition on the microstructure, fatigue properties and failure micromechanisms of nodular cast irons. The basic charge of experimental melts was formed by a dif-ferent ratio of pig iron and steel scrap. Chemical com-position of individual melts was regulated alternatively by metallurgical silicon carbide or ferrosilicon and car-burizer. EXPERIMENTAL METHODSThe specimens from four melts of nodular cast iron were used for experiments. The melts were different by charge composition (Table 1). The basic charge of indi-vidual melts was formed by different ratio of pig iron and steel scrap and by different additive for the regula-tion of chemical composition (metallurgical silicon car-bide or ferrosilicon). The content of these additives was chosen to achieve approximately the same resultant chemical composition of the melts. For modification the FeSiMg7 modifier was used and for inoculation the FeSi75 inoculant was used. Experimental bars (diameter 32 mm and length 350 mm) were cast from all the melts.The metallographic analysis of specimens from ex-perimental melts was made by the light metallographic microscope Neophot 32. The specimens for metallo-graphic analysis were taken out from the cast bars and prepared by usual metallographic procedure. The mi-Figure 1 Scheme of the production of nodular cast iron 20  METALURGIJA 54 (2015) 1, 19-22A. VAŠKO et al.: FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF SYNTHETIC NODULAR CAST IRONScrostructure of specimens was evaluated according to STN EN ISO 945 (STN 42 0461) and by automatical image analysis (using NIS Elements software) [5-7]. The image analysis was used for the evaluation of count of graphitic nodules per unit of area and content of fer-rite in the matrix. The tensile test was made according to STN EN 10002-1 by means of the testing equipment ZDM 30 with a loading range F = 0 to 50 kN. The impact bend-ing test was made according to STN EN 10045-1 by means of the Charpy hammer PSW 300 with a nominal energy of 300 J. The Brinell hardness test was made ac-cording to STN EN ISO 6506-1 by means of the testing equipment CV-3000 LDB with a hardmetal ball of di-ameter D = 10 mm forced into specimens under the load F = 29 430 N (3000 kp). The fatigue tests were made according to STN 42 0362 at high-frequency sinusoidal cyclic push-pull loading (frequency f  20 kHz, stress ratio R = –1, tem-perature T = 20  5 °C) using the ultrasonic testing equipment KAUP-ZU [8, 9]. The microfractographic analysis was made by the scanning electron microscope VEGA II LMU on frac-ture surfaces of the specimens from experimental bars fractured by fatigue tests [10]. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONFrom a microstructural point of view, the specimens from all the melts are ferrite-pearlitic nodular cast irons with different content of ferrite and pearlite in the ma-trix, different size of graphite and count of graphitic nodules (Figure 2). Different content of ferrite and pearlite in the matrix as well as different size of graphite and count of graphitic nodules in the individual speci-mens are caused by different ratio of steel scrap in the charge and kind of additive for the regulation of chemi-cal composition (SiC or FeSi). The results of the evaluation of the microstructure of the specimens from the cast bars by STN EN ISO 945 (STN 42 0461) and by image analysis (content of ferrite and count of graphitic nodules) are presented in Tables 2 and 3.Table 2  Results of evaluation of the microstructure by normMelt number microstructure by STN EN ISO 9453 80 % VI6 + 20 % V6 – Fe945 70 % VI5/6 + 30 % V6 – Fe948 70 % VI5/6 + 30 % V6 – Fe8010 70 % VI5/6 + 30 % V6 – Fe80Table 3  Results of evaluation of the microstructure by image analysisMelt  numbercontent of ferrite/ % count of graphitic nodules/ mm-23 74,0 199,85 78,0 179,88 65,2 151,010 56,0 157,6The mechanical tests (i.e. tensile test, impact bend-ing test and Brinell hardness test) were realized on the specimens made from cast bars. The results of mechan-ical tests, i.e. tensile strength Rm, elongation A, absorbed energy K and Brinell hardness HB, are given in Table 4.The specimens from the melts with SiC additive have better mechanical properties than the specimens from the melts with FeSi additive. It has connection with the microstructure of the specimens, especially with the character of matrix (content of ferrite and pearlite) and also with the size and count of graphitic nodules. The best mechanical properties were reached in the melt 3 created by 60 % of steel scrap and SiC ad-ditive, which has the highest ratio of perfectly-nodular graphite, the smallest size of graphite and the highest count of graphitic nodules.Table 4 Mechanical propertiesMelt number Rm/ MPa A/ % K/ J HBW 10/30003 539,0 4,0 30,6 192,35 515,7 3,7 17,2 182,38 462,6 2,7 24,0 181,310 462,6 2,7 19,2 183,0For the fatigue tests, ten specimens from each melt were used to obtain Wöhler fatigue curves σa = f(N) and determine fatigue strength σc for N = 108 cycles. The specimens were loaded by high-frequency sinusoidal cyclic push-pull loading (loading frequency f  20 kHz). The results of fatigue tests (relationship between stress amplitude σa and number of cycles to failure Nf) are Table 1 Charge composition of experimental meltsMelt number pig iron/ % steel scrap/ % additive3 40 60 SiC5 0 1008 40 60 FeSi10 0 100a) melt 3 b) melt 8(with SiC additive) (with FeSi additive)Figure 2  Microstructure of the specimens from cast bars, etched 1 % Nital21METALURGIJA 54 (2015) 1, 19-22A. VAŠKO et al.: FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF SYNTHETIC NODULAR CAST IRONSshown in Figure 3. O btained data were approximated by the Basquin function [9] with using of least square method. The number of cycles to failure increases with a decreasing stress amplitude. The values of fatigue strength σc are given in Table 5.Table 5 Fatigue strength for N = 108 cyclesMelt number σc / MPa3 2185 1918 16310 136The fatigue strength in analysed specimens of nodu-lar cast iron increases with an increasing tensile strength. The fatigue strength in the specimens from the melts with SiC additive is higher than in the specimens from the melts with FeSi additive. The highest fatigue strength (218 MPa) was reached in the melt 3 created by 60 % of steel scrap and SiC additive, which has the best mechanical properties.Three specimens from each melt were used for the fractographic analysis of fracture surfaces after fatigue failure. The fracture surfaces of analysed specimens do not show any remarkable differences; they are charac-teristic of mixed mode of fracture.The fracture surface of the specimen from the melt 3 (with SiC additive) being loaded by stress amplitude σa = 272 MPa (Nf = 1,1 x 107 cycles) is shown in Figure 4. The fatigue fracture was initiated by casting defect (Figure 4a). The fatigue fracture is characteristic of in-tercrystalline fatigue failure of ferrite around graphitic nodules and transcrystalline fatigue failure of ferrite and pearlite in the rest of the area (Figure 4b). The final rupture is characteristic of transcrystalline ductile fail-ure of ferrite with dimple morphology (Figure 4c) and transcrystalline cleavage of ferrite and pearlite with river drawing on facets (Figure 4d).No significant differences were observed by the comparison of fracture surfaces of the specimens from the analysed melts. The fatigue failure has a mixed character of fracture (intercrystalline and transcrystal-line fatigue failure) in all the specimens; the intercrys-talline fatigue failure predominates near graphitic nod-ules and the transcrystalline fatigue failure predomi-nates in the rest of the area.CONCLUSIONSThe results of the experiments show that the charge composition influences the microstructure, mechanical and fatigue properties of nodular cast iron. The SiC additive positively influences the micro-structure, it means the content of ferrite in the matrix is increased, the size of graphite is decreased and the aver-age count of graphitic nodules per unit of area is in-creased; consequently the mechanical and fatigue prop-erties of nodular cast iron are improved. The fatigue strength of nodular cast iron is increased with an increasing tensile strength. The best fatigue a) melts 3 and 5 (with SiC additive) b) melts 8 and 10 (with FeSi additive)Figure 3 Wöhler curves σa = f(N)Figure 4  Fracture surface of the specimen from the melt 3 (with SiC additive), σa = 272 MPa, Nf = 1,1 x 107 cycles, SEMc) final rupture – trans-crystalline ductile failured) final rupture – trans-crystalline cleavagea) initiation of fatigue failure b) trans- and intercrystalline fatigue failure22  METALURGIJA 54 (2015) 1, 19-22A. VAŠKO et al.: FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF SYNTHETIC NODULAR CAST IRONSproperties (fatigue strength) from the analysed speci-mens has the melt 3 created by 60 % of steel scrap and 40 % of pig iron in the basic charge with SiC additive. AcknowledgementsThis work has been supported by the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education of Slovak Republic, grant No. 1/0841/11.REFERENCES[1] R. Konečná, V. Konstantová, G. Nicoletto, Materials Science. 14 (2008) 3, 215-220.[2] P. Skočovský, T. Podrábský, Graphitic cast irons, EDIS, Žilina, 2005. (in Slovak).[3] S. Venkateswaran, J. Wilfing, W. D. Schubert, B. Lux, T. Benecke, Influence of SiC and FeSi additions on the mi-crostructure, cooling curve and shrinkage porosity of duc-tile iron, In: Physical metallurgy of cast iron, Tokyo, 1989, pp. 171-178.[4] R. Gerhardt, Properties and applications of silicon carbide, InTech, Rijeka, 2011.[5] P. Skočovský, A. Vaško, Quantitative evaluation of struc-ture of cast irons, EDIS, Žilina, 2007. (in Slovak).[6] J. Belan, Manufacturing Technology, 13 (2013) 1, 2-7.[7] L. Hurtalová, E. Tillová, Manufacturing Technology, 13 (2013) 1, 44-50.[8] S. Věchet, J. Kohout, O. Bokůvka, Fatigue properties of nodular cast iron, EDIS, Žilina, 2001. (in Czech)[9] O. Bokůvka, G. Nicoletto, M. Guagliano, L. Kunz, P. Palček, F. Nový, Fatigue of materials at low and high fre-quency loading, EDIS, Žilina, 2014.[10] P. Palček, M. Chalupová, Materials Engineering, 9 (2002) 3, 57-66.Note:  The responsible translator for English language is Gabriela Vašková, Žilina, Slovakia

Fatigue behaviour of synthetic nodular cast irons

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