The paper deals with the investigating the possibility of using vibrations as a potential source of information for the detection of the malfunctions during the abrasive supplying and focusing tube wear in the process of AWJ. The tested material was the stainless steel AISI 309. Variable factors in the experiment were the abrasive mass flow ma and the focusing tube diameter df. The scanned vibration signal of the material was subjected to frequency analysis. With the increase of the abrasive mass flow, the shift of the amplitudes will follow the opposite direction and decrease. Frequency spectra of all assessed signals are similar by shape in the high-frequency area

A. Radvanská

A. Ruggiero

D. Kozak

D. Lehocká

G. Krolczyk

I. Samardzić

J. Cárach

K. Monková

P. Hreha

S. Hloch

P. HREHA

A. RADVANSKÁ

J. CÁRACH

D. LEHOCKÁ

K. MONKOVÁ

G. KROLCZYK

I. SAMARDZIĆ

D. KOZAK

S. HLOCH

RUGGIERO, Alessandro

Archivio della Ricerca - Università di Salerno

MONITORING OF FOCUSING TUBE WEAR
DURING ABRASIVE WATERJET (AWJ) CUTTING OF AISI 309

HRČAK - Portal of Croatian Scientific and Professional Journals

533METALURGIJA 53 (2014) 4, 533-536P. HREHA, A. RADVANSKÁ, J. CÁRACH, D. LEHOCKÁ, K.MONKOVÁ, G. KROLCZYK, A. RUGGIERO, I. SAMARDZIĆ, D. KOZAK, S. HLOCHMONITORING OF FOCUSING TUBE WEAR DURING ABRASIVE WATERJET (AWJ) CUTTING OF AISI 309Received – Primljeno: 2014-01-07Accepted – Prihvaćeno: 2014-05-20Original Scientific Paper – Izvorni znanstveni radISSN 0543-5846METABK 53(4) 533-536 (2014)UDC – UDK 669.15:620.178.1:534.63=111P. Hreha, A. Radvanská, J. Cárach, D. Lehocká, K. Monková, S. Hloch Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies, with a seat in Prešov, Prešov, Slovak Republic; S. Hloch Intitute of Geonics Academy of Science v.v.i. Ostrava – Poruba, Czech Republic; G. Krolczyk Faculty of Production Engineering and Logistics, Opole University of Technology, Poland; A. Ruggiero Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Sal-erno, Italy; I. Samardžić, D. Kozak Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Mechanical Engineering Faculty in Slavonski Brod, CroatiaThe paper deals with the investigating the possibility of using vibrations as a potential source of information for the detection of the malfunctions during the abrasive supplying and focusing tube wear in the process of AWJ. The tested material was the stainless steel AISI 309. Variable factors in the experiment were the abrasive mass flow ma and the focusing tube diameter df. The scanned vibration signal of the material was subjected to frequency analysis. With the increase of the abrasive mass flow, the shift of the amplitudes will follow the opposite direction and de-crease. Frequency spectra of all assessed signals are similar by shape in the high-frequency area.Key words: stainless steel, AWJ cutting, vibrations, Frequency analysisINTRODUCTIONThe technology of AWJ machining is currently one of the leaders in cutting technologies. Although this tech-nology is continually the focus of research and develop-ment, the commercially used model of online manage-ment or process control is still missing. The major prob-lem is the failure of abrasive delivery due to abrasives moisture, or obstruction in the inlet tube. There is no reli-able automatic indicator of focusing tube wear, so this is inspected just visually by the operator. Both issues have a direct impact on the quality of the generated surface. Sev-eral authors addressed their research to the process mod-eling for the prediction of the cutting factors. Vundavilli et al. [1] dealt with the prediction of cut depth using an expert system based on fuzzy logic. Ma et al. [2] focused on predicting the cut profile. Nozzle wear was examined by Nanduri et al. [3] and wear of the focusing tube was studied by Jegaraj et al. [4]. Only few of the authors have researched the utilization of secondary emission of the AWJ cutting process. Their attention was mostly devoted to acoustic emission. Asraf et al. [5] designed a model for on-line monitoring of the cut depth in the AWJ cutting process by means of acoustic emission. The relationship between generated high pressure flow and acoustic emis-sion was studied by Foldyna et al. [6]. Arulu et al. [7] used acoustic emission for quality control during drilling composite materials. Hreha et al. [8] used vibrations as a carrier of information for predicting the quality of the surface generated by AWJ cutting. He used vibrations to investigate the effect of abrasive mass flow in material perforation [9].MATERIALS AND METHODSThe material used for the experiment was stainless steel AISI 30 with thickness 15 mm. Technological fac-tors of the cutting are described in the table (Table 1). Feed rate of a cutting head v was set to 150 mm·min-1. The abrasive mass flow ma was set to 250 and 400 g.min-1. Diameter of the focusing tubes df was 0,8 and 1,4 mm (Figure 5). During the cutting of experimental sam-ples the vibrations of the cut material were recorded. For the data acquisition the NI PXI - 1031, NI PXI - 6106 system was used for eight-channel simultaneous collection with the sampling frequency of 30 kHz. Vi-brations were recorded by uniaxial accelerometers PCB IMI 607 A11. Table 1 Technological conditionsFactors LevelsPressure p / MPa 350Feed rate v / mm/min 150Abrasive mass fl ow rate ma /g/min 250, 400Orifi ce diameter do / mm 0,33Focusing tube diameter df / mm 0,8; 1,4Standoff  z / mm 3The angle of the cutting 90°Abrasive type Barton Garnet MESH 80Material thickness 15 mmRecorded signals were then analyzed by a tool cre-ated in the object-oriented programming environment of LabVIEW 8.5. The procedure of data collection is 534  METALURGIJA 53 (2014) 4, 533-536P. HREHA et al.: MONITORING OF FOCUSING TUBE WEAR DURING ABRASIVE WATERJET (AWJ) CUTTING OF AISI...shown in the figure (Figure 1). Parameters of the sur-face were recorded by means of non-contact method us-ing an optical profilometer MicroProf FRT. Parameters were measured in nineteen in-depth lines, equidistant with 0,75 mm. The first measured line is in the distance 0,75 mm from the sample top edge.RESULTSThe obtained signal was processed in a proper envi-ronment of LabVIEW 8.5. As for the research parameter of the vibration signal, the so-called effective value of vibrations RMS was chosen. The study aims at investi-gation the impact of the focusing tube wear by changing its diameter df and detecting changes in abrasive mass flow ma. RMS parameter value on the frequency spec-trum while changing the focusing tube diameter can be seen in the Figure 1. Overall, higher RMS values  were recorded at the fo-cusing tube diameter df = 0,8 mm. The highest peak value of 0,183 g was recorded at a frequency of 11 800 Hz. Notable peaks of the spectra have been recorded also at low frequencies, i. e. 1 100 Hz, 2 100 Hz and 2 900 Hz. Other significant peaks with similar value can be ob-served at frequencies of 4 100 Hz and 5 800 Hz. Highest frequency at which the increase of RMS amplitude was recorded is 14 500 Hz. Amplitude value at the frequency spectrum that corresponds with the signal generated by using the focusing tube with a diameter df = 1,4 mm is generally lower. The individual increases of amplitudes are not as significant as in the previous case. The highest amplitude value 0,077 g was recorded at a frequency of 10 400 Hz. Significant increases of the amplitudes of the spectrum can be observed at frequencies 500 Hz, 1 000 Hz, 1 600 Hz, 5 300 Hz and 5 800 Hz. The highest fre-quency at which the increased amplitudes were recorded was 14 400 Hz. Assessed frequency spectra show signs of similarities. Comparative diagram (Figure 2) shows not only the RMS amplitude variations, but also their shift in the frequency spectrum. With an increase of the focusing tube diameter df to 1,4 mm a shift to higher frequencies occurred. This phe-nomenon is clearly visible in the spectrum 4 000 Hz to 7 000 Hz and 10 500 Hz to 15 000 Hz. Amplitudes in lower frequencies are shifted by 200 Hz. In the higher frequency range the shift was recorded at 100 Hz. As it was already mentioned, the next examined factor was the change of abrasive mass flow ma. Comparative dia-gram describing the change is in the figure (Figure 3). Figure 1 Experimental procedureFigure 2   RMS value at the frequency spectrum, constant factors: v = 150 mm/min,  ma = 250 g/min,variable factors: df  = 0,8 mm, df  = 1,4 mmFigure 3  RMS value at the frequency spectrum, constant factors: v = 150 mm/min, df = 0,8 mm, variable factors: ma = 250 g/min, ma = 400 g/min535METALURGIJA 53 (2014) 4, 533-536P. HREHA et al.: MONITORING OF FOCUSING TUBE WEAR DURING ABRASIVE WATERJET (AWJ) CUTTING OF AISI...Spectrum describing the RMS value at the mass flow ma = 250 g/min corresponds to the spectrum of the previ-ous case and to a focusing tube diameter df = 0,8 mm. Amplitudes at each frequency are described above. Spectrum corresponding with abrasive mass flow ma = 400 g/min is significantly higher in two areas of the spectrum. The highest RMS value, 0,109 g was recorded at a frequency of 5 300 Hz. Other significant increases in amplitudes can be observed at frequencies 10 500 Hz, 11 800 Hz and lower peak at a frequency of 14 300 Hz. In the low frequency area up to 3 000 Hz low amplitude peaks not exceeding 0,03 g can be observed. Assessed curves are similar in the high frequency range from 11 000 Hz. Increasing the abrasive mass flow ma results in the shift of the peaks in the frequency range to the lower areas. This phenomenon is clearly visible in the high-frequency field. The amplitudes of the single peaks are shifted by 200 Hz. Examined technological factors – abrasivemass flow ma and focusing tube diameter df have a direct impact on the resulting surface topography of the cut surface. The influence of these parameters was demonstrated by the research works of several au-thors [10]. The development of factors effecting the Ra parameter in dependance on the depth shows a graph (Figure 4). It describes the effects of individual factors on the resulting surface roughness parameter. Increas-ing the depth,the effect of feed rate of the cutting head vincreases significantly. Focusing tube diameter has an increased effect in the lower area. Its increase causes the increase of roughness parameters.CONCLUSIONSThe article deals with the investigation of the possi-bility of detecting the focusing tube wear and failures of abrasive supply by means of material vibration. As the experimental material AISI 309 stainless steel 15 mm thick was used (Figure 5). Abrasive mass flow ma and focusing tube diameter df were examined. Material vibration signals captured during AWJ cutting were subjected to spectral analysis. Attention was paid to the RMS value of the frequency spectrum. Based on the experiments, it can be conclud-ed: 1. curves of all investigated spectra show a similar shape, especially in the high frequency region, 2 - in-creasing the focusing tube diameter df has shifted the amplitude peaks in a frequency spectrum upwards in the range 100 to 200 Hz, 3 - increasing the abrasive mass flow ma has shifted the amplitude peaks the fre-quency spectrum downwards in the range of 200 Hz, 4 -significant and stable amplitude peaks were observed around the frequencies of 10 500 Hz and 14 400 Hz ,5 - the influence of the focusing tube diameter df and abrasive mass flow ma on surface roughness parameters were confirmed by the experiment. Further research on material vibration as a potential source of information for fault detection and quality control in the process of AWJ will focus on identification of the frequency rang-es that serve as a source of information on a given plot during cutting.AcknowledgementThe research is supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contract No. APVV-207-12.REFERENCES[1] P. R. Vundavilli, M. B. Parappagoudar, S. P. Kodail S. Ben-guluri Fuzzy logic-based expert system for prediction of depth of cut in abrasive water jet machining process In: Knowledge-Based Systems, 27 (2012), 456-464.[2] C. Ma, R. T. Deam A correlation for predicting the kerf profile from abrasive water jet cutting In: Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 30 (2006), 4, 337-343.[3] M. Nanduri, D. G. Taggart, T. J. Kim The effects of system and geometric parameters on abrasive water jet nozzle wear In: International Journal of Machine Tools and Ma-nufacture, 42 (2002), 5, 615-623.Figure 4  The development of factors effect on the Ra parameter in dependence of depthFigure 5  a) df = 0,8 mm, ma = 400 g/min, b) df = 0,8 mm, ma = 250 g/min, c) df = 1,4 mm, ma = 400 g/min, d) df = 1,4 mm, ma = 250 g/min536  METALURGIJA 53 (2014) 4, 533-536P. HREHA et al.: MONITORING OF FOCUSING TUBE WEAR DURING ABRASIVE WATERJET (AWJ) CUTTING OF AISI...[4] J. J. R. Jegaraj, N. R. Babu A soft computing approach for controlling the quality of cut with abrasive waterjet cutting system experiencing orifice and focusing tube wear In: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 185 (2007), 1–3, 217-227[5] I. Asraf, A. I. Hassan, C. Chen, R. Kovacevic On-line mo-nitoring of depth of cut in AWJ cutting In: International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 44 (2004).[6] J. Foldyna, L. Sitek, V. Habán Acoustic wave propagation in high-pressure system In: Ultrasonics, 44 (2006).[7] S. Arulu, L. Vijayaraghavan, S. K. Malhotra Online moni-toring of acoustic emission for quality control in drilling of polymeric composites, In: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 185 (2007).[8] P. Hreha, S. Hloch Potential Using of Vibration for Metro-logy and Detection of Surface Topography Created by Abrasive Waterjet In: International Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, 7 (2013), 2, ISSN 1749-7868.[9] P. Hreha, S. Hloch, J. Valíček, K. Monková, P. Monka, M. Harničárová, M. Fusek, P. Konjatić Impact of abrasive mass flow rate when penetrating into a material on its vi-bration In: Technical Gazette, 17 (2010), 4, 475-479, ISSN 1330-3651.[10] G. Šimunovic, K. Šimunović, T. Šarić, Modelling and si-mulation of surface roughness in face milling In: Interna-tional Journal of Simulation Modelling, 12 (2013), 3, 141-153.Note:  The responsible person for english language is prof. Martin Šuto, University of Osijek

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Monitoring of focusing tube wear during abrasive waterjet (AWJ) cutting of AISI 309

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A. Ruggier

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Monitoring of focusing tube wear during abrasive waterjet (AWJ) cutting of AISI 309

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Archivio della Ricerca - Università di Salerno

HRČAK - Portal of Croatian Scientific and Professional Journals

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