This paper is focused on the problem of the

chloride-induced corrosion of the rebar in

reinforced concrete, with special application to the

slabs and decks of the bridges. High superficial

concentrations may be usual in these structures

(marine environments or de-icing salts in roadway

bridges, e.g.). Like any aggressive agent such as

water, gases or other dissolved ions, chloride

induced deterioration is very conditioned by

possibilities of transport through concrete mass

Guzmán Gutiérrez, Santiago

Gálvez Ruiz, Jaime

Sancho Aznal, José María

Este artículo estudia el proceso de fisuración del hormigón por corrosión de la armadura. Se presenta un modelo de transporte de cloruros en el hormigón, que contempla la no-linealidad de los coeficientes de difusión, las isotermas de absorción y el fenómeno de convección. A partir de los resultados de penetración de cloruros, se establece la corrosión de la armadura con la consiguiente expansión radial. La fisuración del hormigón se estudia con un modelo de fisura embebida. Los dos modelos (iniciación y propagación) se incorporan en un programa de elementos finitos. El modelo se contrasta con resultados experimentales, obteniéndose un buen ajuste. Una de las dificultades es establecer el umbral de concentración de cloruros que da lugar al inicio de la corrosión de la armadura.This paper is focused on the chloride-induced corrosion of the rebar in RC. A comprehensive model for the chloride ingress into concrete is presented, with special attention to non-linear diffusion coefficients, chloride binding isotherms and convection phenomena. Based on the results of chloride diffusion, subsequent active corrosion is assumed and the radial expansion of the corroded reinforcement reproduced. For cracking simulation, the Strong Discontinuity Approach is applied. Both models (initiation and propagation corrosion stages) are incorporated in the same finite element program and chained. Comparisons with experimental results are carried out, with reasonably good agreements being obtained, especially for cracking patterns. Major limitations refer to difficulties to establish precise levels of basic data such as the chloride ion content at concrete surface, the chloride threshold concentration that triggers active corrosion, the rate of oxide production or the rust mechanical properties

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Cover cracking of the reinforced concrete due to rebar corrosion induced by chloride penetration

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This paper is focused on the problem of the chloride-induced corrosion of the rebar in reinforced concrete, with special application to the slabs and decks of the bridges. High superficial concentrations may be usual in these structures (marine environments or de-icing salts in roadway bridges, e.g.). Like any aggressive agent such as water, gases or other dissolved ions, chloride induced deterioration is very conditioned by possibilities of transport through concrete mass

168
 
The Third International Conference on Computational Modeling of Fracture and Failure of Materials and Structures 
CFRAC 2013    Prague, Czech Republic, 5–7 June 2013 
Cover Cracking of the Reinforced Concrete due to Rebar Corrosion Induced by 
Chloride Penetration  
J. C. Gálvez1*, S. Guzman1, J. M. Sancho2 
1
 Departamento de Ingeniería Civil-Construcción, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Caminos, 
Canales y Puertos, C/Profesor Aranguren s/n 28040 – Madrid, Spain. Jaime.galvez@upm.es 
2 
E.T.S. Arquitectura. Universidad Politécnica Madrid. Av. Juan de Herrera s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain  
 
Durability of reinforced and precast concrete is not 
an innovative aspect in the scientific-technical 
world and it is concerned with in numerous codes, 
standards and recommendations. The reparation of 
the durability problems is very expensive. For 
example, according to the Federal Highway 
Administration, approximately 30% of the 
American bridges were either structurally deficient 
or functionally obsolete in 2001. [1]. Among 
degradations sources we can consider: corrosion 
(either due to carbonation or chloride ingress), 
freezing and thawing cycles, abrasion, thermal 
gradients, chemical attacks, dissolutions processes 
and alkali-aggregate reactions [2]. Evidently every 
isolated process can interact with each other 
increasing structural damage this way [3]. 
 
This paper is focused on the problem of the 
chloride-induced corrosion of the rebar in 
reinforced concrete, with special application to the 
slabs and decks of the bridges. High superficial 
concentrations may be usual in these structures 
(marine environments or de-icing salts in roadway 
bridges, e.g.). Like any aggressive agent such as 
water, gases or other dissolved ions, chloride 
induced deterioration is very conditioned by 
possibilities of transport through concrete mass.  
 
In the case of models for the chloride induced 
corrosion, the common service life involves two 
time periods: the first is the time for chloride 
diffusion and the second is the time for corrosion 
damage. According to Monte Carlo analysis, 
failure probability is based on time depending on 
materials properties and stochastic distribution of 
external loads: cover depth, chloride content 
analysis, surface chloride concentration, apparent 
diffusion coefficient based on Fick’s second law 
(because of chemical reactions taking place 
between the penetrating agent and concrete, see 
ASTM C1556-04), chloride corrosion initiation 
concentration (may depends on composition of 
concrete and environmental parameters) and time 
to corrosion damage  [1]. 
 
This paper presents a model for the chloride 
diffusion in the concrete taking into account the 
pore structure of the concrete, the internal humidity 
and the temperature. The model accomplishes the 
concentration of the chloride, the gradient of the 
concentration, the temperature and the humidity. 
The model also models the presence of cracks in 
the concrete. Based on the results of chloride 
diffusion a corrosion rebar is assumed and the 
radial expansion of the corroded reinforcement 
simulated. The possible cracking around the rebar 
is modeled with an embedded cohesive model [4]. 
The model has been implemented in the FEAP 
Finite element code. The steel radial expansion is 
simulated by means of a temperature increase.  
 
References 
 
[1] T. J. Kirkpatrick, R. E. Weyers, C. M. 
Anderson-Cook, M. Sprinkle, Probabilistic 
model for the chloride-induced corrosion 
service life of bridge decks, Cement Concrete 
Res 32 (2002) 1943–1960. 
[2] O. Coussy, F. J. Ulm, Elements of Durability 
Mechanics of Concrete Structures, in: Proc., 
Creep, Shrinkage and Durability Mechanics of 
Concrete and other Quasi-Brittle Materials, 
Wittmann, 2001. 
[3] R. Mu, C. Miao, X. Luo, W. Sun, Interaction 
between loading, freeze-thaw cycles, and 
chloride salt attack of concrete with and without 
steel fiber reinforcement, Cement Concrete Res 
32 (2002) 1061–1066. 
[4] J. M. Sancho, J. Planas, D. A. Cendón,  
E. Reyes, J. C. Gálvez, An embedded crack mo-
del for finite element analysis of concrete frac-
ture, Eng Fract Mech 74 (2007) 75–86.   
 
CFRAC 2013 168 Prague, Czech Republic, 5–7 June 2013


http://oa.upm.es/29185/1/INVE_MEM_2013_169582.pdf

Cover cracking of the reinforced concrete due to rebar corrosion induced by chloride penetration

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Servicio de Coordinación de Bibliotecas de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid