A digestion study was conducted to evaluate diets containing calcium oxide treated corn residue in combination with de-oiled distillers grains in forage based growing diets. Chemical treatment did not affect digestibility of DM, OM, or NDF. However, concentration of distillers grains did improve DM and OM digestibility. The use of chemically treated residue in combination with distillers grains in growing diets may not impact diet digestibility

Bremer, Meredith L.

Erickson, Galen E.

MacDonald, James C.

Peterson, Sarah J.

Shreck, Adam L., Shreck

English

DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska

University of Nebraska - LincolnDigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - LincolnNebraska Beef Cattle Reports Animal Science Department2015Digestibility of Calcium Oxide Treated CornResidue with De-Oiled Distillers GrainsSarah J. PetersonUniversity of Nebraska-LincolnMeredith L. BremerUniversity of Nebraska-Lincoln, mbremer3@unl.eduAdam L. Shreck ShreckUniversity of Nebraska-LincolnJames C. MacDonaldUniversity of Nebraska-Lincoln, jmacdonald2@unl.eduGalen E. EricksonUniversity of Nebraska-Lincoln, gerickson4@unl.eduFollow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/animalscinbcrPart of the Large or Food Animal and Equine Medicine Commons, Meat Science Commons, andthe Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Epidemiology, and Public Health CommonsThis Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Animal Science Department at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It hasbeen accepted for inclusion in Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln.Peterson, Sarah J.; Bremer, Meredith L.; Shreck, Adam L. Shreck; MacDonald, James C.; and Erickson, Galen E., "Digestibility ofCalcium Oxide Treated Corn Residue with De-Oiled Distillers Grains" (2015). Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports. 820.http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/animalscinbcr/820Page 38 — 2015 Nebraska Beef Cattle Report  © The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska.  All rights reserved.Digestibility of Calcium Oxide Treated Corn Residue with De-Oiled Distillers GrainsSarah J. PetersonMeredith L. BremerAdam L. ShreckJim C. MacDonaldGalen E. Erickson1SummaryA digestion study was conducted to evaluate diets containing calcium oxide treated corn residue in combination with de-oiled distillers grains in forage based growing diets. Chemical treat-ment did not affect digestibility of DM, OM, or NDF. However, concentration of distillers grains did improve DM and OM digestibility. The use of chemically treated residue in combination with distillers grains in growing diets may not impact diet digestibility.IntroductionPreviously completed trials (2014 Nebraska Beef Cattle Report, pp. 62-63, 67-68) indicated that calcium oxide (CaO) treated corn residue in growing diets increased DMI and ADG when compared to untreated corn residue. However, only a minimal F:G re-sponse was observed with CaO treat-ment. Both of these studies implied that the expense of chemical treat-ment might increase the cost per unit of energy of the corn residue when compared to untreated corn residue. Therefore, the objective of this trial was to compare digestibility of treated and untreated crop residues in diets containing de-oiled distillers grains diets.ProcedureThis experiment utilized 12 ruminally fistulated steers, of which six were yearlings and six were calves. Treatments were set up in a 2 x 2 fac-torial with factors including chemical treatment (treated or untreated) and de-oiled MDGS inclusion (20 or 40% of diet DM). Steers were assigned randomly and acclimated to each diet for four, 21-day periods, with a 14-day adaptation period and a seven-day collection period. Chemical treat-ment consisted of water, CaO (Stan-dard Quicklime, Mississippi Lime Co., Kansas City, Mo.), and ground residue. Calcium oxide was added at 5% of residue DM, and the mixture was hydrated to a final targeted DM of 50%. The mixture was weighed and mixed in Roto-Mix feed trucks, dispensed into concrete bunkers, and subsequently covered with plastic. The treatment process was completed at least seven days prior to being fed, and was repeated throughout the duration of the study. Untreated residue was only ground and fed without chemi-cal or water addition. All residue used for this study was ground through a 1-inch screen. De-oiled MDGS were fed at either 20 or 40% of the diet DM (Table 1), with residue inclusion at Table 1. Ingredient composition of diets fed to yearlings and calves.20 MDGS1 40 MDGS1Untreated Treated Untreated TreatedMDGSTreated residue2,3Untreated residue3Supplement1 Fine ground corn Limestone Salt Tallow Urea Rumensin®4 Trace mineral Vitamin A-D-E20—7641.67941.19400.30000.10001.65000.01160.05000.01502076—41.8734—0.30000.10001.65000.01160.05000.015040—5643.41241.11100.30000.1000—0.01160.05000.015004056—41.8734—0.30000.1000—0.01160.05000.0150Nutrient composition, % CP NDF Ca P67.7710.490.380.2761.4010.532.490.2859.5916.290.300.4554.9216.311.850.461MDGS = modified distillers grains plus solubles.2Chemical treatment consisted of hydration with water to 50% DM and addition of 5% CaO (DM).3All residue originated from the same source.4Formulated to provide 200 mg/steer daily monensin.76 or 56%. All diets contained a 4% dry meal supplement formulated to provide similar dietary Ca (1.19% DM basis) in untreated diets as treated residue diets did not contain lime-stone. Steers were fed 200 mg/steer of monensin daily. Diets were mixed twice each week and stored in a cooler (32°F) until used to ensure fresh feed throughout the experiment.All steers were ruminally dosed with 7.5 g of TiO2 twice daily at 0800 and 1600 hours. Fecal grab samples were collected at 0800, 1200, and 1600 hours from day 15 to day 21. All fecal samples collected in a day were composited on a wet basis into a daily composite, then freeze-dried. From daily composites, a steer within period fecal composite sample was made and analyzed for NDF, OM, and Ti percentage. Ruminal pH was recorded every minute using pH probes (Dascor, Inc., Escondido, Calif.) from day 15 to 21. Analysis of feeds offered and feed refusals were completed for DM, OM, and NDF © The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska.  All rights reserved. 2015 Nebraska Beef Cattle Report  — Page 39 diets (8.26 vs. 9.49 lb/day). This sug-gests that treatment with CaO partly solubilized NDF and, therefore, de-creased NDF intake. Lab analysis of forage indicated that CaO solubilized NDF by approximately 10 percent-age units relative to the untreated residue (NDF content of 76.0 and 66.6 for untreated and treated residues, respectively). Presumably treatment with CaO partially solubilized NDF, thereby decreasing NDF intake.Overall, greater DM and OM digestibilities were noted with 40 MDGS inclusion (P ≤ 0.05) compared with 20 MDGS. Increased distillers inclusion also improved DM, OM, and NDF intakes (P ≤ 0.05). Inter-actions were noted for maximum, average, and minimum ruminal pH (P < 0.01; Table 3) as untreated residue had greater maximum and average pH within 20 MDGS (P ≤ 0.10) and treated residue had greater pH values within 40 MDGS. Minimum pH data tended to change in the same manner. Results suggest that increased de-oiled MDGS inclusion will increase dietary DM and OM digestibility as well as DM, OM, and NDF intake levels. However, residue treatment with CaO did not affect dietary digestibility. Treated residue inclusion in growing diets may not improve diet digestibil-ity over untreated residues. 1Sarah J. Peterson, graduate student; Meredith L. Bremer, graduate student; Adam L. Shreck, graduate student; Jim C. MacDonald, associate professor; Galen E. Erickson, professor, University of Nebraska–Lincoln Department of Animal Science, Lincoln, Neb.Table 2.  Effects of CaO treatment and MDGS on digestibility and lab analysis of forage NDF.20 40SEP-valuesTrt Unt Trt Unt Dist1 Trt2 DxT3DM Intake, lb Digestibility, %12.745.612.749.817.958.717.360.61.40.1<0.010.020.790.460.820.79OM Intake, lb Digestibility, %11.152.711.555.615.961.615.864.01.30.1<0.010.050.920.490.810.96NDF Intake, lb Digestibility, %  7.348.1  8.754.9  9.254.310.256.60.90.10.050.480.110.370.770.671Fixed effect of 20 vs. 40% MDGS.2Fixed effect of treated vs. untreated corn residue.3Interaction of distillers inclusion x CaO treatment.Table 3. Ruminal pH of steers fed 20 or 40% MDGS with CaO treated or untreated corn residue.Item20 MDGS1 40 MDGS1SEMP-valuesTrt2 Unt Trt2 Unt Dist3 Trt4 TxD5Maximum pHAverage pHMinimum pH6.94b6.65b6.45b7.47a7.13a6.80a7.04ab6.80ab6.54ab6.97ab6.70b6.38b0.300.200.130.560.560.260.100.010.33<0.01<0.01<0.011MDGS = modified distillers grains plus solubles2Chemical treatment consisted of hydration with water to 50% DM and addition of 5% CaO (DM).3Fixed effect of MDGS level.4Fixed effect of chemical treatment.5Interaction of chemical treatment x MDGS level.percentage. Dry matter was deter-mined using a forced air oven set at 60°C for 48 hours. Digestibility data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, N.C.) with steer and period as fixed effects. Ruminal pH was ana-lyzed as a repeated measure using the GLIMMIX procedure with day as the repeated measure. Main effects of chemical treatment, MDGS inclusion, and age of steer were tested as well as the interactions. Factors were deemed significant at P < 0.10. ResultsThere were no chemical treatment x distillers level interactions  (P > 0.15) observed for intakes or digestibilites . Chemical treatment did not impact (P > 0.37) DM, OM, or NDF digestibilities (Table 2), which was unexpected when compared to previous data (2011 Nebraska Beef Cattle Report, pp. 35-36). Additionally, a tendency for decreased (P = 0.11) NDF intake was observed for treated 

Digestibility of Calcium Oxide Treated Corn Residue with De-Oiled Distillers Grains

UNL | Libraries

University of Nebraska - Lincoln
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports Animal Science Department
2015
Digestibility of Calcium Oxide Treated Corn
Residue with De-Oiled Distillers Grains
Sarah J. Peterson
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Meredith L. Bremer
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, mbremer3@unl.edu
Adam L. Shreck Shreck
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
James C. MacDonald
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, jmacdonald2@unl.edu
Galen E. Erickson
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, gerickson4@unl.edu
Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/animalscinbcr
Part of the Large or Food Animal and Equine Medicine Commons, Meat Science Commons, and
the Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Epidemiology, and Public Health Commons
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Animal Science Department at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has
been accepted for inclusion in Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln.
Peterson, Sarah J.; Bremer, Meredith L.; Shreck, Adam L. Shreck; MacDonald, James C.; and Erickson, Galen E., "Digestibility of
Calcium Oxide Treated Corn Residue with De-Oiled Distillers Grains" (2015). Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports. 820.
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/animalscinbcr/820
Page 38 — 2015 Nebraska Beef Cattle Report  © The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska.  All rights reserved.
Digestibility of Calcium Oxide Treated Corn Residue with 
De-Oiled Distillers Grains
Sarah J. Peterson
Meredith L. Bremer
Adam L. Shreck
Jim C. MacDonald
Galen E. Erickson1
Summary
A digestion study was conducted to 
evaluate diets containing calcium oxide 
treated corn residue in combination 
with de-oiled distillers grains in forage 
based growing diets. Chemical treat-
ment did not affect digestibility of DM, 
OM, or NDF. However, concentration 
of distillers grains did improve DM and 
OM digestibility. The use of chemically 
treated residue in combination with 
distillers grains in growing diets may not 
impact diet digestibility.
Introduction
Previously completed trials (2014 
Nebraska Beef Cattle Report, pp. 62-63, 
67-68) indicated that calcium oxide 
(CaO) treated corn residue in growing 
diets increased DMI and ADG when 
compared to untreated corn residue. 
However, only a minimal F:G re-
sponse was observed with CaO treat-
ment. Both of these studies implied 
that the expense of chemical treat-
ment might increase the cost per unit 
of energy of the corn residue when 
compared to untreated corn residue. 
Therefore, the objective of this trial 
was to compare digestibility of treated 
and untreated crop residues in diets 
containing de-oiled distillers grains 
diets.
Procedure
This experiment utilized 12 
ruminally fistulated steers, of which 
six were yearlings and six were calves. 
Treatments were set up in a 2 x 2 fac-
torial with factors including chemical 
treatment (treated or untreated) and 
de-oiled MDGS inclusion (20 or 40% 
of diet DM). Steers were assigned 
randomly and acclimated to each diet 
for four, 21-day periods, with a 14-day 
adaptation period and a seven-day 
collection period. Chemical treat-
ment consisted of water, CaO (Stan-
dard Quicklime, Mississippi Lime 
Co., Kansas City, Mo.), and ground 
residue. Calcium oxide was added at 
5% of residue DM, and the mixture 
was hydrated to a final targeted DM 
of 50%. The mixture was weighed 
and mixed in Roto-Mix feed trucks, 
dispensed into concrete bunkers, and 
subsequently covered with plastic. The 
treatment process was completed at 
least seven days prior to being fed, and 
was repeated throughout the duration 
of the study. Untreated residue was 
only ground and fed without chemi-
cal or water addition. All residue used 
for this study was ground through a 
1-inch screen. De-oiled MDGS were 
fed at either 20 or 40% of the diet DM 
(Table 1), with residue inclusion at 
Table 1. Ingredient composition of diets fed to yearlings and calves.
20 MDGS1 40 MDGS1
Untreated Treated Untreated Treated
MDGS
Treated residue2,3
Untreated residue3
Supplement1
 Fine ground corn
 Limestone
 Salt
 Tallow
 Urea
 Rumensin®4
 Trace mineral
 Vitamin A-D-E
20
—
76
4
1.6794
1.1940
0.3000
0.1000
1.6500
0.0116
0.0500
0.0150
20
76
—
4
1.8734
—
0.3000
0.1000
1.6500
0.0116
0.0500
0.0150
40
—
56
4
3.4124
1.1110
0.3000
0.1000
—
0.0116
0.0500
0.01500
40
56
—
4
1.8734
—
0.3000
0.1000
—
0.0116
0.0500
0.0150
Nutrient composition, %
 CP
 NDF
 Ca
 P
67.77
10.49
0.38
0.27
61.40
10.53
2.49
0.28
59.59
16.29
0.30
0.45
54.92
16.31
1.85
0.46
1MDGS = modified distillers grains plus solubles.
2Chemical treatment consisted of hydration with water to 50% DM and addition of 5% CaO (DM).
3All residue originated from the same source.
4Formulated to provide 200 mg/steer daily monensin.
76 or 56%. All diets contained a 4% 
dry meal supplement formulated to 
provide similar dietary Ca (1.19% DM 
basis) in untreated diets as treated 
residue diets did not contain lime-
stone. Steers were fed 200 mg/steer 
of monensin daily. Diets were mixed 
twice each week and stored in a cooler 
(32°F) until used to ensure fresh feed 
throughout the experiment.
All steers were ruminally dosed 
with 7.5 g of TiO
2
 twice daily at 0800 
and 1600 hours. Fecal grab samples 
were collected at 0800, 1200, and 
1600 hours from day 15 to day 21. 
All fecal samples collected in a day 
were composited on a wet basis into 
a daily composite, then freeze-dried. 
From daily composites, a steer within 
period fecal composite sample was 
made and analyzed for NDF, OM, 
and Ti percentage. Ruminal pH was 
recorded every minute using pH 
probes (Dascor, Inc., Escondido, 
Calif.) from day 15 to 21. Analysis of 
feeds offered and feed refusals were 
completed for DM, OM, and NDF 
© The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska.  All rights reserved. 2015 Nebraska Beef Cattle Report  — Page 39 
diets (8.26 vs. 9.49 lb/day). This sug-
gests that treatment with CaO partly 
solubilized NDF and, therefore, de-
creased NDF intake. Lab analysis of 
forage indicated that CaO solubilized 
NDF by approximately 10 percent-
age units relative to the untreated 
residue (NDF content of 76.0 and 66.6 
for untreated and treated residues, 
respectively). Presumably treatment 
with CaO partially solubilized NDF, 
thereby decreasing NDF intake.
Overall, greater DM and OM 
digestibilities were noted with 40 
MDGS inclusion (P ≤ 0.05) compared 
with 20 MDGS. Increased distillers 
inclusion also improved DM, OM, 
and NDF intakes (P ≤ 0.05). Inter-
actions were noted for maximum, 
average, and minimum ruminal pH 
(P < 0.01; Table 3) as untreated residue 
had greater maximum and average 
pH within 20 MDGS (P ≤ 0.10) and 
treated residue had greater pH values 
within 40 MDGS. Minimum pH data 
tended to change in the same manner. 
Results suggest that increased de-oiled 
MDGS inclusion will increase dietary 
DM and OM digestibility as well as 
DM, OM, and NDF intake levels. 
However, residue treatment with CaO 
did not affect dietary digestibility. 
Treated residue inclusion in growing 
diets may not improve diet digestibil-
ity over untreated residues. 
1Sarah J. Peterson, graduate student; 
Meredith L. Bremer, graduate student; Adam L. 
Shreck, graduate student; Jim C. MacDonald, 
associate professor; Galen E. Erickson, professor, 
University of Nebraska–Lincoln Department of 
Animal Science, Lincoln, Neb.
Table 2.  Effects of CaO treatment and MDGS on digestibility and lab analysis of forage NDF.
20 40
SE
P-values
Trt Unt Trt Unt Dist1 Trt2 DxT3
DM
 Intake, lb
 Digestibility, %
12.7
45.6
12.7
49.8
17.9
58.7
17.3
60.6
1.4
0.1
<0.01
0.02
0.79
0.46
0.82
0.79
OM
 Intake, lb
 Digestibility, %
11.1
52.7
11.5
55.6
15.9
61.6
15.8
64.0
1.3
0.1
<0.01
0.05
0.92
0.49
0.81
0.96
NDF
 Intake, lb
 Digestibility, %
  7.3
48.1
  8.7
54.9
  9.2
54.3
10.2
56.6
0.9
0.1
0.05
0.48
0.11
0.37
0.77
0.67
1Fixed effect of 20 vs. 40% MDGS.
2Fixed effect of treated vs. untreated corn residue.
3Interaction of distillers inclusion x CaO treatment.
Table 3. Ruminal pH of steers fed 20 or 40% MDGS with CaO treated or untreated corn residue.
Item
20 MDGS1 40 MDGS1
SEM
P-values
Trt2 Unt Trt2 Unt Dist3 Trt4 TxD5
Maximum pH
Average pH
Minimum pH
6.94b
6.65b
6.45b
7.47a
7.13a
6.80a
7.04ab
6.80ab
6.54ab
6.97ab
6.70b
6.38b
0.30
0.20
0.13
0.56
0.56
0.26
0.10
0.01
0.33
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
1MDGS = modified distillers grains plus solubles
2Chemical treatment consisted of hydration with water to 50% DM and addition of 5% CaO (DM).
3Fixed effect of MDGS level.
4Fixed effect of chemical treatment.
5Interaction of chemical treatment x MDGS level.
percentage. Dry matter was deter-
mined using a forced air oven set at 
60°C for 48 hours. Digestibility data 
were analyzed using the MIXED 
procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, Inc., 
Cary, N.C.) with steer and period as 
fixed effects. Ruminal pH was ana-
lyzed as a repeated measure using the 
GLIMMIX procedure with day as the 
repeated measure. Main effects of 
chemical treatment, MDGS inclusion, 
and age of steer were tested as well as 
the interactions. Factors were deemed 
significant at P < 0.10. 
Results
There were no chemical treatment 
x distillers level interactions  
(P > 0.15) observed for intakes or 
digestibilites . Chemical treatment did 
not impact (P > 0.37) DM, OM, or 
NDF digestibilities (Table 2), which 
was unexpected when compared to 
previous data (2011 Nebraska Beef 
Cattle Report, pp. 35-36). Additionally, 
a tendency for decreased (P = 0.11) 
NDF intake was observed for treated 


https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1860&context=animalscinbcr

Digestibility of Calcium Oxide Treated Corn Residue with De-Oiled Distillers Grains

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska

UNL | Libraries