Extension Circular   60-635: This  is about the disease, Mastitis, and how it affects farmers and their cow

Nibler, C. W.

English

UNL | Libraries

University of Nebraska - Lincoln
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Historical Materials from University of Nebraska-
Lincoln Extension Extension
1960
EC60-635 Mastitis is a Costly Disease
C. W. Nibler
Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/extensionhist
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Extension at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for
inclusion in Historical Materials from University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of
Nebraska - Lincoln.
Nibler, C. W., "EC60-635 Mastitis is a Costly Disease" (1960). Historical Materials from University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension. 3485.
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/extensionhist/3485
A~(e_-r 
~ 
6'5 
E-7 
fttr;0-(935 
c I I 
E.C. 60-635 
EXTENSION SERVICE U 
U NIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA CO l lEGE OF AGRICULTURE 
AND U. S . DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUR E 
COOPERATING 
E. F. FRO LIK, DEAN E. W. JAN IKE, DI RECTOR 
SE 
iti~ ~~:tly 
disease 
C. W . Nibler and Crosby Howe 
SUMMARY 
Mastitis costs the average Tebraska farmer at least $1.00 per milk 
cow per month. This is due to reduced milk production, a shortened 
productive life and the cost of treatment. 
Mastitis is any inflammation of the udder and is caused by a variety 
of bacteria. These bacteria gain entrance to the udder through the 
teat canal. Symptoms of mastitis vary among cows and in degree of 
severity. Cows may die from mastitis. 
Cows that are tense, nervous from rough handling and frightened 
or working under stress cannot resist the bacteria that cause mastitis as 
well as relaxed, docile, comfortable cows. When udders or teats are 
bruised or the cells in the udder are injured, they become susceptible 
to infection. 
Evidence on the inherited susceptibility of mastitis is not con-
clusive. Feeds or feeding practices are rarely the cause of mastitis. Ad-
verse weather conditions can cause flare-ups of m astitis. 
Milking machines must be properly maintained and correctly 
operated. It is essential that a good milking routine be regularly 
followed. 
Antibiotics will not cure all cases of mastitis, nor are they a sub-
stitute for good management. Veterinarians should be consulted on 
the use of specific antibiotics for different bacteria. 
The Food and Drug Administration classes antibiotics as adulterants 
if found in milk. If antibiotics are infused in the udder, milk from 
all quarters must be withheld from market at least 6 milkings (3 days). 
If antibiotics are given intermuscularly, the milk must be withheld 7 
days. 
Good management practices should reduce or eliminate most cases 
of mastitis. Otherwise, the continual cost of treatment ,1·il! be expen-
siw for l\' ebraska 's dairymen. 
Q. What does mastitis cost the average Nebraska farmer who milks 
cows? 
A. The average loss from mastitis is at least 1.00 per milk cow 
per month. For a 20-cow herd, this is an annual loss of $240 or for 
a 50-cow herd, 600. Generally one cow out of every four will be 
infected. 
Q. To what is this loss due? 
A. Mastitis reduces the milk yield and shortens the productive life 
of affected cows. The treatment of mastitis is costly. 
Q. What is mastitis? 
A. Mastitis is any inflammation of the udder. 
Q. ·what causes mastitis? 
A. Mastitis is caused by a wide variety of bacteria. Many of these 
bacteria are present in the barn, on the cow, and frequently in the 
udder of the cow. Mastitis does not usually occur until the resistance 
of the udder is lowered through exposure to some form of stress. 
Accidents that injure the udder and teats, poor management and milk-
ing methods, and unsanitary conditions or chilling are a few of the 
many stresses that may be involved. 
Q. What are some symptoms of mastitis infection? 
A. The symptoms of mastitis are not always the same. In acute 
cases the udder may be hot, swollen, hard, and painful to the toud1. 
The milk is usually abnormal and can vary in consistency from thin 
and watery to thick and ropy. Milk may have a poor flavor, usually 
salty. 
Q. Do cows die from mastitis? 
A. In severe cases the infection may enter the blood stream from 
the udder causing loss of appetite, high temperature, and ultimate 
death unless treatment is quickly applied. In other cases, scar tissue 
will replace secretory tissue in the udder and production will be re-
duced or one or more quarters may become non-functional. 
Q. How is mastitis spread from one cow to another? 
A. Different types of bacteria may gain entrance to the udder 
through the teat canal from different sources. For example, they gain 
entrance from the floor or ground where a cow lies, from stagnant 
water in which a cow stands, from contaminated wash water or wash 
3 
cloths, from hands of milkers or from milking machine liners that are 
cracked and worn and harbor bacteria. 
Q. How does the comfort of a cow affect her susceptibility to 
mastitis? 
A. Cows that are tense, nervous 
from rough handling and frighten-
ed or working under stress will not 
be able to resist the bacteria that 
cause mastitis as well as relaxed, 
docile, comfortable cows. In addi-
tion, nervous, tense cows are more 
likely to injure their teats and 
udders. 
Q. Why do cows with injured or bruised teats or udders have more 
mastitis? 
A. \ 1\Then cells in the udder are injured, they become more sus-
ceptible to infections. U elders may be bruised by being hooked by 
horned cows, or by bunting or kicking under overcrowded conditions. 
Other causes of injuries are high door sills, gate corners, stumps, rough 
clogs, slippery walkways, and many other objects in barnyard and pas-
ture. Cowpox lesions which form on the end of the teats will in-
variably cause mastitis. Teat injury due to frost bite may also result 
in mastitis . 
Q. Is mastitis more prevalent in young or old cows? 
A. In old cows, because the rate of udder infection increases with 
age. \1\Tith few exceptions, fint calf heifers are free of mastitis at 
calving time. 
Q. Is the susceptibility to mastitis inherited? 
A. Evidence on the inherited susceptibility of mastitis is not con-
clusive. Research indicates there are more cases of mastitis in some 
cow families than in others. In addition, cows inherit certain charac-
teristics such as the conformation of udders and the tendency to be 
fast or slow milkers. As an example, cows with p endulous udders gen-
erally h ave more mastitis than cows Vlrith strongly a ttached udders. 
Q. Do certain feeds or feeding practices cause mastitis? 
A. Experiments on this subject have not shown a relationship be-
tween feeds and feeding and the incidence of mastitis. There is some 
evidence that sudden changes in rations or feeding practices may cause 
temporary flare-ups of mastitis. 
Q. How do weather conditions affect mastitis? 
A. Resistance is lowered by cold winds blowing on udders, by cold 
damp floors or ground, and by turning cows to pasture ·when the 
ground or nights are cold in the spring. 
- GOOD MANAGEMENT 
PREVENTS MASTITIS-
Q. Does milk left in the udder induce mastitis? 
A. It is impossible to remove all the milk from a cow's udder and 
there is always some residual milk. A small amount (l pound or less) 
of residual milk is not harmful, but when this amount is quite large 
(two pounds or more) there are more chances of infected quarters, and 
visible symptoms of mastitis occur. 
Q. In what way can the milking machine cause mastitis? 
A. The milking machine is indispensable to the dairy industry and 
therefore should be properly adjusted and used. Some of the problems 
in the use of the machines are: 
l. Leaving machine on the udder or upon certain quarters too long. 
2. Operator trying to take care of too many units (2 or 3 units con-
sidered maximum). 
3. i\Ialfunctioning pulsators which have a tendency to stick, or 
air vents that are partially closed, or some parts that are worn. Clean-
ing of dirty pulsators or replacement of worn or sluggish pulsators 
may improve udder health. 
Q. Can excess vacuum on milking machines cause mastitis? 
A. In general, if the vacuum does not go above 15 inches, there 
should be no ill effects. Sometimes, when vacuum gauges do not register 
accurately, the gauge may register 15 pounds when the vacuum actu-
ally is 18 or 19 inches. This will cause trouble. 
Q. In what way can the milking machine be operated to perform 
at maximum efficiency? 
A. Follow a good milking routine to prevent mastitis. Keep ma-
chines in good operating condition, and follow manufacturer's direc-
tions. It is important to have a steady vacuum all the way from the 
pump to the end of the vacuum line, and to the teat cups through the 
farthest petcock. Dirt, grease, and dried milk deposits can plug vacuum 
lines. Follow these points in operating milking machines. 
l. Operate unit with vacuum and pulsation rate as manufacturer 
recommends. 
2. Never use less than one-inch vacuum lines. Clean system at least 
four times a year. 
3. Keep vacuum pumps, regulators and pulsators clean. 
4. All milking machine rubber, including stanchion hoses, should 
be cleaned after each use. 
5. Put machines on only clean, properly prepared animals. 
-PROTECT YOUR PAYCHECK-MARKET QUALITY MILK-
Q. What are recommended practices to follow in the preparation 
and milking of cows? 
A. Listed below are the necessary steps to follow: 
Step l. Get the cow ready. Stimulate the let down of milk by 
massaging and wiping the teats and udder with a wet, warm, clean 
sponge or paper towel, one minute before milking. The warm water, 
temperature l20 °F, into which the sponge or towel is dipped may 
contain a good sanitizing agent like chlorine, quaternary ammonium 
or iodine compounds. Be sure to use them at the strengths recom-
mended on the container. Some milking parlors are equipped with a 
hose and nozzle through which warm water is available for washing 
udders. Be sure to keep the water warm for stimulating let down. Dry 
teats and udders after washing. 
Step 2. Use strip cup regularly. Milk two streams from each quarter 
into strip cup. If the milk is abnormal, milk the cow last and keep 
her milk separated from the other cows' milk. 
Step 3. After the let down has been stimulated (40 to 60 seconds), 
attach teat cups quickly, but gently. Delay in attaching teat cups after 
stimulation wastes some of the helpful internal pressure. Adjust milk-
ing machine to work properly for each individual cow. 
Step 4. Machine strip the cow. Keep teat cups from crawling up-
ward as the udder empties. Pull teat cups downward with one hand 
while massaging the quarters of the udder with the other hand. 
Step 5. Remove teat cups gently. Shut off the vacuum and press 
your thumb between teat cup and teat. This breaks the vacuum seal 
and the teat cups will slide off. Then open the petcock for a moment 
to draw off any milk left in the tubes. 
Q. Can mastitis be prevented? 
A. Most cases of mastitis can be prevented by good management 
and the application of sanitation practices. 
Q. Can all cases of mastitis be cured? 
A. o, cows that are chronic carriers should be disposed of be-
cause they are always a source of infection for other cows in the herd. 
Q. Can mastitis be cured with antibiotics? 
A. Some cases of mastitis can be cured when treated with an anti-
biotic, provided the antibiotic is effective against the bacteria causing 
the trouble. 
-KEEP PESTICIDE RESIDUES OUT OF MILK-
6 
-KEEP ANTIBIOTICS OUT OF MILK-
Q. Are antibiotics effective against all bacteria? 
A. No, there are many different antibiotics and there are many 
different kinds of bacteria; for instance, Streptococcus agalactiae is 
quite sensitive to penicillin whereas Micrococcus pyogenes is not. 
Q. Is this same selectivity true of other antibiotics? 
A . Yes, different bacteria and different strains of b acteria are 
affected by different antibiotics or other drugs. This is one of the 
reasons that it is important to have a veterinarian examine cows and 
draw milk samples for laboratory diagnosis . 
Q. Should dairymen seek an approach to mastitis other than treat-
ment with antibiotics? 
A. i\Iajor emphasis should b e placed on prevention through man-
agem ent and sanitation. The cases of mastitis that develop in spite 
of the precautions then must be treated. If tests prove that the in-
fection is killed by a certain antibiotic, then that is the product to 
use, under the supervision of a veterinarian. 
Q. What about antibiotics in milk? 
A. The Food & Drug Administration classes antibiotics as adul-
terants if found in milk. Therefore, every effort must be m ade to keep 
antibiotics out of milk. If antibiotics are infused into the udder, milk 
from all quarters must be withheld from m arket a t leas t 6 milkings 
(3 days). If antibiotics ar e given intermuscularly, the milk must be 
withheld 7 days. 
Q. What will a dairyman do if he cannot use antibiotics to treat 
mastitis? 
A. Consult your veterinarian and have him assist you in setting 
up a h erd health plan. One of the fust things is to examine all cows 
physically and test milk from each cow. This would determine the 
cows affected and the kind of infection involved. A program of man-
agemen t should be adopted to eliminate th e incurable cows and then 
properl y treat the o ther cows. Good management practices should r e-
duce or eliminate most cases of mastitis. O th erwise, th e continual cost 
of trea tment will be expensive for 1\' ebraska' dairym en . 
7 
The following management practices are related to incidence of 
mastitis: 
1. Cow Comfort 
a. Provide dry, well bedded stalls or loafing shed. 
b . Cows respond to gentle, regular, and patient handling. 
c. Give cows good working conditions-everything that con-
tributes to comfort contributes to udder health. 
d. Do not use dairy cows to glean corn fields. 
2. Proper Sanitation 
a. Clean and sanitize milking equipment so it is not a source of 
infection. 
b . Employ strict sanitary practices to prevent spread of mastitis. 
3. Good Ventilation 
a. Prevent exposure of udders to chilling from drafts or cold 
floors . Early in the spring do not turn cows to pasture when 
ground is cold. 
b . Prevent drafts from broken or open windows, loose doors, or 
silo chutes-particularly if directed toward the cow's udder. 
c. A good working temperature for a cow is from 45 to 55°F. 
4. Prevention of Injuries 
a. Remove sources of injury such as logs, mud holes and old farm 
machinery. 
b. Treat teat cuts and bruises. 
c. Cull old cows with pendulous and poorly attached udders. 
d. Prevent calves from sucking one another. 
5. Milking and Milking Machines 
a. Operate milking machine according to the manufacturer's 
directions. 
b. Keep motor and pump clean and free from dust and dirt. 
c. Check pulsators to see that they are operating properly. 
cl. Check for signs of trouble like bluish colored teat ends, reel-
ness after milking, a white ring around the teat opening or 
uneasy cows. 
e. Follow rules for good milking procedures at all times. 
8 


EC60-635  Mastitis is a Costly Disease

DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska

University of Nebraska - LincolnDigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - LincolnHistorical Materials from University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension Extension1960EC60-635 Mastitis is a Costly DiseaseC. W. NiblerFollow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/extensionhistThis Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Extension at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted forinclusion in Historical Materials from University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University ofNebraska - Lincoln.Nibler, C. W., "EC60-635 Mastitis is a Costly Disease" (1960). Historical Materials from University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension. 3485.http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/extensionhist/3485A~(e_-r ~ 6'5 E-7 fttr;0-(935 c I I E.C. 60-635 EXTENSION SERVICE U U NIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA CO l lEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND U. S . DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUR E COOPERATING E. F. FRO LIK, DEAN E. W. JAN IKE, DI RECTOR SE iti~ ~~:tly disease C. W . Nibler and Crosby Howe SUMMARY Mastitis costs the average Tebraska farmer at least $1.00 per milk cow per month. This is due to reduced milk production, a shortened productive life and the cost of treatment. Mastitis is any inflammation of the udder and is caused by a variety of bacteria. These bacteria gain entrance to the udder through the teat canal. Symptoms of mastitis vary among cows and in degree of severity. Cows may die from mastitis. Cows that are tense, nervous from rough handling and frightened or working under stress cannot resist the bacteria that cause mastitis as well as relaxed, docile, comfortable cows. When udders or teats are bruised or the cells in the udder are injured, they become susceptible to infection. Evidence on the inherited susceptibility of mastitis is not con-clusive. Feeds or feeding practices are rarely the cause of mastitis. Ad-verse weather conditions can cause flare-ups of m astitis. Milking machines must be properly maintained and correctly operated. It is essential that a good milking routine be regularly followed. Antibiotics will not cure all cases of mastitis, nor are they a sub-stitute for good management. Veterinarians should be consulted on the use of specific antibiotics for different bacteria. The Food and Drug Administration classes antibiotics as adulterants if found in milk. If antibiotics are infused in the udder, milk from all quarters must be withheld from market at least 6 milkings (3 days). If antibiotics are given intermuscularly, the milk must be withheld 7 days. Good management practices should reduce or eliminate most cases of mastitis. Otherwise, the continual cost of treatment ,1·il! be expen-siw for l\' ebraska 's dairymen. Q. What does mastitis cost the average Nebraska farmer who milks cows? A. The average loss from mastitis is at least 1.00 per milk cow per month. For a 20-cow herd, this is an annual loss of $240 or for a 50-cow herd, 600. Generally one cow out of every four will be infected. Q. To what is this loss due? A. Mastitis reduces the milk yield and shortens the productive life of affected cows. The treatment of mastitis is costly. Q. What is mastitis? A. Mastitis is any inflammation of the udder. Q. ·what causes mastitis? A. Mastitis is caused by a wide variety of bacteria. Many of these bacteria are present in the barn, on the cow, and frequently in the udder of the cow. Mastitis does not usually occur until the resistance of the udder is lowered through exposure to some form of stress. Accidents that injure the udder and teats, poor management and milk-ing methods, and unsanitary conditions or chilling are a few of the many stresses that may be involved. Q. What are some symptoms of mastitis infection? A. The symptoms of mastitis are not always the same. In acute cases the udder may be hot, swollen, hard, and painful to the toud1. The milk is usually abnormal and can vary in consistency from thin and watery to thick and ropy. Milk may have a poor flavor, usually salty. Q. Do cows die from mastitis? A. In severe cases the infection may enter the blood stream from the udder causing loss of appetite, high temperature, and ultimate death unless treatment is quickly applied. In other cases, scar tissue will replace secretory tissue in the udder and production will be re-duced or one or more quarters may become non-functional. Q. How is mastitis spread from one cow to another? A. Different types of bacteria may gain entrance to the udder through the teat canal from different sources. For example, they gain entrance from the floor or ground where a cow lies, from stagnant water in which a cow stands, from contaminated wash water or wash 3 cloths, from hands of milkers or from milking machine liners that are cracked and worn and harbor bacteria. Q. How does the comfort of a cow affect her susceptibility to mastitis? A. Cows that are tense, nervous from rough handling and frighten-ed or working under stress will not be able to resist the bacteria that cause mastitis as well as relaxed, docile, comfortable cows. In addi-tion, nervous, tense cows are more likely to injure their teats and udders. Q. Why do cows with injured or bruised teats or udders have more mastitis? A. \ 1\Then cells in the udder are injured, they become more sus-ceptible to infections. U elders may be bruised by being hooked by horned cows, or by bunting or kicking under overcrowded conditions. Other causes of injuries are high door sills, gate corners, stumps, rough clogs, slippery walkways, and many other objects in barnyard and pas-ture. Cowpox lesions which form on the end of the teats will in-variably cause mastitis. Teat injury due to frost bite may also result in mastitis . Q. Is mastitis more prevalent in young or old cows? A. In old cows, because the rate of udder infection increases with age. \1\Tith few exceptions, fint calf heifers are free of mastitis at calving time. Q. Is the susceptibility to mastitis inherited? A. Evidence on the inherited susceptibility of mastitis is not con-clusive. Research indicates there are more cases of mastitis in some cow families than in others. In addition, cows inherit certain charac-teristics such as the conformation of udders and the tendency to be fast or slow milkers. As an example, cows with p endulous udders gen-erally h ave more mastitis than cows Vlrith strongly a ttached udders. Q. Do certain feeds or feeding practices cause mastitis? A. Experiments on this subject have not shown a relationship be-tween feeds and feeding and the incidence of mastitis. There is some evidence that sudden changes in rations or feeding practices may cause temporary flare-ups of mastitis. Q. How do weather conditions affect mastitis? A. Resistance is lowered by cold winds blowing on udders, by cold damp floors or ground, and by turning cows to pasture ·when the ground or nights are cold in the spring. - GOOD MANAGEMENT PREVENTS MASTITIS-Q. Does milk left in the udder induce mastitis? A. It is impossible to remove all the milk from a cow's udder and there is always some residual milk. A small amount (l pound or less) of residual milk is not harmful, but when this amount is quite large (two pounds or more) there are more chances of infected quarters, and visible symptoms of mastitis occur. Q. In what way can the milking machine cause mastitis? A. The milking machine is indispensable to the dairy industry and therefore should be properly adjusted and used. Some of the problems in the use of the machines are: l. Leaving machine on the udder or upon certain quarters too long. 2. Operator trying to take care of too many units (2 or 3 units con-sidered maximum). 3. i\Ialfunctioning pulsators which have a tendency to stick, or air vents that are partially closed, or some parts that are worn. Clean-ing of dirty pulsators or replacement of worn or sluggish pulsators may improve udder health. Q. Can excess vacuum on milking machines cause mastitis? A. In general, if the vacuum does not go above 15 inches, there should be no ill effects. Sometimes, when vacuum gauges do not register accurately, the gauge may register 15 pounds when the vacuum actu-ally is 18 or 19 inches. This will cause trouble. Q. In what way can the milking machine be operated to perform at maximum efficiency? A. Follow a good milking routine to prevent mastitis. Keep ma-chines in good operating condition, and follow manufacturer's direc-tions. It is important to have a steady vacuum all the way from the pump to the end of the vacuum line, and to the teat cups through the farthest petcock. Dirt, grease, and dried milk deposits can plug vacuum lines. Follow these points in operating milking machines. l. Operate unit with vacuum and pulsation rate as manufacturer recommends. 2. Never use less than one-inch vacuum lines. Clean system at least four times a year. 3. Keep vacuum pumps, regulators and pulsators clean. 4. All milking machine rubber, including stanchion hoses, should be cleaned after each use. 5. Put machines on only clean, properly prepared animals. -PROTECT YOUR PAYCHECK-MARKET QUALITY MILK-Q. What are recommended practices to follow in the preparation and milking of cows? A. Listed below are the necessary steps to follow: Step l. Get the cow ready. Stimulate the let down of milk by massaging and wiping the teats and udder with a wet, warm, clean sponge or paper towel, one minute before milking. The warm water, temperature l20 °F, into which the sponge or towel is dipped may contain a good sanitizing agent like chlorine, quaternary ammonium or iodine compounds. Be sure to use them at the strengths recom-mended on the container. Some milking parlors are equipped with a hose and nozzle through which warm water is available for washing udders. Be sure to keep the water warm for stimulating let down. Dry teats and udders after washing. Step 2. Use strip cup regularly. Milk two streams from each quarter into strip cup. If the milk is abnormal, milk the cow last and keep her milk separated from the other cows' milk. Step 3. After the let down has been stimulated (40 to 60 seconds), attach teat cups quickly, but gently. Delay in attaching teat cups after stimulation wastes some of the helpful internal pressure. Adjust milk-ing machine to work properly for each individual cow. Step 4. Machine strip the cow. Keep teat cups from crawling up-ward as the udder empties. Pull teat cups downward with one hand while massaging the quarters of the udder with the other hand. Step 5. Remove teat cups gently. Shut off the vacuum and press your thumb between teat cup and teat. This breaks the vacuum seal and the teat cups will slide off. Then open the petcock for a moment to draw off any milk left in the tubes. Q. Can mastitis be prevented? A. Most cases of mastitis can be prevented by good management and the application of sanitation practices. Q. Can all cases of mastitis be cured? A. o, cows that are chronic carriers should be disposed of be-cause they are always a source of infection for other cows in the herd. Q. Can mastitis be cured with antibiotics? A. Some cases of mastitis can be cured when treated with an anti-biotic, provided the antibiotic is effective against the bacteria causing the trouble. -KEEP PESTICIDE RESIDUES OUT OF MILK-6 -KEEP ANTIBIOTICS OUT OF MILK-Q. Are antibiotics effective against all bacteria? A. No, there are many different antibiotics and there are many different kinds of bacteria; for instance, Streptococcus agalactiae is quite sensitive to penicillin whereas Micrococcus pyogenes is not. Q. Is this same selectivity true of other antibiotics? A . Yes, different bacteria and different strains of b acteria are affected by different antibiotics or other drugs. This is one of the reasons that it is important to have a veterinarian examine cows and draw milk samples for laboratory diagnosis . Q. Should dairymen seek an approach to mastitis other than treat-ment with antibiotics? A. i\Iajor emphasis should b e placed on prevention through man-agem ent and sanitation. The cases of mastitis that develop in spite of the precautions then must be treated. If tests prove that the in-fection is killed by a certain antibiotic, then that is the product to use, under the supervision of a veterinarian. Q. What about antibiotics in milk? A. The Food & Drug Administration classes antibiotics as adul-terants if found in milk. Therefore, every effort must be m ade to keep antibiotics out of milk. If antibiotics are infused into the udder, milk from all quarters must be withheld from m arket a t leas t 6 milkings (3 days). If antibiotics ar e given intermuscularly, the milk must be withheld 7 days. Q. What will a dairyman do if he cannot use antibiotics to treat mastitis? A. Consult your veterinarian and have him assist you in setting up a h erd health plan. One of the fust things is to examine all cows physically and test milk from each cow. This would determine the cows affected and the kind of infection involved. A program of man-agemen t should be adopted to eliminate th e incurable cows and then properl y treat the o ther cows. Good management practices should r e-duce or eliminate most cases of mastitis. O th erwise, th e continual cost of trea tment will be expensive for 1\' ebraska' dairym en . 7 The following management practices are related to incidence of mastitis: 1. Cow Comfort a. Provide dry, well bedded stalls or loafing shed. b . Cows respond to gentle, regular, and patient handling. c. Give cows good working conditions-everything that con-tributes to comfort contributes to udder health. d. Do not use dairy cows to glean corn fields. 2. Proper Sanitation a. Clean and sanitize milking equipment so it is not a source of infection. b . Employ strict sanitary practices to prevent spread of mastitis. 3. Good Ventilation a. Prevent exposure of udders to chilling from drafts or cold floors . Early in the spring do not turn cows to pasture when ground is cold. b . Prevent drafts from broken or open windows, loose doors, or silo chutes-particularly if directed toward the cow's udder. c. A good working temperature for a cow is from 45 to 55°F. 4. Prevention of Injuries a. Remove sources of injury such as logs, mud holes and old farm machinery. b. Treat teat cuts and bruises. c. Cull old cows with pendulous and poorly attached udders. d. Prevent calves from sucking one another. 5. Milking and Milking Machines a. Operate milking machine according to the manufacturer's directions. b. Keep motor and pump clean and free from dust and dirt. c. Check pulsators to see that they are operating properly. cl. Check for signs of trouble like bluish colored teat ends, reel-ness after milking, a white ring around the teat opening or uneasy cows. e. Follow rules for good milking procedures at all times. 8 

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EC60-635 Mastitis is a Costly Disease

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