In the article the problem of transformation of forms and motifs of employment in the
Russian Federation due to the growth of the shadow economy and the erosion of moral and
ethical values. Shows their negative social and economic consequences. The features of the formation of non-standard forms of employment in the advanced countries. To proposals for the transition to civilized relations in the sphere of non-standard employment

Daskova, E. S.

Dorohova, N. V.

Name not available

 49   Daskova E. S., candidate of economics, associate professor  Dorohova N.V., candidate of economics, associate professor   ФГБОУ ВПО ВГУИТ -?  как расшифровывается   THE PROBLEMS OF TRANSFORMATION  FORMS AND MOTIVES OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION  In the article the problem of transformation of forms and motifs of employment in the Russian Federation due to the growth of the shadow economy and the erosion of moral and ethical values. Shows their negative social and economic consequences. The features of the formation of non-standard forms of employment in the advanced countries. To proposals for the transition to civilized relations in the sphere of non-standard employment. Key words. Employment, forms of employment, precarious employment, employment reasons, transformation.  Introduction. Among Russian new socially-economic realities , appeared as the result of transition to a market economy, one can mark the transformation  forms and motives of  employment that have acquired the most acute and important nature. The actuality of studying these processes specified (stipulated) that they   are make growing impact on the level and quality populations life, as well as on the economic life of the country. They are becoming a significant factor of repression  structural transformations and  creation  of preconditions for economic growth. Now the problems of labour market and employment of the population functioning are in  the center of attention of foreign and russian researchers.Among these works  we should mention works dedicate to analysis stages, trends and characteristics of  formation employment market  in marker type on the  the post-soviet space: R. Emcova, A. Kolota, S.Commandera, F. Korichelli, I. Bushmarina,  50 A. Verenikina ,V. Gimpel′sona, , A. Moscowskoj, D. Lippol′da, T. Maleva, R. Cvyleva. As well as works dedicated to  the analysis of informal employment in conditions of the Russian economy in transition, E. Braginoj, B. Kabalinoj, Z. Ryzikovoj, E. Klopova,E. Hibovskoj. Despite the great interest of researchers to issues of labour market and employment, many fundamental questions are  just  still marked. In particular, there is no   deep system analysis of the transformation  forms and motives of  employment in the Russian economy. Statement of the problem. The aim of this article is to identify the problems of the transformation  forms and motives employment in the Russian Federation. Results of the study. In the Russian Federation designated above trends can be assessed as negative, because  the transformation  employment forms and motives of employment act as a way of adaptation to the adverse and uncertain nature of the external environment. In the economy of the Russian Federation the  development of non-standard forms of employment is linked to the growth of the shadow economy. In the early 90 's, when due to a deep slowing down (recession) and the closure of many manufacturing industries began to decline the demand for labour,  also has changed the conditions of employment  the population. The  massive spontaneous redistribution of workers between enterprises, spheres and sectors of the economy became as a result of of increasing instability in labor relations, the emergence and growth of unemployment, a real threat of losing permanent labour income. For the analyzed period have drastically changed the structure of employment by forms of ownership. The rapid privatization of property in the first years of reform, rated at the development of entrepreneurship and private initiative, "launched" the transformation of employment forms and motives. At the same time in the society  were no the conditions to mitigate the effects of the dramatic layoffs during the recession, the crisis has slowed down the process of bankrupting unprofitable companies, that  lead to hidden unemployment, the reduction of working time, waste of lost wages and time-consuming delays its payments. In general, the conditions and possibilities of the labour potential of the economy have become more complicated.  The system of values and labor motives changed  and  collapsed  way of life reproducible for the decades.  51 Transformation period of Russian Federation economy  and related processes have contributed to the expansion of the private sector, the enrichment of organizational forms of employment in addition to the traditional system of indefinite hiring. Entrepreneurship has begun to develop in the form of self-employment and the involvement of employees. Informal employment had widespread and its scale  was constantly increasing. The growth of informal employment was a natural consequence of the delay with the  formation of  a legal framework for the legalization of  small and medium-sized businesses. Red tape and corruption by preparing the necessary documents to obtain official status of  entrepreneur brought to "caring in the shadow"   those who wanting to do small business [5]. As a result, the  employment relationship were formed with  the clear trend towards increasing informal employment.  Its dissemination  was contributed by the scarcity of secondary employment opportunities in the formal economy. However,  the secondary employment has become an important resource for the adaptation and  played the role of a shock absorber of discontent workers due to falling real income runs, spreading  the practice of unpaid forced holidays and long delays of wages [5]. In the period of reform  marked the trend towards the gradual narrowing scale of regular employment and increasing the share of persons working temporarily. Part-time employment has increased considerably in the network marketing system. The shuttle business  had spread,the seasonal work and other non-standard forms of employment. At the same time, the diversity  forms of employment in Russia, on the one hand increases the flexibility of the labour market and on the other leads to a gradual erosion of moral and ethical values and motives. So, development of non-standard forms of employment, not only enhances the experience of citizens in the field of labour relations and makes their economic behaviour more variant, but directs employees to additional bedding,  that linked with long-term physical and mental overload, as well as the risk of impairment of the qualifying capacity where additional work does not correspond to the major field of study or well below its level of qualifications [5]. A massive expansion of the informal sector threatens the quality of human capital. Disregard for the legal registration of labour relations gives employers the  opportunity to ignore the legislation and often leads to depriving workers of their rights and their protection. As a result, the conditions are created to reduce the price of labour,  a violation  of labor requirements, its use with intensity and  52 inadequate established standards working hours, no days off, paid leave and so on. This leads to a deterioration of workers health,  a violation the regime of work and leisure, a professional degradation, a reduce of work quality and its results. A person "loses  rest" due to deformation of the core fundamentals of personality formed before social order. Appeares a feeling of being drained and dissatisfaction with life. Danger lurks in the education and quality of life of future generations,  the development of  creative part of Russian human potential[5]. However, it is noteworthy that in economically developed countries spread of non-standard employment is due to the transition to a post-industrial economy, where the value of new knowledge and information is increasing. The development of electronics and information technologies have radically changed the content of labour in a number of productions, turning it into a creative and informative. In some areas of production  occured transition from a  labour, directional to the object, to a  work , directional on the system and includes a substantial economic and management component. Automation and robotics in the system of flexible innovative production led to the transformation of jobs,  a changing the composition of occupations,  a job matching and employment, the appearance of a  work in non-standard conditions. The transition  to irregular forms of employment has been accompanied by  the improvement in the quality of life and working conditions ,resulting by  a  scientific-technological and social progress. The basic  values are the time and knowledge, leading to increase  a  demand for higher education and the need to constantly development in labor activity, expanding and enriching your knowledge. Human attitude towards work has changed. Now labour is a means of self-expression and self-assertion,  a personal experience,  the intellectual and creative potential,  a moral dignity. Thus, the Russian reality arises a logical question of the need to combat the non-standard employment by prohibitions or restrictions. After all, such jobs are mostly representatives of vulnerable groups. In our view, prohibitions and restrictions are ineffective. Such jobs in the Russian economy are emerging and "multiply", despite its restrictions and even outright bans. It is clear that diversification will continue to grow, the Russian economy has already become the  integral part of the world and hide from these generic developments still fail. And the sooner that is understood politicians is  the better [1, p. 34-38]. In today's globalized world economic space formation of non-standard forms of employment is an important competitive advantage. From this process largely depends on the ability of the labour market successfully adapt to continuous changes in the  53 economic, social and institutional environments. But the formation of non-standard forms of employment, as we tried to show a negative due to the rigidity of the labour legislation. And  the more insistent trying the state to force the  labour relations in the framework of employment, the lower  the competitiveness of the labour force  by other equal conditions. In the  Russian economy diversified forms of employment remains far insufficient. For its development the institutional environment itself must become more "friendly" towards innovative types of employment contracts. The diversity is a source of strength and condition of the market economy, it also applies to employment relationships, emerging in the labour market. Conclusions. The transition of the Russian Federation to the civilized relations in the sphere of non-standard employment, we believe, will contribute to the following measures. First, there must be a legal framework for the regulation of non-standard forms of employment. This would entail making corresponding amendments in the Constitution,  the Civil, Labour, Tax, Criminal Codes, as well as  in a huge number of other regulations. The improvement of the legislation must be coupled with a  support of scientific researchs as effective practices and perspectives, problems associated with new employment characteristics. The support of Internet forums and publications is necessary. Secondly, as the  result of legislative transformation,the changes in the institutional environment. Thirdly, the implementation of a set of measures aimed at the transformation of employment towards raising the profile of moral and ethical values. Namely:   a popularization of moral-ethical foundations of employment through the implementation of relevant projects in the media and the Internet;   a reduction of bureaucratic barriers in the workplace;   a development of career-oriented work among youth.   Literature 1. Gimpelson, V.  Non-standard employment and Russian labour market/Gimpelson, v. Kapelyushnikov, R.-M.: VSE, 2005.  54 2. Dashkova E.S. Motivation: a practical guide/Y.G.Odegov, A.A. Fedchenko, E.S. Dashkova. – M.: Izdatelstvo "Alpha press", 2009. 3. Dikunov S. A. Transformation of work: trends and controversies (http://www.sgu.ru/files/izvestia/full/2011._tom_11.2.11.pdf) 4. Dorokhova N.V. Labour market and its regulatory mechanism./G.I. Tamosina, N.V. Dorokhova, M.A. Koltsov. -Voronezh: VGUIT, 2012. 5. Soboleva  The implementation  of  employment potential /I. Soboleva and  I.Maslova, S. Belozerova (http://www.rhr.ru/index/jobmarket/russia/russiaarh/11325.html) 6. The staff management organization: Textbook/ Kibanova  A.J. [et al.]. – 2-nd ed., third. and revised. -М.: INFRA-M, 2003.    The article received  to the editor (editorial board) 23 September 2012. 

The problems of transformation forms and motives of employment in the Russian federation

Institutional Repository of Vadym Hetman Kyiv National Economic University

 49 
 
 
Daskova E. S., 
candidate of economics, associate professor  
Dorohova N.V., 
candidate of economics, associate professor  
 
ФГБОУ ВПО ВГУИТ -?  как расшифровывается 
 
 THE PROBLEMS OF TRANSFORMATION  FORMS AND MOTIVES OF 
EMPLOYMENT IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION 
 
In the article the problem of transformation of forms and motifs of employment in the 
Russian Federation due to the growth of the shadow economy and the erosion of moral and 
ethical values. Shows their negative social and economic consequences. The features of the 
formation of non-standard forms of employment in the advanced countries. To proposals for the 
transition to civilized relations in the sphere of non-standard employment. 
Key words. Employment, forms of employment, precarious employment, employment 
reasons, transformation. 
 
Introduction. Among Russian new socially-economic realities , appeared as 
the result of transition to a market economy, one can mark the transformation  
forms and motives of  employment that have acquired the most acute and 
important nature. 
The actuality of studying these processes specified (stipulated) that they   are 
make growing impact on the level and quality populations life, as well as on the 
economic life of the country. They are becoming a significant factor of repression  
structural transformations and  creation  of preconditions for economic growth. 
Now the problems of labour market and employment of the population 
functioning are in  the center of attention of foreign and russian researchers.Among 
these works  we should mention works dedicate to analysis stages, trends and 
characteristics of  formation employment market  in marker type on the  the post-
soviet space: R. Emcova, A. Kolota, S.Commandera, F. Korichelli, I. Bushmarina, 
 50 
A. Verenikina ,V. Gimpel′sona, , A. Moscowskoj, D. Lippol′da, T. Maleva, R. 
Cvyleva. 
As well as works dedicated to  the analysis of informal employment in 
conditions of the Russian economy in transition, E. Braginoj, B. Kabalinoj, Z. 
Ryzikovoj, E. Klopova,E. Hibovskoj. 
Despite the great interest of researchers to issues of labour market and 
employment, many fundamental questions are  just  still marked. In particular, 
there is no   deep system analysis of the transformation  forms and motives of  
employment in the Russian economy. 
Statement of the problem. The aim of this article is to identify the 
problems of the transformation  forms and motives employment in the Russian 
Federation. 
Results of the study. In the Russian Federation designated above trends can 
be assessed as negative, because  the transformation  employment forms and 
motives of employment act as a way of adaptation to the adverse and uncertain 
nature of the external environment. 
In the economy of the Russian Federation the  development of non-standard 
forms of employment is linked to the growth of the shadow economy. In the early 
90 's, when due to a deep slowing down (recession) and the closure of many 
manufacturing industries began to decline the demand for labour,  also has changed 
the conditions of employment  the population. The  massive spontaneous 
redistribution of workers between enterprises, spheres and sectors of the economy 
became as a result of of increasing instability in labor relations, the emergence and 
growth of unemployment, a real threat of losing permanent labour income. For the 
analyzed period have drastically changed the structure of employment by forms of 
ownership. 
The rapid privatization of property in the first years of reform, rated at the 
development of entrepreneurship and private initiative, "launched" the 
transformation of employment forms and motives. At the same time in the society  
were no the conditions to mitigate the effects of the dramatic layoffs during the 
recession, the crisis has slowed down the process of bankrupting unprofitable 
companies, that  lead to hidden unemployment, the reduction of working time, 
waste of lost wages and time-consuming delays its payments. In general, the 
conditions and possibilities of the labour potential of the economy have become 
more complicated.  The system of values and labor motives changed  and  
collapsed  way of life reproducible for the decades. 
 51 
Transformation period of Russian Federation economy  and related 
processes have contributed to the expansion of the private sector, the enrichment of 
organizational forms of employment in addition to the traditional system of 
indefinite hiring. Entrepreneurship has begun to develop in the form of self-
employment and the involvement of employees. Informal employment had 
widespread and its scale  was constantly increasing. The growth of informal 
employment was a natural consequence of the delay with the  formation of  a legal 
framework for the legalization of  small and medium-sized businesses. Red tape 
and corruption by preparing the necessary documents to obtain official status of  
entrepreneur brought to "caring in the shadow"   those who wanting to do small 
business [5]. 
As a result, the  employment relationship were formed with  the clear trend 
towards increasing informal employment.  Its dissemination  was contributed by 
the scarcity of secondary employment opportunities in the formal economy. 
However,  the secondary employment has become an important resource for the 
adaptation and  played the role of a shock absorber of discontent workers due to 
falling real income runs, spreading  the practice of unpaid forced holidays and long 
delays of wages [5]. 
In the period of reform  marked the trend towards the gradual narrowing 
scale of regular employment and increasing the share of persons working 
temporarily. Part-time employment has increased considerably in the network 
marketing system. The shuttle business  had spread,the seasonal work and other 
non-standard forms of employment. 
At the same time, the diversity  forms of employment in Russia, on the one 
hand increases the flexibility of the labour market and on the other leads to a 
gradual erosion of moral and ethical values and motives. So, development of non-
standard forms of employment, not only enhances the experience of citizens in the 
field of labour relations and makes their economic behaviour more variant, but 
directs employees to additional bedding,  that linked with long-term physical and 
mental overload, as well as the risk of impairment of the qualifying capacity where 
additional work does not correspond to the major field of study or well below its 
level of qualifications [5]. 
A massive expansion of the informal sector threatens the quality of human 
capital. Disregard for the legal registration of labour relations gives employers the  
opportunity to ignore the legislation and often leads to depriving workers of their 
rights and their protection. As a result, the conditions are created to reduce the 
price of labour,  a violation  of labor requirements, its use with intensity and 
 52 
inadequate established standards working hours, no days off, paid leave and so on. 
This leads to a deterioration of workers health,  a violation the regime of work and 
leisure, a professional degradation, a reduce of work quality and its results. 
A person "loses  rest" due to deformation of the core fundamentals of 
personality formed before social order. Appeares a feeling of being drained and 
dissatisfaction with life. Danger lurks in the education and quality of life of future 
generations,  the development of  creative part of Russian human potential[5]. 
However, it is noteworthy that in economically developed countries spread 
of non-standard employment is due to the transition to a post-industrial economy, 
where the value of new knowledge and information is increasing. The development 
of electronics and information technologies have radically changed the content of 
labour in a number of productions, turning it into a creative and informative. In 
some areas of production  occured transition from a  labour, directional to the 
object, to a  work , directional on the system and includes a substantial economic 
and management component. Automation and robotics in the system of flexible 
innovative production led to the transformation of jobs,  a changing the 
composition of occupations,  a job matching and employment, the appearance of a  
work in non-standard conditions. 
The transition  to irregular forms of employment has been accompanied by  
the improvement in the quality of life and working conditions ,resulting by  a  
scientific-technological and social progress. The basic  values are the time and 
knowledge, leading to increase  a  demand for higher education and the need to 
constantly development in labor activity, expanding and enriching your 
knowledge. Human attitude towards work has changed. Now labour is a means of 
self-expression and self-assertion,  a personal experience,  the intellectual and 
creative potential,  a moral dignity. 
Thus, the Russian reality arises a logical question of the need to combat the 
non-standard employment by prohibitions or restrictions. After all, such jobs are 
mostly representatives of vulnerable groups. In our view, prohibitions and 
restrictions are ineffective. Such jobs in the Russian economy are emerging and 
"multiply", despite its restrictions and even outright bans. It is clear that 
diversification will continue to grow, the Russian economy has already become the  
integral part of the world and hide from these generic developments still fail. And 
the sooner that is understood politicians is  the better [1, p. 34-38]. In today's 
globalized world economic space formation of non-standard forms of employment 
is an important competitive advantage. From this process largely depends on the 
ability of the labour market successfully adapt to continuous changes in the 
 53 
economic, social and institutional environments. But the formation of non-standard 
forms of employment, as we tried to show a negative due to the rigidity of the 
labour legislation. And  the more insistent trying the state to force the  labour 
relations in the framework of employment, the lower  the competitiveness of the 
labour force  by other equal conditions. 
In the  Russian economy diversified forms of employment remains far 
insufficient. For its development the institutional environment itself must become 
more "friendly" towards innovative types of employment contracts. The diversity 
is a source of strength and condition of the market economy, it also applies to 
employment relationships, emerging in the labour market. 
Conclusions. The transition of the Russian Federation to the civilized 
relations in the sphere of non-standard employment, we believe, will contribute to 
the following measures. 
First, there must be a legal framework for the regulation of non-standard 
forms of employment. This would entail making corresponding amendments in the 
Constitution,  the Civil, Labour, Tax, Criminal Codes, as well as  in a huge number 
of other regulations. The improvement of the legislation must be coupled with a  
support of scientific researchs as effective practices and perspectives, problems 
associated with new employment characteristics. The support of Internet forums 
and publications is necessary. 
Secondly, as the  result of legislative transformation,the changes in the 
institutional environment. 
Thirdly, the implementation of a set of measures aimed at the transformation 
of employment towards raising the profile of moral and ethical values. Namely: 
  a popularization of moral-ethical foundations of employment through the 
implementation of relevant projects in the media and the Internet; 
  a reduction of bureaucratic barriers in the workplace; 
  a development of career-oriented work among youth. 
 
 
Literature 
1. Gimpelson, V.  Non-standard employment and Russian labour market/Gimpelson, v. 
Kapelyushnikov, R.-M.: VSE, 2005. 
 54 
2. Dashkova E.S. Motivation: a practical guide/Y.G.Odegov, A.A. Fedchenko, E.S. Dashkova. – 
M.: Izdatelstvo "Alpha press", 2009. 
3. Dikunov S. A. Transformation of work: trends and controversies 
(http://www.sgu.ru/files/izvestia/full/2011._tom_11.2.11.pdf) 
4. Dorokhova N.V. Labour market and its regulatory mechanism./G.I. Tamosina, N.V. 
Dorokhova, M.A. Koltsov. -Voronezh: VGUIT, 2012. 
5. Soboleva  The implementation  of  employment potential /I. Soboleva and  I.Maslova, S. 
Belozerova (http://www.rhr.ru/index/jobmarket/russia/russiaarh/11325.html) 
6. The staff management organization: Textbook/ Kibanova  A.J. [et al.]. – 2-nd ed., third. and 
revised. -М.: INFRA-M, 2003. 
 
 
 The article received  to the editor (editorial board) 23 September 2012. 


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The problems of transformation forms and motives of employment in the Russian federation

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